高致病性2型猪链球菌Ⅳ型样分泌系统virB1-89K基因的敲除及其对毒力的影响

[目的]构建高致病性2型猪链球菌Ⅳ型样分泌系统vir B1-89K基因的敲除株和互补株,研究vir B1-89K基因缺失对细菌毒力的影响.[方法]通过同源重组技术敲除vir B1-89K基因,多重PCR筛选敲除株并测序鉴定.再将virB1-89K基因克隆到穿梭质粒pSET1后转入vir B1-89K敲除株中,构建互补株.比较野生株05ZYH33、突变株△virB1-89K和互补株CvirB1-89K三者基本生物学特性的差异,小鼠实验分析virB1-89K基因敲除后对细菌毒力的影响.[结果]成功构建突变株△vir B1-89K和互补株CvirB1-89K,在基本生物学性状无明显改变的情况下,敲除株的毒性降低到野生株的30％,互补株可恢复其毒性.[结论]virB1-89K基因作为2型猪链球菌高致病性菌株05ZYH33的Ⅳ样分泌系统的重要组分,与其高致病性密切相关.     

2型猪链球菌Fbps基因敲除突变体的构建及毒力分析

目的:敲除2型猪链球菌(SS2)强毒株05ZYH33中的Fbps基因,研究该基因敲除对菌株生物活性及毒力的影响,为深入探讨猪链球菌致病机制提供实验基础。方法:从05ZYH33基因组中扩增Fbps基因上、下游同源臂,从pSET1质粒中扩增氯霉素抗性基因Cm,通过重叠PCR的方法将3个片段整合后连接到温敏自杀载体pSET4s上,电转入05ZYH33感受态细胞,通过改变培养温度实现双交换和质粒丢失,最后经抗性筛选获得敲除株05ZYH33ΔFBPS,分析敲除株的生物学性状,以CD1小鼠作为体外感染模型对突变株和野生株进行毒力比较。结果:PCR分析和测序结果均显示Fbps基因敲除成功,动物实验结果显示Fbps基因敲除后05ZYH33的毒力有所下降。结论:与野生株相比,突变株对小鼠的毒力有所降低。     

高致病性2型猪链球菌IV型样分泌系统virB1-89K基因的敲除及其对毒力的影响

摘要:【目的】构建高致病性2 型猪链球菌IV 型样分泌系统virB1-89K基因的敲除株和互补株,研究virB1-89K基因缺失对细菌毒力的影响。【方法】通过同源重组技术敲除virB1-89K基因,多重PCR筛选敲除株并测序鉴定。再将virB1-89K基因克隆到穿梭质粒pSET1后转入virB1-89K敲除株中,构建互补株。比较野生株05 ZYH33、突变株△virB1-89K和互补株CvirB1-89K三者基本生物学特性的差异,小鼠实验分析virB1-89K基因敲除后对细菌毒力的影响。【结果】成功构建突变株△virB1-89K和互补株CvirB1-89K,在基本生物学性状无明显改变的情况下,敲除株的毒性降低到野生株的30%,互补株可恢复其毒性。【结论】virB1-89K基因作为2型猪链球菌高致病性菌株05 ZYH33的IV样分泌 系统的重要组分,与其高致病性密切相关。     

敲除sfa1基因提高酿酒酵母乙醇合成能力的研究

sfa1基因编码的酶具有乙醇脱氢酶和甲醛脱氢酶双功能活性,通过设计含有与sfa1基因两侧序列同源的长引物,以质粒pUG6和pUG66为模板进行PCR构建带有Cre/loxP系统的酿酒酵母sfa1基因敲除组件,转化酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)YS1并将质粒pSH47转入阳性克隆子,诱导表达Cre酶切除筛选标记,在原ORF基因处保留一个loxP位点,丢失质粒后获得sfa1基因缺陷型酵母突变株YS1-sfa1。摇瓶发酵实验表明,突变株YS1-sfa1的乙醇分解代谢活性降低,乙醇产量提高8.0%。     

Candida amazonensis FLP/FRT基因敲除系统的构建及初步验证

【目的】构建一个适用于Candida amazonensis抗性标记可重复使用的FLP/FRT基因敲除系统,并通过敲除C.amazonensis的丙酮酸脱羧酶基因(Pyruvate decarboxylase,PDC)对该系统进行初步验证。【方法】以gfpm(绿色荧光蛋白基因)为报告基因,通过添加相应诱导剂评估Spathaspora passalidarum来源启动子(SpXYLp、SpMAL6p、SpMAL1p、SpGAL1p)和Saccharomyces cerevisiae来源Sc GAL1p启动子在C.amazonensis中的诱导调控性能。选择严格诱导型启动子调控FLP重组酶的表达,并在FLP表达盒和潮霉素(Hygromycin B)抗性标记基因(hphm)两端添加同向重复的FRT位点,以PDC基因作为靶基因构建敲除盒PRFg HRP,转化宿主菌C.amazonensis CBS 12363,筛选得到阳性转化子后,通过添加诱导剂,表达FLP重组酶,实现FRT位点间片段切除。【结果】诱导调控实验表明启动子SpGAL1p(受半乳糖诱导)和SpMAL1p(受麦芽糖诱导)是适用于C.amazonensis的严格诱导型启动子。以SpGAL1p调控FLP基因表达,构建的敲除盒PRFg HRP成功转化宿主菌,获得阳性转化子C.amazonensis PDC01,通过添加半乳糖诱导,成功切除基因组中FLP表达盒和抗性标记盒,获得突变株C.amazonensis PDC02。【结论】首次建立了一个适用于C.amazonensis抗性标记可重复使用的FLP/FRT基因敲除系统,并利用该系统成功敲除了C.amazonensis内的PDC基因,为进一步利用代谢工程改造C.amazonensis酵母奠定了良好基础。     

禽多杀性巴氏杆菌C48-3株ompH基因敲除突变株的构建及其生物学功能

[目的]探讨ompH基因在禽多杀性巴氏杆菌致病过程中的作用.[方法]利用同源重组原理构建中间为四环素抗性基因,两侧为ompH基因上下游同源序列同源的敲除载体pWSK29△ompH,将敲除载体电击转入C48-3株感受态细胞中,通过四环素抗性和菌落PCR筛选ompH基因的敲除突变株,并通过组合PCR、逆转录PCR和DNA测序对突变株进行验证.用生物学功能实验比较野生株、互补株和突变株在生长速率、荚膜结构、粘着能力和致病性等方面的差异.[结果]组合PCR、逆转录PCR和DNA测序结果证实ompH基因的敲除突变株C48-3△ompH构建成功,电镜观察结果证实ompH基因的缺陷影响细菌的荚膜合成能力,粘附实验结果显示与野生株C48-3和互补株C48-3C相比突变株C48-3△ompH对CEF细胞的粘附能力显著降低(P＜0.01),而小鼠毒力实验结果表明突变株C48-3△ompH的致病性相对减弱.[结论]本实验构建的突变株C48-3△ompH,为进一步研究多杀性巴氏杆菌的致病机理奠定基础.     

维氏气单胞菌hfq基因敲除菌株的构建及鉴定

RNA分子伴侣蛋白Hfq是细菌中普遍存在的全局调控因子,对于细菌的生长增殖、毒性和逆境耐受等都有重要影响。维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas veronii)是一种新型人—鱼共患条件致病菌,会在水产养殖中造成巨大危害。本研究从维氏气单胞菌基因组DNA中扩增hfq基因上、下游序列,连接到pRE112质粒中,构建敲除质粒pRE112-Δhfq,通过接合转移将敲除质粒从大肠杆菌感受态转入维氏气单胞菌后,基于同源重组原理,利用蔗糖压力筛选得到hfq基因敲除的维氏气单胞菌突变株C4-Δhfq。生长曲线分析表明,hfq基因敲除显著延缓维氏气单胞菌的生长速率,同时,回补hfq使细菌恢复生长。本研究获得的hfq基因敲除菌株,可为进一步研究维氏气单胞菌中Hfq调控因子的功能及其调控机制提供一定帮助。     

磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶基因的敲除对北京棒杆菌PD-67的生理代谢的影响

【目的】为了优化L-色氨酸合成的前体供应,构建北京棒杆菌PD-67(Corynebacterium pekinense PD-67)磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(EC:4.1.1.31,phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase,PEPCx)基因ppc敲除的菌株,并研究ppc基因敲除对菌株生理特性的影响。【方法】运用PCR技术扩增ppc基因的上游和下游序列,构建带有目标基因内部缺失的基因整合载体。通过同源重组技术将C.pekinense PD-67的ppc基因敲除,构建ppc基因缺陷突变株C.pekinense PD-67-Δppc。通过摇瓶发酵研究突变株的生理特性,并测定突变株丙酮酸激酶和丙酮酸羧化酶的活性。【结果】PCR验证和PEPCx活性分析结果表明,筛选到ppc缺陷的突变株。摇瓶发酵结果表明,与出发菌株相比,突变株的生长速率下降,生物量降低20%,L-色氨酸积累降低62%,丙酮酸激酶活力提高,而丙酮酸羧化酶活力下降。【结论】C.pekinense PD-67的ppc基因敲除以后,对菌株的代谢影响较大。仅通过阻断PEPCx催化的回补途径,减少磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸的分支代谢,不能提高该菌株L-色氨酸的积累。     

伤寒沙门菌bcfD基因敲除突变株的构建

目的:构建伤寒沙门菌Ty2菌株菌毛亚单位bcfD基因敲除突变株.方法:利用交错PCR得到bcfD基因缺失且含其两侧翼序列的片段,将该片段与pMD 18-T连接,亚克隆到pYG4,电转入大肠埃希菌S17-1/λpir菌株,阳性菌株与受体菌伤寒沙门氏菌Ty2进行固相杂交后筛选.结果:成功获得敲除bcfD基因序列954bp的敲除突变株.结论:交错PCR有利于细菌基因精确敲除突变株的构建,bcfD基因敲除株的构建将为进一步研究该基因在伤寒沙门菌中的功能奠定了基础.     

精胺对Azin1基因敲除小鼠体内Atp8a1基因表达调控的研究

目的 研究精胺对Azin1基因敲除小鼠体内Atp8a1基因表达的影响,并对其作用机理进行初步的探讨.方法 利用Real-time PCR检测正常小鼠和Azin1基因敲除小鼠体内Atp8a1基因的在mRNA水平上的差异表达情况;构建Atp8a1基因的启动子虫荧光素酶报告质粒;将启动子重组质粒转染NTH3T3细胞后,在细胞培养液中加入精胺,检测精胺对启动子活性的影响.结果 Atp8a1基因在Azin1基因敲除小鼠体内的表达量明显增加;精胺能够增强Atp8a1的启动子活性.结论 精胺能够通过增强Atp8a1的启动子活性而增强其在Ain1基因敲除小鼠体内转录水平的表达.     

核因子相关因子2调节大鼠气道上皮细胞γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶表达

红系衍生的核因子相关因子2(Nrf2)是调节抗氧化基因表达的关键转录因子.γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶(γ-GCS)是肺内主要的抗氧化基因,但Nrf2如何调节γ-GCS表达目前仍不清楚.该文采用香烟烟雾提取物(CSE)诱导大鼠气道上皮细胞为研究对象,探索Nrf2调节γ-GCS基因表达机制.细胞免疫荧光显示,Nrf2蛋白质在CSE处理1、3和6h组,主要在胞核中表达.细胞免疫化学与Western印迹显示,γ-GCS蛋白质在CSE1、3、6h组表达明显增强,其中Western印迹结果高于对照组(P0.05);Nrf2胞核蛋白质表达增强.p-aPKCι/ζ蛋白质在CSE1、3h组表达增强,与对照组相比差异显著(P0.05).RT-PCR结果表明,γ-GCSmRNA在CSE1、3、6h组表达明显高于对照组(P0.05).γ-GCS活性在CSE1、3、6h组增高并高于对照组(P0.05).GSH含量在CSE3、6h组明显高于对照组(P0.05).预先加入aPKCι/ζ抑制剂RO813220,Nrf2胞浆蛋白质表达增强,GSH含量、p-aPKCι/ζ蛋白质、γ-GCS蛋白质与其mRNA和活性均明显低于CSE3h组(P0.05).相关性分析显示Nrf2与γ-GCS、γ-GCS活性、p-aPKCι/ζ呈正相关,p-aPKCι/ζ与Nrf2、γ-GCS、γ-GCS活性呈正相关(P0.05).以上结果表明,CSE可能通过aPKCι/ζ-Nrf2信号通路调节γ-GCS的表达水平和活性.     

产朊假丝酵母全细胞转化合成谷胱甘肽的营养条件

为了进一步提高产朊假丝酵母全细胞转化生物合成谷胱甘肽(GSH)的能力,利用响应面分析方法对酵母培养的发酵培养基进行优化。在单因素实验的基础上,通过Plackett-Burman设计筛选出显著影响GSH转化力的2个主要因素:葡萄糖和KH2PO4。采用最陡爬坡试验和响应面设计预测了葡萄糖和KH2PO4的最佳质量浓度分别为58.5和17.2 g/L。验证实验结果表明,在该优化培养基条件下,酵母细胞的GSH转化力为1.54 mg/(g·h),比优化前提高了1倍。该结果为类似的采用全细胞转化法高效合成有用化学品的研究与开发提供了可行的优化思路。     

用GAP启动子在毕节酵母中组成型表达人血管抑制素

为探索用GAP启动子(PGAP)取代AOX1启动子(PAOX1),在毕节酵母(P．pastortis)中组成型表达外源蛋白的可能性,应用PCR方法从P．pastoris染色体中扩增了GAP启动子,以其取代诱导型表达载体pPIC9K上的PAOX1,构建了组成型表达载体pGAP9K。将人血管抑制素(AS)基因重组于pGAP9K的多克隆位点,获得含As基因的重组质粒pGAP9K-AS。转化P．pastorisGSll5,对获得的高拷贝转化子P．pastorisGSll5(pGAP9K-AS)进行组成型表达,同时以诱导型转化子P．pastoris GSll5(pPIC9K-AS)作为对照。SDS-PAGE结果显示：组成型转化子于培养4d后AS的表达水平已达到高峰,分泌量为58mg／L;而诱导型转化子诱导4d后表达的AS仅是组成型表达的70％,诱导6d后达到高峰,表达量也只是组成型表达系统表达高峰时(4d)的86％。CAM分析和抗癌实验结果显示：P．pastortis GS115(pGA．P9K-S)和P．pastoris GS115(pPIC9K-AS)表达的AS均具有抑制血管生成和C57BL／6J实验小鼠的B16黑色素瘤的生长,其平均瘤重抑制率分别达到90．61％和90．54％。以上结果表明,以GAP启动子构建的组成型表达系统具有发酵时间较短、表达水平较高、不用甲醇诱导、操作系统比较简单等优点,PGAP可以取代PAOX1在P．pastoris中表达AS及其他外源蛋白。     

A perturbation in glutathione biosynthesis disrupts endoplasmic reticulum morphology and secretory membrane traffic in Arabidopsis thaliana

To identify potentially novel and essential components of plant membrane trafficking mechanisms we performed a GFP-based forward genetic screen for seedling-lethal biosynthetic membrane trafficking mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana. Amongst these mutants, four recessive alleles of GSH2, which encodes glutathione synthase (GSH2), were recovered. Each allele was characterized by loss of the typical polygonal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network and the accumulation of swollen ER-derived bodies which accumulated a soluble secretory marker. Since GSH2 is responsible for converting γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-EC) to glutathione (GSH) in the glutathione biosynthesis pathway, gsh2 mutants exhibited γ-EC hyperaccumulation and GSH deficiency. Redox-sensitive GFP revealed that gsh2 seedlings maintained redox poise in the cytoplasm but were more sensitive to oxidative challenge. Genetic and pharmacological evidence indicated that γ-EC accumulation rather than GSH deficiency was responsible for the perturbation of ER morphology. Use of soluble and membrane-bound ER markers suggested that the swollen ER bodies were derived from ER fusiform bodies. Despite the gross perturbation of ER morphology, gsh2 seedlings did not suffer from constitutive oxidative ER stress or lack of an unfolded protein response, and homozygotes for the weakest allele could be propagated. The link between glutathione biosynthesis and ER morphology and function is discussed.     

Cloning and functional analysis of the GSH1/MET1 gene complementing cysteine and glutathione auxotrophy of the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha

The Hansenula polymorpha GSH1/MET1 gene was cloned by complementation of glutathione-dependent growth of H. polymorpha gsh1 mutant isolated previously as N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) resistant and cadmium ion sensitive clone. The H. polymorpha GSH1 gene was capable of restoring cadmium ion resistance, MNNG sensitivity, normal glutathione level and cell proliferation on minimal media without addition of cysteine or glutathione, when introduced into the gsh1 mutant cells. It was shown that the H. polymorpha GSH1 gene has homology to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MET1 gene encoding S-adenosyl-L-methionine uroporphyrinogen III transmethylase, responsible for the biosynthesis of sulfite reductase cofactor, sirohaem. The H. polymorpha GSH1/MET1 gene deletion cassette (Hpgsh1/met1::ScLEU2) was constructed and corresponding null mutants were isolated. Crossing data of the point gsh1 and null gsh1/met1 mutants demonstrated that both alleles were located to the same gene. The null gsh1/met1 mutant showed total growth restoration on minimal media supplemented with cysteine or glutathione as a sole sulfur source, but not with inorganic (sulfate, sulfite) or organic (methionine, S-adenosylmethionine) sources of sulfur. Moreover, both the point gsh1 and null gsh1/met1 mutants displayed increased sensitivity to the toxic carbon substrate methanol, formaldehyde, organic peroxide and cadmium ions.     

Gassericin T基因的合成及其组成型表达载体的构建

目的:构建Gassericin T基因毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)组成型表达载体。方法:根据乳酸菌素Gassericin T的基因序列,把Gassericin T的结构基因gatA编码的氨基酸的密码子转换成P.pastoris偏爱的形式,设计了6条59nt的寡聚核苷酸引物,通过3次连续PCR反应,获得了250bp左右的gat A片段(简称gat基因)。应用PCR方法从P.pastoris染色体中扩增了GAP启动子,大小为500bp左右,以其取代诱导型表达载体pPIC9K上的pAOX1,构建了组成型表达载体pGAP9K。将合成的gat基因克隆到pGAP9K质粒的多克隆位点中。结果:获得的gat及gap基因与预期结果一致,序列无碱基突变,构建的表达载体pGAP9K-gat经PCR、酶切鉴定完全正确。结论:成功构建了Gassericin T基因P.pastoris组成型表达载体,为下一步高效表达Gassericin T蛋白,进一步研究其作用机理及应用价值打下基础。     

Glutathione production by Escherichia coli cells with hybrid plasmid containing tandemly polymerized genes for glutathione synthetase

Summary A DNA fragment containing the structural and promoter regions of glutathione synthetase (GSH II) gene (gsh II) from Escherichia coli B were polymerized. The dimeric and trimeric DNA fragments obtained were inserted into Bam HI site of vector plasmid pBR325 and the resulting hybrid plasmids were designated pGS401-02 and pGS401-03, respectively. The GSH II activity of E. coli cells with these hybrid plasmids increased depending on the number of the genes (gsh II) contained. To construct hybrid plasmids useful for glutathione production, another DNA fragment with a gene (gsh I) for -glutamylcysteine synthetase (GSH I) from E. coli B was inserted into Pst I sites of pGS401-02 and pGS401-03 and the hybrid plasmids obtained (pGS501-12 and pGS501-13, respectively) were introduced into E. coli B cells. Although the glutathione-producing activities of the cells with these plasmids were little improved as compared with that of cells with the hybrid plasmid (pGS501-11) containing both gsh I and gsh II because of the low activity of GSH I, our method has brought to light a new type of gene amplification.     

Bach1与Nrf2调控γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶对大鼠慢性阻塞性肺疾病的作用

为了探讨Bach1 (BTB and CNC homology 1)与红系衍生的核因子相关因子2（Nrf2）和γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶（γ-GCS）的表达变化在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）中的作用和意义,用气管内注入脂多糖及熏香烟的复合刺激法建立大鼠COPD 模型．观察两组大鼠的肺组织病理学改变,测两组大鼠的肺功能指标;应用免疫组化、Western印迹、原位杂交和逆转录 聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）等方法检测Bach1与Nrf2及γ GCS 在两组大鼠的肺组织中的表达．结果显示,COPD组的肺功能指标（FEV_0.3、FEV_0.3/FVC%、PEF）明显恶化;光镜下肺组织病理改变符合COPD的特征性改变;γ GCS与Nrf2 的mRNA及蛋白质表达在COPD组大鼠肺组织中明显增强;而Bach1 mRNA及蛋白质在COPD组和对照组的表达无明显差别．且核/胞浆分离技术表明,Nrf2蛋白在对照组主要表达于胞浆,胞核中表达水平较弱,在COPD组胞浆、胞核均有表达,但是在胞核中的水平明显升高;Bach1蛋白在对照组主要表达于胞核中,胞浆中无明显表达,在COPD组主要表达于胞浆,胞核中无明显表达．相关性分析表明,γ-GCS mRNA与FEV_0.3、FEV_0.3/FVC%、PEF均呈负相关;Nrf2蛋白表达与γ GCS mRNA呈正相关;Bach1蛋白与γ GCS mRNA呈负相关．上述结果提示,Bach1与Nrf2和γ-GCS可能均在大鼠COPD的发病中发挥作用,且Bach1和Nrf2可能通过竞争性机制调控γ-GCS的表达,影响COPD的发生和发展．     

乳酸菌素Gassericin T基因的人工合成及其组成型表达载体的构建

目的:为了研究乳酸菌素Gassericin T的作用机制及应用价值,人工合成Gassericin T基因并构建能高效表达外源蛋白的毕赤酵母组成型表达载体。方法:应用PCR方法从毕赤酵母染色体中扩增GAP启动子,经测序正确后与已线性化的不含pAOX1启动子的毕赤酵母诱导型表达载体pPIC9K连接,转化大肠杆菌DH5α。根据Gassericin T的基因序列,把Gassericin T的结构基因gatA的密码子转换成毕赤酵母偏爱的形式,设计了6条59nt的寡聚核苷酸引物,通过3次连续PCR反应,人工合成gatA片段(简称gat基因),经测序正确后插入pGAP9K质粒的多克隆位点。结果:用GAP启动子(pGAP)取代了pPIC9K上的pAOX1,构建了毕赤酵母组成型表达载体pGAP9K;PCR拼接获得250bp的目的基因序列,将目的基因克隆于pGAP9K,获得组成型表达载体pGAP9K-gat。结论:为下一步在毕赤酵母中组成型表达外源蛋白,研究其作用机理和遗传机制奠定了基础。     

Redox regulation of the tumor suppressor PTEN by glutathione

Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was reversibly oxidized by hydrogen peroxide and reduced by cellular reductants. Reduction of hPTEN was delayed in each of S. cerevisiae gsh1Δ and gsh2Δ mutants. Expression of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase Gsh1 in the gsh1Δ mutant rescued regeneration rate of hPTEN. Oxidized hPTEN was reduced by glutathione in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Glutathionylated PTEN was detected. Incubation of 293T cells with BSO and knockdown expression of GCLc in HeLa cells by siRNA resulted in the delay of reduction of oxidized PTEN. Also, in HeLa cells transfected with GCLc siRNA, stimulation with epidermal growth factor resulted in the increase of oxidized PTEN and phosphorylation of Akt. These results suggest that the reduction of oxidized hPTEN is mediated by glutathione.