猕猴被毛氨基酸含量的初步研究

为建立实验猕猴被毛氨基酸含量的参考数据和对猕猴饲料氨基酸配比的筛选提供实验基础数据,挑选不同生活环境的猕猴共30只,即笼养猴10只、半自然圈养(猴园)猴10只、野外猴10只,用氨基酸自动分析仪测定其被毛氨基酸的含量.分析结果表明,按不同生活环境分组,猕猴被毛的脯氨酸、缬氨酸、氨和精氨酸以及胱氨酸的含量是人工饲养猴(包括笼养猴和猴园猴)低于野外猴(P<0.01),被毛赖氨酸、组氨酸和氨基酸总量含量是野外猴高于笼养猴(P<0.05)和猴园猴(P<0.01);按性别分组,只有雄性猴的被毛苏氨酸和组氨酸的含量高于雌性猴(JP<0.05),其余氨基酸均无差异(P>0.05).因此,影响猕猴被毛大部分氨基酸含量的因素不仅是食物相应氨基酸的含量,生活环境也有很大的影响;性别因素对猕猴被毛的大部分氨基酸的含量是没有影响的.     

人工饲养恒河猴、食蟹猴的繁殖性能初报

目的探索北京地区人工饲养恒河猴与食蟹猴的繁殖性能,为温带地区猕猴的人工饲养和繁殖方式提供借鉴。方法对军事医学科学院实验动物中心饲养的317只恒河猴繁殖群（30只雄猴,287只雌猴）和78只食蟹猴繁殖群（8只雄猴,70只雌猴）近两年的繁殖性状进行观察和统计分析。结果恒河猴母猴妊娠率、繁殖率和成活率分别为60.73%、54.45%和96.89%。食蟹猴母猴妊娠率、繁殖率和成活率分别为79.86%、56.12%和75.00%。结论食蟹猴和恒河猴可以成功的在温带地区饲养和繁殖,但人工饲养食蟹猴的妊娠率与产仔率较恒河猴高,而仔猴成活率则低于恒河猴。     

恒河猴急性细菌性痢疾的大群预防和典型病例治疗

恒河猴(Macaca mulatta),习惯称猕猴,是生物学及医学研究的重要实验动物。某些疾病由细菌性痢疾可威胁其生命。据贲氏指出,人们普遍认为新来猴群细菌性痢疾的发病率比基本猴群高得多。在过分拥挤和不卫生的情况下,发病率可高达100％,死亡率达60％以上。1978年第三季度,我所新引进的104只恒河猴中发生了一次急性细菌性痢疾。我们采用痢特灵、止痢片、四环素等药物,分别进行大群预防和典型病例治疗,有一定疗效。     

笼养猕猴疝根治手术的探讨

目的对发生嵌闭性疝的猕猴,采用疝手术治疗法挽救其生命。方法各种猕猴疝经确诊,实施手术治疗。结果共实施各种猕猴疝手术7例,手术成功率100%,愈后恢复良好。结论根据疝的位置和临床症状,确诊疝的种类,采取相应的疝根治手术疗法,7例猕猴疝病例手术后经过治疗护理,没有手术并发症及手术死亡,手术治疗法是治疗猕猴疝最有效的方法,对相关的灵长类动物外科手术及保护珍贵猕猴动物资源,减少猕猴因各种疝引起的痛苦或死亡均有一定的参考价值。     

我国猕猴体内寄生虫调查报告

猿猴类生活于热带,亚热带森林地区,行群居生活,因此容易感染各种寄生虫病(Wardle,1952;Ruch,1959)而且猴群亦有进入人类生活圈的机会,许多寄生虫病是人猴共有的。研究猿猴寄生虫对防治猴病,保障猴群健康有重要作用（Лапнн,1963;Kaufmann,1971）,同时,应用猴子作为人类寄生虫的实验模型(Valerio,1971;Pryor,1970),亦极有意义。最早应用猿猴作为实验动物,就是应用猴子作实验性疟疾的研究。近年来,应用幼年猴进行疟疾的实验治疗和免疫学的研究,屡见报道。而且其它人体寄生虫应用猴子作试验的也并不少见。关于我国所产猕猴猴体寄生虫的调查（尹文直,1973）材料不多,尚未见有完整的报告。为了能充分利用猴子这一宝贵的实验动物,进行寄生虫学的研究,我们将1960年到1979年中,从野外捕捉的十一批猕猴所进行的猴体寄生虫调查。     

我国猕猴体内奇生虫调查报告

猿猴类生活于热带,亚热带森林地区,行群居生活,因此容易感染各种寄生虫病[Wardle,1952;Ruch,1959]而且猴群亦有进入人类生活圈的机会,许多寄生虫病是人猴共有的。研究猿猴寄生虫对防治猴病,保障猴群健康有重要作用[naliHH,1963;Kaufmann,1971],同时,应用猴子作为人类寄生虫的实验模型[Valcrio,1971;Pryor,1970],亦极有意义。最早应用猿猴作为实验动物,就是应用猴子作实验性疟疾的研究。近年来,应用幼年猴进行疟疾的实验治疗和免疫学的研究,屡见报道。而且其它人体寄生虫应用猴子作试验的也並不少见。关于我国所产猕猴猴体寄生虫的调查[尹文直 1973]材料不多,尚未见有完整的报告。为了能充分利用猴子这一宝贵的实验动物,进行寄生虫学的研究,我们将1960年到1979年中,从野外捕捉的十一批猕猴所进行的猴体寄生虫调查,报告如下:     

安徽恒河猴的微生物学和寄生虫学检测

对安徽省实验猕猴中心的安徽恒河猴进行了微生物（包括病毒和病原菌）和寄生虫检测。对恒河猴的病毒检测结果发现,猕猴疱疹病毒1型（BV）和猴痘病毒（SPV）抗体的阳性率分别为20．7％（6／29）和10．0％（2／20）,20只恒河猴中没有发现猴反转录D型病毒（SRV）、猴免疫缺陷病毒（SIV）和猴T细胞趋向性病毒Ⅰ型（STLV—1）的抗体。5只受检的人工繁育的安徽恒河猴没有感染沙门菌、皮肤病原真菌、志贺菌和结核分枝杆菌的这四种病原菌。肉眼检测恒河猴体表,未发现体外寄生虫。39份人工繁殖的恒河猴粪便样品的总寄生虫感染率为38．5％,检测到溶组织内阿米巴和5种蠕虫（粪类圆线虫、猴结节线虫、绦虫、钩虫、蛔虫）,感染率最高的是粪类圆线虫和猴结节线虫。本次调查表明,安徽恒河猴无特殊疾病,健康状况基本良好,可以建立普通级的实验恒河猴,实现安徽恒河猴的实验动物化。     

猕猴的人工驯化和繁殖

猕猴(俗称猴子),属于哺乳类,灵长目,狭鼻猴亚目,猴科,猕猴属,最初发现于印度恒河一带,所以又叫恒河猴.学名为Macaca malatta.猕猴属在全世界约有12个种46个亚种,主要分布在非洲北部、南亚、东南亚和我国南部.我国西南和华南各省和浙江、安徽一带均有她的踪迹,尤以广西最多,所以又有广西猴之称.     

猕猴、食蟹猴群中STLV-1病毒感染状况研究初报

[目的]摸清STLV-1感染现状,从而有效地降低STLV-1在猕猴、食蟹猴群中的的感染率。[方法]采用STLV-1ELISA法对猕猴、食蟹猴血清进行抗体检测。结果本中心送美国BioReliance公司的2455只出口猴血清,103份血清呈STLV-1抗体阳性,19份血清呈STLV-1抗体可疑,其余血清均为STLV-1抗体阴性。[结论]猕猴、食蟹猴群中STLV-1的平均感染率为4.97%,其中猕猴STLV-1感染率为2.7%,食蟹猴STLV-1感染率为5.4%,是猕猴STLV-1感染率的2倍;随着年龄的增长,猕猴(食蟹猴)STLV-1的感染率也随之升高。     

中西药合治猕猴奇异变形杆菌性腹泻的临床观察

[目的]观察西药配合中成药治疗猕猴奇异变形杆菌性腹泻的疗效。[方法]将63例奇异变形杆菌性腹泻病猴随机分为两组,治疗组41例,予黄连素注射液、藿香正气水等中成药,并配合敏感抗生素治疗;对照组22例,只予抗生素治疗。[结果]治疗组有效率85.4%,对照组59.l%。两组疗效比较,差异显著(P<0.05)。[结论]中西药合治疗效优于单纯抗生素治疗。     

提高实验猴繁殖率的综合措施

实验猴繁殖率的高低直接影响实验猴养殖企业的经济效益。本文借鉴本中心多年实验猴繁育经验,总结了一套较为完备的提高实验猴繁殖率的措施,内容涵盖实验猴繁殖特性、种公猴选种、繁殖猴分群及梯度饲养、孕猴用药、母猴产后护理、仔猴补饲及断奶、繁殖猴饲料搭配等各方面。这些措施应用于实践后,实验猴繁殖率可保持在较高水平并逐年提高。我们认为这些措施可在其它实验猴养殖企业推广应用。     

Flexibility in the use of requesting gestures in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)

Three squirrel monkeys, trained to make a requesting gesture, were tested in the presence of a human assistant whose visual attention varied across trials. When food was available in one dish and an empty dish was nearby, the monkeys pointed overwhelmingly toward the former, regardless of where the assistant was looking. Looking at the assistant while pointing (“monitoring”) peaked when she looked at them and when she attempted to engage them in joint attention. When only one dish was present, the monkeys refrained from gesturing if it was empty and if no assistant was present. They gestured more when the assistant made eye contact with them. Furthermore, when the assistant's focus of attention switched from the dish or the ceiling to the monkeys, the latter resumed pointing and increased their monitoring of the assistant. This is the first demonstration of such flexible use of an intentionally communicative requesting gesture in New World monkeys. Am. J. Primatol. 72:707–714, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Neurophysiological changes associated with paralysis arising from body stress in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana

Two hours after physical stress, Periplaneta americana could be separated into three behavioural categories: normal to hyperactive; torpid with ataxia; and paralysed. At 2 hr, 68 per cent were either torpid or paralysed, at 20 hr, 83 per cent were paralysed. Weight loss was a distinct physiological symptom of stress paralysis: The calculated mean loss was 9·5 mg/hr for torpid insects and 12·4 mg/hr for paralysed cockroaches, losses were four to six times larger than those occurring in starved cockroaches. However, the haemolymph osrnolarities of the three categories showed no appreciable differences. Only starved and paralysed cockroaches showed a noticeable reduction in muscle fibre membrane potentials of the flexor tibia—a mean value below 40 mV for starved insects and a mean value below 50 mV for paralysed insects. Both of these categories consistently showed a lower amplitude for junctional potentials, but paralysed cockroaches showed a much higher incidence of complete failure to neural stimulation. Most muscle fibres of completely paralysed insects lost their sensitivity to direct extracellular stimulation while the loss in sensitivity was less evident in starved cockroaches. Axonal conduction on the crural nerve was not changed by stress, and the spontaneous efferent activity of completely paralysed insects was similar to the pattern of activity for normal cockroaches. Stress seemed to alter the volume and content of the intermyofibral spaces of muscles.     

Postinspiratory activity of costal and crural diaphragm.

Because the first stage of expiration or "postinspiration" is an active neurorespiratory event, we expect some persistence of diaphragm electromyogram (EMG) after the cessation of inspiratory airflow, as postinspiratory inspiratory activity (PIIA). The costal and crural segments of the mammalian diaphragm have different mechanical and proprioceptive characteristics, so postinspiratory activity of these two portions may be different. In six canines, we implanted chronically EMG electrodes and sonomicrometer transducers and then sampled EMG activity and length of costal and crural diaphragm segments at 4 kHz, 10.2 days after implantation during wakeful, resting breathing. Costal and crural EMG were reviewed on-screen, and duration of PIIA was calculated for each breath. Crural PIIA was present in nearly every breath, with mean duration 16% of expiratory time, compared with costal PIIA with duration -2. 6% of expiratory time (P < 0.002). A linear regression model of crural centroid frequency vs. length, which was computed during the active shortening of inspiration, did not accurately predict crural EMG centroid frequency values at equivalent length during the controlled relaxation of postinspiration. This difference in activation of crural diaphragm in inspiration and postinspiration is consistent with a different pattern of motor unit recruitment during PIIA.     

建立“人工面神经技术”恢复周围性面瘫兔的闭眼功能

目的：建立“人工面神经技术”以恢复单侧周围性面瘫兔的眼轮匝肌闭眼功能,为周围性面瘫提供一种新的治疗手段。方法：制备单侧周围性面瘫兔,建立健侧眼轮匝肌肌电信号采集、中枢信号处理模式识别、患侧电流刺激眼轮匝肌系统。当健侧眼轮匝肌采集的肌电信号经信号识别、提取以及电脑分析判断,符合其闭眼刺激阈值时,即对人工电刺激器发出指令,由刺激电极直接作用于惠侧眼轮匝肌,引起眼睑完全闭合。结果：以最小电流刺激患侧眼轮匝肌,引起眼睑完全闭合。刺激方式为正负矩形波,电流强度为0．30～0．50mA。结论：利用可植入式微机电技术,在单侧周围性面瘫模型建立“人工面神经反射弧”,恢复患侧眼轮匝肌闭眼收缩,可维持双侧闭眼功能的对称性和同步性。     

短尾猴和猕猴距骨形态的研究

本文对短尾猴(Macaca arctoides)和(M．mulatta)猴猕的距骨形态进行了比较研究。结果表明,距骨的一些变量,如楔形指数\距一腓骨连接面长、距骨颈长及总长在两种间存在明显差异。从距骨形态结构和多变量(三维空间模式)分析,短尾猴比猕猴具有更多的地上活动时间的可能性。     

Evidence for morphine-induced galactorrhea in male cynomolgus monkeys

We evaluated the effect of a daily injection of morphine hydrochloride on galactorrhea in male cynomolgus monkeys. Three groups of three monkeys (nine total) were used. The treatment schedule was separated into three periods: pre-treatment, treatment, and post-treatment. Each group of monkeys was subcutaneously injected daily with 1.5, 3.0, or 6.0 mg/kg (monkey weight) of morphine for 74–130 days, respectively, during the treatment period, and with saline during the pre-treatment and post-treatment periods. We then measured the prolactin (PRL) and testosterone (T) levels from weekly blood samples that were taken 20 hours after injection. No statistically significant differences in either the PRL or T level were detected throughout the treatment period. However, monkeys treated with 3.0 and 6.0 mg/kg/day showed a decrease in T level and an increase in PRL level during the early post-treatment period. Seven of the nine monkeys produced a milk-like secretion from their mammary gland (a symptom of galactorrhea) during the treatment and post-treatment periods. For several months of post-treatment period (average 6.75 months), we monitored the time-course changes in PRL and T levels in all monkeys for 10 hours after a single injection of morphine at the same dose given during the treatment period. Morphine induced a sudden increase in the PRL level (peaked within 30 minutes) and a gradual decrease in the T level (leveled off within 6.5–10 hours), and then returned to basal levels. These results indicate that morphine does not cause a long-term effect on hormonal changes and that a morphine-induced transient rise in PRL levels accompanied by a decrease in T levels can induce spontaneous galactorrhea in male cynomolgus monkeys.     

The extensor and peroneal muscles of the crab-eating monkey (Macaca fascicularis)

On the basis of 60 hindlimbs of 30 crab-eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) of each sex, the morphology of the crural extensor and the peroneal group of leg muscles is described and some functional indices are calculated. For the attachments and measurements of the muscles, the results obtained in this study generally agreed with those of otherMacaca species. The crural extensor has minor differences. Some anomalous modes of insertion are observed in the peroneal group. These results indicate the phyletically labile state of the peronei in the crab-eating monkey.     

痛风性膝关节炎的关节镜诊疗价值分析

目的：探讨膝痛风性关节炎的关节镜治疗的临床疗效。方法：选取我院2006年至2009年共35例单膝痛风性关节炎患者,’喀随机分为2组：A组22例,给予药物治疗,同时行关节镜下检查及清理术;B组13例,仅给予药物治疗。观察比较两组患者膝关节Lysholm评分、疼痛VAS评分,关节活动度ROM改善情况。结果：关节镜治疗组22例病例中无关节镜手术并发症发生,关节镜治疗组在Lysholm、VAS评分和关节活动度ROM方面明显优于药物治疗组。结论：膝痛风性关节炎关节镜下有较显著的特点,膝关节镜下清理术治疗膝痛风性关节炎具有良好疗效,为药物治疗膝痛风性关节炎提供了良好的辅助治疗方法。     

Regional distribution of blood flow within the diaphragm

We investigated the regional distribution of blood flow (Q) within the costal and crural portions of the diaphragm in a total of eight anesthetized supine mongrel dogs. Q was measured with 15-microns microspheres, radiolabeled with three different isotopes, injected into the left ventricle during spontaneous breathing (SB), inspiratory resistive loading (IR), and mechanical ventilation after paralysis (P). At necropsy, the costal and crural portions of each hemidiaphragm were arbitrarily subdivided along a sagittal plane into five to seven and three sections, respectively. During P, there was a dorsoventral Q gradient within the costal part of the diaphragm. During SB there was a fourfold increase in the gradient of Q. Furthermore, during IR, in which mouth pressures of -16 +/- 4 cmH2O were generated, there was a further increase in the gradient of Q. During both SB and IR, Q to the most ventral portion of the costal diaphragm was 26 +/- 6% less than the peak value. In two dogs, studied prone and supine, there was no difference in the Q gradients between the two postures. Over the dorsal 80% of the costal diaphragm there was also a dorsoventral gradient of muscle thickness, such that the most dorsal part was 54 +/- 2% (n = 5) that of the ventral portion. In contrast, there was no consistent gradient of Q or muscle thickness within the crural diaphragm. Our results demonstrate a topographical gravity-independent distribution of Q in the costal, but not the crural, diaphragm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)