正负离子切换扫描质谱成像分析方法及其整体动物体内代谢应用研究

基于质谱成像(MSI)技术的空间分辨代谢组学方法已经成为生物组织学、肿瘤分子病理诊断和新药药效毒理研究的有力工具。该研究采用敞开式空气动力辅助解吸电喷雾离子化(AFADESI)技术,开发了一种正负离子切换扫描的质谱成像方法。该方法在离子化过程中无需施加高电压,既提高了敞开式离子化质谱成像的操作安全性,还可将生物组织切片,尤其是较大面积的整体动物组织切片中的各类不同性质的内源性代谢物进行高效率解吸和离子化,同时获得多胺、氨基酸、磷脂(正离子模式易电离)和核苷、磷脂酰甘油(负离子模式易电离)等内源性代谢物的空间分布特征。通过正负离子化的同时扫描和质谱成像分析,节省了数据采集的时间和样本切片的数量,扩展了代谢物的覆盖范围,使得一次实验可以成像检出更多种类的代谢物。因此,该方法在整体动物各组织器官的空间分辨代谢组学研究中具有优势,有望从整体动物体内代谢水平深刻理解与生理、病理和药理相关的分子空间分布特征及分子机制。     

基于空气动力辅助离子化-超高分辨质谱成像技术的大鼠肾脏组织中多种类代谢物的分布研究

质谱成像是近年来发展迅速的新型分子成像技术,在生物医药领域受到越来越广泛的关注。本研究采用敞开式的空气动力辅助离子化-高分辨质谱技术,建立了大鼠肾脏组织中内源性代谢物的质谱成像分析方法(AFAI-MSI)。大鼠肾脏组织经冷冻处理后制备冷冻组织切片,以乙腈-异丙醇-水(4∶4∶2,V/V)为喷雾溶剂,流速为5μL/min,喷雾气(N_2)压力为0.6 MPa,空气辅助气流速为45 L/min,质谱扫描范围为70~1000 Da,质量分辨率为70000。采用正离子检测模式的AFAI-MSI方法对大鼠肾脏组织切片进行了成像分析,结果发现有机胺、糖、神经递质、维生素、多肽、有机酸、甘油磷脂、鞘脂、甘油脂、固醇酯等38种不同类型、其含量差异达4个数量级的内源性代谢物,并观察到这些代谢物在肾脏中呈组织特异性分布,直观地呈现了与肾脏渗透压梯度形成有关的胆碱、乙酰胆碱、甜菜碱、磷酸胆碱和甘油磷酸胆碱等多种小分子代谢物的皮质-髓质轴向分布特征。上述结果表明,基于超高分辨质谱的AFAI-MSI分析方法无需样品预处理,灵敏度高,代谢物覆盖范围宽,可同时获取多种小分子代谢物的结构、含量及其空间分布信息,有望为肾脏中内源性代谢物的原位表征和代谢调控机制研究提供一种新的分析方法。     

基于脾脏代谢组学方法研究低聚硒化氨基多糖对黑鲷的免疫调节作用

以冷冻甲醇提取,C_(18)色谱柱和HILIC色谱柱分别分离黑鲷脾脏中的内源性代谢物,采用基于超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用技术(UPLC-TOF-MS)的非靶向代谢组学研究方法,分析了黑鲷饲喂低聚硒化氨基多糖后脾脏中内源性代谢物的变化差异,揭示了低聚硒化氨基多糖调节黑鲷免疫功能的潜在机制。采用XCMS~(plus)软件结合高分辨二级质谱数据库处理质谱原始数据,筛选出潜在生物标志物,并通过Metabo Analyst 4.0网站分析相关代谢通路。结果表明,黑鲷饲喂低聚硒化氨基多糖后脾脏中的36个代谢物发生显著变化;低聚硒化氨基多糖可通过9条代谢通路增强黑鲷的免疫机能。该研究结果为阐明低聚硒化氨基多糖的免疫增强机制提供了科学依据。     

空气动力辅助离子化质谱组织涂片分析用于胶质瘤异柠檬酸脱氢酶基因状态的快速判别

异柠檬酸脱氢酶(IDH)基因分型对于胶质瘤的精准诊疗具有重要意义。该文将组织涂片用于病理组织代谢物质谱分析的样品前处理,并采用2-羟基戊二酸与花生四烯酸质谱响应强度的比值作为胶质瘤IDH基因状态的判别指标,建立了基于空气动力辅助离子化(AFADESI)质谱技术的胶质瘤IDH基因状态快速判别分析方法。对组织涂片用于代谢物敞开式质谱分析的可行性进行考察和定量方法学验证,结果表明其具有样品分散性好、操作简单快速、代谢物覆盖度高、定量准确度好的优点。受试者工作曲线(ROC)评估显示,其用于胶质瘤IDH基因状态判别的诊断能力良好。组织涂片结合空气动力辅助离子化质谱分析用于胶质瘤IDH基因状态的快速判别有望为胶质瘤精准诊疗提供新的分析手段和技术支持。     

质谱成像技术在肿瘤研究中的应用进展

质谱成像(Mass spectrometry imaging,MSI)作为一种新型的分子成像技术,具有无需标记、无需复杂样品前处理、高通量等优点,可实现脂类、代谢物等的直接分析,并可获得组织切片中物质的空间分布信息,已成为生物、医学等领域研究的有力工具。离子化技术是质谱成像的关键和核心,新型质谱成像离子化技术的不断涌现,推动了质谱成像技术在肿瘤研究中的应用。该文着重介绍了当前主要质谱成像技术的原理及特点,并对其在肿瘤的病理诊断、标志物、药物研究等方面的应用进行评述,为质谱成像技术在肿瘤方面的研究提供参考。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鸡血浆中利巴韦林及其主要代谢物

建立了同时检测血浆中利巴韦林(Ribavirin)及其主要代谢物1H-1,2,4-三氮-3-甲酰胺(TCONH2)和1-β-D-呋喃基核糖-三氮唑-3-羧酸(RTCOOH)的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)分析方法。鸡血浆样品加入13C5-利巴韦林内标,以甲醇沉淀蛋白,经ZORBAX SB-Aq(100 mm×3 mm,1.8μm)色谱柱分离,以0.1%甲酸水-甲醇为流动相,梯度洗脱,采用正离子多反应监测模式(MRM),内标法定量。结果表明:利巴韦林、TCONH2与RTCOOH的线性范围分别为5~5 000,5~5 000,50~5 000μg/L,相关系数(r2)分别为0.994 7,0.999 2,0.997 6。质控样品的加标回收率为84.1%~108.2%,批内相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为1.6%~13.4%,批间RSD(n=12)为3.8%~16.9%。样品的检出限(S/N=3)为2~10μg/L。本方法快速简便,有效排除了内源性干扰,方法的线性范围宽,重复性好,适用于血浆样品中利巴韦林及主要代谢产物的测定。     

气相色谱-质谱法同时测定人血浆中多种内源性代谢物

建立了气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法同时测定人血浆中脂肪酸、氨基酸、糖类、有机酸、酯类及胆固醇等多种内源性代谢物的方法。以十七烷酸为内标,利用甲醇除蛋白,肟化-硅烷化法衍生化来预处理样品;气相色谱-质谱测定中,采用DB-5MS毛细管柱,程序升温分离血浆中多种物质。实验获得二维数据后用直观推导式演进特征投影法(HELP)解析重叠色谱峰,用NIST质谱库和标准品共鉴定出45种内源性代谢物。结果表明方法简便、灵敏度高,已成功应用于健康人和冠心病人血浆中多种内源性代谢物的同时定性定量分析。     

气相色谱-质谱结合化学计量学方法用于2型糖尿病小鼠尿液代谢物的定性定量分析

建立了气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)同时测定2型糖尿病(Type 2Diabetes Melli-tus,T2DM)KK-ay小鼠尿液中多种代谢物的方法。样品预处理中,以核糖醇为内标,用甲醇去除蛋白,尿酶去除尿素,经N2吹干后用肟化-硅烷化法进行衍生;气相色谱-质谱测定中,采用DB-5MS毛细管柱程序升温法分离尿样中的多种成分。获得二维数据后用直观推导式演进特征投影法(HELP)对重叠色谱峰进行解析,并结合NIST标准质谱库和标准品对尿液中的代谢物进行定性定量分析,共鉴定出氨基酸、糖类、脂肪酸、有机酸和酯类等43种内源性代谢物质。结果表明,该方法简便快捷,易于操作,且灵敏度高,能够同时检测尿液中的多种组分。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测人血清中4种内源性皮质激素

为建立人血清中醛固酮(ALD)、皮质醇(F)、皮质酮(CORT)、可的松(COR)4种内源性皮质激素的快速分析方法,该文首先对样品前处理方法进行优化,以0.3 mol/L硫酸锌溶液结合叔丁基甲基醚对样品进行蛋白沉淀-液液萃取(PPT-LLE)前处理.采用ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18(2.1 mm×100 m...     

代谢组学血浆样品前处理及其快速高分辨液相色谱-质谱分析方法研究

采用快速高分辨液相色谱-质谱联用技术,对代谢组学研究中血浆样品的前处理方法进行了考察及优化,建立了用于血浆中小分子代谢物分析的前处理方法.通过考察有机溶剂沉淀蛋白(不同溶剂系统)和固相萃取(Solid phase extraction,SPE)两种方法对血浆中蛋白质去除程度及16个代表性化合物的提取效果,确定采用乙腈沉...     

Study on Tissue Distribution of A Variety of Endogenous Metabolites By Air Flow Assisted Ionization-Ultra High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Imaging

As a promising new molecular imaging technique, mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has attracted more and more attention in the field of biomedicine. A method of air flow assisted ionization-ultra high resolution mass spectrometry-based mass spectrometric imaging (AFAI-MSI) was developed to profile endogenous metabolites in rat kidney tissue in this study. Rat kidneys were collected and cut into frozen tissue sections, and then were analyzed on an AFAI-MSI system operated in positive ion mode using acetonitrile- isopropanol-water (4:4:2, V/V, 5 μL min^?1) as spray solvent, nitrogen gas as spray gas (0.6 MPa) and air as assisting gas (45 L min^?1). The mass range and resolution were set to be 70–1000 Da and 70000, respectively. As a result, a total of 38 metabolites, ranging from 10³ to 10⁷ in signal strength and belonging to different metabolite types, including organic amines, sugars, vitamins, peptides, neurotransmitters, organic acids, phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycerides, and cholesterol esters, were identified and imaged to characterize their tissue-specific distribution in kidney tissues. Some metabolites, such as choline, acetycholine, betaine, phosphocholine, and glycerolphosphocholin were found to have distinct distribution along the cortex-medulla axis, which may be involved in the formation of osmotic pressure gradient in the kidney. The proposed ultra high resolution mass spectrometry based AFAI-MSI method can work without sample pretreatment, showing high sensitivity and wide metabolite coverage, and is expected to provide a new analytical approach in the research of in situ characterization and metabolic regulation mechanism of endogenous metabolites in kidney.     

基于非负分解方法的质谱成像数据特征提取

质谱成像技术能够在同一个实验里无需标记手段而获得样品表面的分子信息及其分布信息,是当前质谱分析的热点.其分析所得数据量大且复杂,使其特征难以提取.多元统计分析方法,特别是主成分分析法已应用于质谱成像数据的压缩和特征提取.然而由于主成分分析常产生负的数据结果,其意义难以解释且不易分解为单一的特征.本研究开发出一种基于非负分解的质谱成像数据提取方法,能够提取单一的分子特征及其在样品上的分布特征,并将多个单一的特征分布通过红、绿、蓝三色叠加显示,获得轮廓直观的综合特征分布.应用本方法对小鼠脑组织切片质谱成像数据进行分析,可直观分解出灰质区域、白质区域和背景区域,相对主成分分析方法更直观且易于解释.应用本方法对在同一个样品靶上的人膀胱癌变组织和其相邻非癌变组织切片质谱成像数据进行分析,癌变与非癌变组织间差异清晰直观.本研究设计的质谱成像软件可由http://www.msimaging.net获取.     

Liquid microjunction surface sampling probe electrospray mass spectrometry for detection of drugs and metabolites in thin tissue sections

A self-aspirating, liquid microjunction surface sampling probe/electrospray emitter mass spectrometry system was demonstrated for use in the direct analysis of spotted and dosed drugs and their metabolites in thin tissue sections. Proof-of-principle sampling and analysis directly from tissue without the need for sample preparation was demonstrated first by raster scanning a region on a section of rat liver onto which reserpine was spotted. The mass spectral signal from selected reaction monitoring was used to develop a chemical image of the spotted drug on the tissue. The probe was also used to selectively spot sample areas of sagittal whole-body tissue from a mouse that had been dosed orally (90 mg/kg) with R,S-sulforaphane 3 h prior to sacrifice. Sulforaphane and its glutathione and N-acetyl cysteine conjugates were monitored with selected reaction monitoring and detected in the stomach and various other tissues from the dosed mouse. No signal for these species was observed in the tissue from a control mouse. The same dosed-tissue section was used to illustrate the possibility of obtaining a lane scan across the whole-body section. In total, these results illustrate the potential for rapid screening of the distribution of drugs and metabolites in thin tissue sections with the liquid micro-junction surface sampling probe/electrospray mass spectrometry approach. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

MALDI imaging in human skin tissue sections: focus on various matrices and enzymes

Matrix-assisted laser/desorption ionization (MALDI) mass-spectrometric imaging (MSI), also known as MALDI imaging, is a powerful technique for mapping biological molecules such as endogenous proteins and peptides in human skin tissue sections. A few groups have endeavored to apply MALDI-MSI to the field of skin research; however, a comprehensive article dealing with skin tissue sections and the application of various matrices and enzymes is not available. Our aim is to present a multiplex method, based on MALDI-MSI, to obtain the maximum information from skin tissue sections. Various matrices were applied to skin tissue sections: (1) 9-aminoacridine for imaging metabolites in negative ion mode; (2) sinapinic acid to obtain protein distributions; (3) α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid subsequent to on-tissue enzymatic digestion by trypsin, elastase, and pepsin, respectively, to localize the resulting peptides. Notably, substantial amounts of data were generated from the distributions retrieved for all matrices applied. Several primary metabolites, e.g. ATP, were localized and subsequently identified by on-tissue postsource decay measurements. Furthermore, maps of proteins and peptides derived from on-tissue digests were generated. Identification of peptides was achieved by elution with different solvents, mixing with α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, and subsequent tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) measurements, thereby avoiding on-tissue MS/MS measurements. Highly abundant peptides were identified, allowing their use as internal calibrants in future MALDI-MSI analyses of human skin tissue sections. Elastin as an endogenous skin protein was identified only by use of elastase, showing the high potential of alternative enzymes. The results show the versatility of MALDI-MSI in the field of skin research. This article containing a methodological perspective depicts the basics for a comprehensive comparison of various skin states.

On-tissue chemical derivatization of volatile metabolites for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging

Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of volatile metabolites is challenging, especially in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). Most MALDI ion sources operate in vacuum, which leads to the vaporization of volatile metabolites during analysis. In addition, tissue samples are often dried during sample preparation, leading to the loss of volatile metabolites even for other MSI techniques. On-tissue chemical derivatization can dramatically reduce the volatility of analytes. Herein, a derivatization method is proposed utilizing N,N,N-trimethyl-2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethan-1-aminium iodide to chemically modify short-chain fatty acids in chicken cecum, ileum, and jejunum tissue sections before sample preparation for MSI visualization.     

Ionic matrix for matrix-enhanced surface-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (ME-SALDI-MSI)

Matrix-enhanced surface-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (ME-SALDI MSI) has been previously demonstrated as a viable approach to improving MS imaging sensitivity. We describe here the employment of ionic matrices to replace conventional MALDI matrices as the coating layer with the aims of reducing analyte redistribution during sample preparation and improving matrix vacuum stability during imaging. In this study, CHCA/ANI (α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid/aniline) was deposited atop tissue samples through sublimation to eliminate redistribution of analytes of interest on the tissue surface. The resulting film was visually homogeneous under an optical microscope. Excellent vacuum stability of the ionic matrix was quantitatively compared with the conventional matrix. The subsequently improved ionization efficiency of the analytes over traditional MALDI was demonstrated. The benefits of using the ionic matrix in MS imaging were apparent in the analysis of garlic tissue sections in the ME-SALDI MSI mode.     

大鼠组织中药物分布的表面采样探针质谱方法研究

对并列式液滴微连接表面采样探针(LMJ-SSP)质谱技术在大鼠体内药物分布分析中的应用进行了研究。质谱检测方式采用自制的常压敞开式空气动力辅助离子化质谱(AFAI-MS)技术。通过优化其主要的探针系统参数(吸液毛细管长度24 cm;出液流速7.5μL/min;采样端距切片表面距离20μm),建立了LMJ-SSP系统,并以10-羟基喜树碱为标准品,通过在空白大鼠组织切片中添加药物的方式,对组织中的药物进行检测,并对LMJ-SSP-AFAI-MS方法的稳定性和检测结果的平行性进行了考察。在此基础上,以抗癌候选药物S-(+)-去氧娃儿藤宁碱(CAT)为研究对象,采用鼠尾静脉注射的方式给药后制作整体动物组织切片,采用LMJ-SSP-AFAI-MS方法对药物在大鼠整体组织切片中各主要脏器内的含量分布进行了分析,其结果为CAT的药效及毒副作用的解释提供了分析依据。LMJ-SSP-AFAI-MS方法适合于开放环境下大体积物体表面的质谱分析检测,且具有灵敏度高、不受复杂基体影响等特点,有望为动物体内候选新药的分布特征分析提供一种新手段。     

Repeat MALDI MS imaging of a single tissue section using multiple matrices and tissue washes

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) techniques are continually being assessed with a view to improving the quality of information obtained from a given sample. A single tissue section will typically only be analyzed once by MALDI MSI and is then either used for histological staining or discarded. In this study, we explore the idea of repeat analysis of a single tissue section by MALDI MSI as a route toward improving sensitivity, structural characterization, and diversity of detected analyte classes. Repeat analysis of a single tissue section from a fresh frozen mouse brain is investigated with both α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) and para-nitroaniline (PNA). Repeat analysis is then applied to the acquisition of MALDI MSI and MALDI tandem mass spectrometry imaging employing collision induced dissociation (MS/MS imaging employing CID) from a formalin-fixed mouse brain section. Finally, both lipid and protein data are acquired from the same tissue section via repeat analysis utilizing CHCA, sinapinic acid (SA), and a tissue wash step. PNA was found to outperform CHCA as a matrix for repeat analysis; multiple lipids were identified using MS/MS imaging; both lipid and protein images were successfully acquired from a single tissue section.

Improved sample preparation for MALDI–MSI of endogenous compounds in skin tissue sections and mapping of exogenous active compounds subsequent to ex-vivo skin penetration

Localization of endogenous and exogenous compounds directly in tissue sections is a challenging task in skin research. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a powerful label-free technique that enables determination of the distribution of a large range of biomolecules directly in tissue sections. Nevertheless, its application in this field is limited in large part by the low adhesion of skin tissue sections to indium–tin oxide-coated (ITO) glass slides. For the first time corona discharge (CD) treatment was used to modify the glass slide surface for improved adhesion. Localization of endogenous cholesterol sulfate was performed directly in human skin tissue sections. A spatial resolution of approximately 30 μm was sufficient for assignment of mass signals to skin structure morphology. Furthermore, imaging of an exogenous model compound, Nile red, was performed directly in skin tissue sections after ex-vivo penetration into porcine skin, enabling determination of the pathway and depth of penetration. Finally, the ion density map of Nile red was compared with its high resolution fluorescence micrograph. This work provides new insights into the application of MALDI–MSI in skin research.