非对称环氧乙烷的区域选择性亲核开环反应

本文总结了常用亲核试剂对非对称环氧乙烷的亲核开环反应及其区域选择性。强亲核性的亲核试剂通常只受空间效应影响,进攻非对称环氧乙烷位阻小的碳原子,对于烯基取代环氧乙烷还可以进攻烯基的β-碳原子发生S_N2'开环反应,其他亲核试剂同时受空间效应和电子效应的影响,对于烷基环氧乙烷通常进攻其取代少的碳原子, 空间效应起主导作用,而对芳基和烯基取代环氧乙烷开环反应通常发生在环氧乙烷芳甲位和烯丙位的碳原子上, 电子效应起主导作用。在质子酸或强Lewis酸存在下,虽然单烷基环氧乙烷的开环仍然发生在其取代少的碳原子上,但对于芳基、烯基和同碳双取代环氧乙烷,亲核开环反应将主要受电子效应控制,一般亲核试剂倾向于进攻环氧乙烷的芳甲位、烯丙位或多取代的碳原子。分子内的亲核开环反应主要受成环时环大小的控制, 成环时的倾向是五元环> 六元环> 七元环。环氧乙烷亲核开环的区域选择性是环氧乙烷和亲核试剂空间效应和电子效应平衡的结果。     

非对称环硫乙烷的区域选择性亲核开环反应

环硫乙烷与它的氧类似物环氧乙烷和氮类似物氮杂环丙烷一样,是一类重要的有机合成中间体,在医药和农用化学品工业领域也得到广泛应用。通过开环和异构化反应,还广泛用于制备硫醇和硫醚等含硫化合物。本文总结了常用亲核试剂对非对称环硫乙烷的亲核开环反应及其区域选择性。环硫乙烷的亲核开环反应通常只受空间效应影响,亲核试剂进攻非对称环硫乙烷位阻小的碳原子,对于烯基取代的环硫乙烷有时可以进攻烯基的β碳原子发生SN2’开环反应。强亲核性的亲核试剂容易致使环硫乙烷脱硫生成烯烃,而亲核性相对较弱的亲核试剂容易发生多聚反应生成多硫醚。在Lewis酸存在下,电子效应会对开环反应的区域选择性产生影响,甚至起主导作用。虽然烷基取代环硫乙烷在Lewis酸存在下的开环仍然主要发生在其取代基少的碳原子上(位阻控制),但受电子效应影响,芳基和烯基取代环硫乙烷的亲核开环,其亲核试剂一般倾向于进攻环硫乙烷的芳甲位和烯丙位碳原子(电子效应控制)。     

非对称氮杂环丁烷的区域选择性开环反应

本文系统总结了非对称氮杂环丁烷的区域选择性开环反应。氮杂环丁烷的开环反应主要包括亲核开环、Stevens重排扩环及消除开环反应等。其中,亲核开环反应是氮杂环丁烷的主要开环方式。开环的区域选择性与氮杂环丁烷取代基结构密切相关。氮杂环丁烷相对比较稳定,其开环通常需要路易斯酸催化或者先转化成季铵盐才可以发生,因此,其开环反应的区域选择性受电子效应的影响比较明显。邻位带有不饱和官能团的氮杂环丁烷及其季铵盐一般发生氮原子与带有不饱和官能团的碳原子之间化学键的断裂,这是因为如芳基、烯基、氰基、酰基、甲酸酯基和甲酰胺基等不饱和官能团的共轭效应可以稳定其连接的碳原子在开环时形成的过渡态或者中间体,使该C—N键更容易断裂。如亲核开环反应,亲核试剂一般进攻芳甲位、烯丙位或连有氰基或甲酸酯基或甲酰胺基的邻位碳原子,电子效应起主要作用。对于2-烷基取代的氮杂环丁烷及其季铵盐,大位阻或者亲核性强的亲核试剂的开环反应一般发生在位阻小的氮邻位碳原子,空间效应起主要作用。分子内的亲核开环反应主要受反应过程中环大小的控制,一般有利于经过三元环、五元环、六元环和七元环过程开环得到开环产物。氮杂环丁烷是一类非常重要的含氮杂环化合物,通过总结和分析氮杂环丁烷的开环反应及其区域选择性,可以更好地认识和利用这类反应,通过有效地预测和控制开环反应的方向,来制备所需的有机化合物。希望本文能够促进氮杂环丁烷开环反应在有机化学中的发展与应用。     

非对称氧杂环丁烷的选择性开环

氧杂环丁烷的开环反应主要包括亲核性开环、亲电性开环、自由基开环、酸催化和还原开环等几大类。本文主要总结了非对称氧杂环丁烷开环反应的区域选择性。非对称氧杂环丁烷开环反应的区域选择性主要受空间效应和电子效应的影响。氧杂环丁烷的开环反应以亲核性开环为主,强亲核性亲核试剂的开环,受空间位阻控制,主要进攻氧杂环丁烷位阻小的氧邻位碳原子;主要进攻2-乙烯基氧杂环丁烷乙烯基的β-位碳原子,发生S_N2'开环反应。只有在酸性条件下,亲核性相对较弱的含氧和卤素亲核试剂才受电子效应控制,主要进攻氧杂环丁烷位阻大的氧邻位碳原子。亲电性开环、自由基开环、路易斯酸催化的开环和钯催化的氢解开环都是在氧杂环丁烷位阻大的氧邻位碳原子一侧开环。希望本文的结论能够为利用氧杂环丁烷开环反应的同行提供一些有价值的信息,促进氧杂环丁烷开环反应的应用。     

镍催化氮杂环丙烷的开环偶联反应研究

氮杂环丙烷类化合物是重要的有机合成子,其广泛存在于各种有机合成反应当中.因其独特的三元环结构,致使其具有较大的环张力.通常氮杂环丙烷类化合物可以与各种亲核试剂反应,合成各种传统方法难以合成的β-位取代的胺类化合物,其中包括氨基醇、氨基醚以及二胺类化合物.通过亲核试剂开氮杂环丙烷的反应研究已经相当成熟,此处不再赘述.此外,过渡金属催化的C—N活化是一类重要的合成方法.作为C—N活化重要底物,过渡金属催化氮杂环丙烷的开环偶联反应取得长足的发展.尤其是近十年来,镍催化氮杂环丙烷的开环偶联反应不断涌现.基于此,综述了镍催化在氮杂环丙烷开环偶联反应中的研究进展和设计原则,重点介绍氮杂环丙烷的开环原理,对比不同取代的氮杂环丙烷区域选择性,总结不同催化模式下的共性.本综述将从以下三个方面介绍氮杂环丙烷的开环偶联反应:其一是单独的镍催化模式;其二是光/镍协同共催化模式;其三则是电化学促进的镍催化模式.对于氮杂环丙烷的开环模式则可以分为:镍催化的SN2型亲核开环模式、卤素离子亲核开环模式以及电化学还原模式.     

碳亲核试剂对氮杂环丙烷的开环反应研究进展

综述了各种碳亲核试剂对氮杂环丙烷的开环反应研究进展,主要包括炔、腈、芳烃、芳香杂环化合物、活泼亚甲基和有机金属试剂等作为碳亲核试剂发生的开环反应,并对其发展方向进行了展望.     

烯亚砜化合物的制备及反应概述

烯亚砜作为一类重要的反应中间体在有机合成领域发挥着重要应用。常见的烯亚砜制备方法包括:硫羰基化合物氧化、亚磺酰衍生物β-消除反应、改进的Peterson反应、重氮甲基亚砜的杂原子-Wolff重排反应等。作为活性中间体的烯亚砜可以被亲核试剂进攻硫原子中心或者碳原子中心,分别得到亚砜化合物或者新的烯亚砜物种;而其自身亦可以作为亲核试剂,以氧原子作为亲核位点与其他亲电试剂反应。烯亚砜和酰基或者烯基烯亚砜可以分别作为亲双烯体或双烯体发生正常和逆电子需求的Diels-Alder反应。烯亚砜既可以作为亲偶极子,也可以作为偶极子发生偶极环加成反应。此外,烯亚砜自身还可以发生二聚、脱硫等反应。希望本文总结的内容能够对该研究领域感兴趣的化学工作者有所帮助,并促进烯亚砜化学的进一步发展。     

一种多取代硝基环丙烷的开环反应研究

以一种多取代硝基环丙烷为底物,研究其在不同条件下的开环反应.以苄胺为亲核试剂时,底物发生开环生成烯胺化合物,对此反应机理进行了分析.研究了底物的还原开环反应：1）在Pd/C的催化氢化下,底物发生开环并消除硝基,得到烷基取代丙二酸二甲酯衍生物;2）在浓盐酸存在下用锌粉还原底物,得到五元环内酰胺.     

溴代环丙烷与酰胺在Ullmann反应条件下的反应研究

在某些情况下,三元环的性质与烯基的C＝C双键相似,而烯基溴代物已被广泛应用于Ullmann反应,因此,本文考察了1-溴-2-苯基环丙烷与酰胺在Ullmann条件下的反应情况.结果显示,在此反应条件下,环丙烷结构发生了开环,开环后的产物会发生双分子偶联;当在体系中加入亲核体时,开环的物质同时会与亲核体发生偶联反应,反应效...     

肟醚碳负离子对氮杂环丙烷的开环反应

苯乙酮肟醚α碳负离子在添加 HMPA 的条件下,顺利实现了对单取代和环状氮杂环丙烷的开环,取得中等到良好的收率。四氢萘酮肟醚 α 碳负离子在该条件下也可以对部分氮杂环丙烷开环。反应中 HMPA 起到对锂离子的络合作用,可以在一定程度上增加碳负离子的亲核性。     

Tributylphosphine: a remarkable promoting reagent for the ring-opening reaction of aziridines

Tributylphosphine was found to be an effective promoting reagent for ring opening of a variety of aziridines and nucleophiles to produce anti-bifunctional products in good to excellent yield. The study showed that the reaction is initiated through the attack of tributylphosphine as a nucleophile at the carbon atom of the aziridine ring.     

Theoretical calculational investigation on the regioselectivity of the ring opening of thiiranes with ammonia and amines

The course, especially the regioselectivity, of the nucleophilic ring opening of thiiranes with ammonia and amines was investigated with the density functional theory (DFT) calculation. In the ring-opening reaction, thiiranes could be attacked on either their less or more substituted carbon atoms. The analyses of the potential energy surfaces, the bond lengths, and charges of key species in both pathways indicate that alkyl-substituted thiiranes are attacked dominantly on their less substituted ring carbon atom, whereas arylthiiranes are on their more substituted one due to the existence of the p-π conjugative effect, which stabilizes the transition states generated in the reaction. Furthermore, the Lewis acid can modulate the regioselectivity. However, the steric hindrance of nucleophiles and solvents affect the regioselectivity slightly as they show similar influence on both pathways, despite the fact that they can put an impact on the energy. NBO and MO analyses also support the substituent-depended regioselectivity. This is the first DFT calculational investigation on the regioselective ring opening of thiiranes and provides a rational explanation for the experimental results. The theoretical investigation gives a general understanding and a rule for the rationale and prediction of the regioselectivity in the nucleophilic ring opening of thiiranes, even other three-membered heterocycles.     

Regiodivergent and Stereospecific Aziridine Opening by Copper-Catalyzed Addition of Silicon Grignard Reagents

A stereospecific ring opening of various 2-aryl-substituted aziridines with silicon Grignard reagents under copper catalysis is reported. The regiochemical outcome is governed by the steric demand of the silicon nucleophile. The LiCl introduced with the magnesium reagent R₃SiMgX⋅2 LiCl is shown to enhance the S_N2-type displacement of the carbon-nitrogen bond by coordination to the aziridine nitrogen atom.     

Regioselectivity in the ring opening of non-activated aziridines

In this critical review, the ring opening of non-activated 2-substituted aziridines via intermediate aziridinium salts will be dealt with. Emphasis will be put on the relationship between the observed regioselectivity and inherent structural features such as the nature of the C2 aziridine substituent and the nature of the electrophile and the nucleophile. This overview should allow chemists to gain insight into the factors governing the regioselectivity in aziridinium ring openings (81 references).     

Indole derivatives

The reaction of substituted aziridines with indole was studied. It is shown that the presence of electron-donor substituents attached to the carbon atom or of bulky substituents attached to the nitrogen atom in aziridines favors cleavage of the aziridine ring by indole to give derivatives of tryptamine and tryptophan.For Communication VI see [1].Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 8, pp. 1066–1069, August, 1974.     

Aziridines N-Non substituées. Détermination des Paramètres Thermodynamiques ΔG°, ΔH°, ΔS° Liés à l'Equilibre Conformationnel à partir de Mesures RMN 1H à Haut Champ

Although nitrogen inversion in unsubstituted aziridines has been shown by ¹H NMR, it was only possible to study quantitatively the distribution of both invertomers and determine the thermodynamic parameters by a systematic high field NMR study (CAMECA 250 MHz). Thermodynamic parameters have been determined for 32 compounds. In C-aryl aziridines, the steric hindrance of the aromatic group and its variation with other aziridine ring substituents can be studied. These observations are in agreement with a conjugation phenomenon between the aromatic system and the aziridine ring.     

Stereo- and Site-Selectivity in the Reaction of Chiral Episelenonium Ion with Carbon Nucleophile

Abstract

There are two important aspects in the reaction of chiral episelenonium ion (episelenonium ion bearing chiral carbon in the three-membered ring) with carbon nucleophile; namely, (1) whether the chiral carbon racemizes during the reaction or not, and (2) the carbon nucleophile attacks the carbon atom (carbophilic attack) or selenium atom (selenophilic attack) in the three-membered ring. When carbon nucleophile such as alkenyl silyl ethers, trimethylsilyl cyanide, and allyltrimethyl-silane are employed, steric protection of the selenium atom by the attachment of tri-tert-butylphenyl (TTBP) group to the selenium atom is inevitable to avoid both of the racemization of the chiral carbon atom and selenophilic attack of the carbon nucleophile. When aromatic compounds are employed as carbon nucleophile, on the other hand, selenophilic attack is rarely observed irrespective of the nature of the aryl group on the selenium atom and introduction of electron withdrawing group into the aryl group on the selenium atom is effective to retard the racemization of the chiral carbon atom.     

High level ab initio exploration on the conversion of carbon dioxide into oxazolidinones: the mechanism and regioselectivity

Density functional theory (DFT) and second order M?ller-Plesset perturbation (MP2) calculations, employing the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set, were carried out on alkyl-substituted aziridines to explore the reaction mechanisms and regioselectivity associated with their ring-opening conversions to oxazolidinones, in the presence of carbon dioxide. Computational results, employing the self-consistent reaction field polarizable continuum model (SCRF(PCM/Bader)), indicated that the conversions proceed with thermodynamic ease in THF solvent at room temperature. It is proposed that the N-alkylaziridine promotes ring opening through a SN2 attack of the iodide ion, of catalytic lithium iodide, on the preformed complex. The oxazolidinone regioisomer ratio is highly sensitive to aziridine ring-carbon substitution. Therein, monophenyl substitutions show preference to opening more highly substituted carbon-nitrogen bonds, providing rationale as to why experimental works result in an exclusive oxazolidinone regioisomer product.