Diluted and non-diluted ferric ions in borate glasses studied by electron paramagnetic resonance

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of lithium borate glass (1 - x)(0.63B₂O₃ · 0.37Li₂O) · xFe₂O₃, with x varying from 0.001 to 0.1, were measured at different microwave frequencies and temperatures. For low Fe³⁺ concentrations (Fe₂O₃ molar contents from 0.001 to 0.01), X-band EPR spectra, consisting of a g_{ef = 4.3} peak accompanied by a shoulder continuing down to g_{ef = 9.7}, are computer simulated on the basis of a ‘rhombic’ spin-Hamiltonian with Zeeman and fine-structure terms. A good fit to the experimental spectra for various Fe₂O₃ contents is observed with the same values of the spin-Hamiltonian parameters and assuming a Lorentzian lineshape and a linewidth increasing linealry with the concentration of Fe³⁺ ions. It is concluded that the spectrum is due to diluted Fe³⁺ ions in a relatively strong crystal field of orthorhombic symmetry, with largely distributed fine-structure parameters. From the concentration dependence of the line width, by extending to glasses a theoretical EPR linewidth expression derived for polycrystalline systems, the minimum distance between diluted Fe³⁺ ions is estimated as 4.9 Å. A diluted state of Fe³⁺ ions in the glass network in this range is also confirmed by the temperature dependence of the g_ef = 4.3 resonance which follows a Curie law. For intermediate concentrations of Fe³⁺ ions (Fe₂O₃ molar contents from 0.01 to 0.1), the width of the g_ef = 4.3 line is proportional to the square root of concentration, still indicating dipolar interactions. On the other hand, the microwave frequency dependence of a broad g_ef ≈ 2 line, which coexists at these concentrations with the g_ef = 4.3 line, shows that the former line is due to pairs or small clusters of exchange-coupled Fe³⁺ ions. The temperature dependence of the g_ef ≈ 2 line intensity in 0.1 mol Fe₂O₃ glass is consistent with a more antiferromagnetic character by comparison with the 0.05 mol Fe₂O₃ glass, which is attributed to an appearance, at higher Fe₂O₃ contents, of iron-containing microclusters not incorporated in the random glass network, with smaller distances between the paramagnetic ions. These microcluster are probably the origin of a new narrow line superposed with the broad g_ef ≈ 2 line in the low-temperature EPR spectra.     

铁离子掺杂对铜铬黑颜料呈色性能的影响

为改善CuCr₂O₄黑色颜料呈色性能,将Fe³⁺掺杂进入CuCr₂O₄晶体中,采用共沉淀法制备CuCr_2-xFe_xO₄(x=0,0.04,0.05,0.06,0.07),并对所制备样品进行TG-DTA、XRD、SEM、Raman、XPS、UV-Vis吸收光谱和色度值的测试与表征。结果表明,Fe以三价态固溶进入Cr³⁺位置,未出现杂质相,得到的CuCr_2-xFe_xO₄晶粒细小、分散均匀。Fe³⁺掺杂可减小CuCr₂O₄的禁带宽度,从1.25 eV减小到1.08 eV,禁带宽度的减小是由于2p(O^2-)→3d(Fe³⁺)和Fe³⁺的d-d(⁶A_1g→⁴T_1g和 ⁶A_1g→⁴T_2g)电荷跃迁引起的。禁带宽度的减小使得黑色颜料对可见光(380~780 nm)的吸收率提高,L^*值减小,呈现出良好的黑度。得到的最佳黑色颜料为CuCr_1.95Fe_0.05O₄,L^*=17.63,a^*=-0.77,b^*=-1.61。     

Formation of oxygen-deficient type structural defects and state of ions in SiO2 glasses implanted with transition metal ions

The properties and concentrations of oxygen-deficient type structural defects in type III SiO₂ glasses implanted with Ti⁺, Cr⁺, Mn⁺, Fe⁺, or Cu⁺ to doses from 0.5×10¹⁶ to 6×100¹⁶ ions/cm² at an energy of 160 keV have been measured by using vacuum UV and EPR spectroscopies. An intense absorption band centered around 7.5 eV is observed in all the samples except for Cu-implanted ones and is attributed primarily to Si---Si homo-bonds with the bond distance close to that of the Si₂H₆ molecule. The homo-bond and implanted ion concentrations are of the same order of magnitude in the implanted layers. An E′ type center associated with the homo-bond is observed in all the samples except for Cu-implanted ones. Anomalous behaviors of the Cu-implanted samples are attributed to the formation of Cu-colloids. An enhanced formation of metallic particles or colloids is suggested for the samples implanted with Cr, Mn or Fe to doses higher than 3×10¹⁶ ions/cm².     

The effect of mixed alkaline earths on the diffusivity and the incorporation of iron in 5Na2O · xMgO · (15−x)CaO · yAl2O3 · (80−y)SiO2 melts

Diffusion coefficients of iron were measured in glass melts with the basic compositions 5Na₂O · xMgO · (15−x)CaO · yAl₂O₃ · (80−y)SiO₂ with x=5, 10 and y=0, 5, 7.5, 10 and 15. The melts were doped with 0.25 mol% Fe₂O₃ and studied in the temperature range from 1000 to 1600 °C using square-wave voltammetry. The voltammograms exhibited distinct peaks attributed to the reduction of Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺, from which peak currents mixed diffusion coefficients of iron were calculated. Diffusion coefficients in all melt compositions which did not show crystallization could be fitted to Arrhenius equation. The diffusivities measured in different melt compositions were related to the same viscosity, i.e. not the same temperature. Increasing the alumina concentration from 5 to 10 mol% resulted in an increase of the viscosity corrected diffusivities. At further increasing alumina concentrations, the diffusivities get smaller again. This can be explained by the stabilizing effect of Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ on FeO⁻₄ and AlO⁻₄-tetrahedra, which strengthens the incorporation of Fe³⁺ into the glass structure.     

Fe掺杂GaN晶体非极性面的光学各向异性研究

本文利用低温光致发光谱(PL)研究了Fe掺杂GaN晶体非极性a面{1120}、m面{1100} 的带边峰和Fe³⁺相关峰(⁴T₁(G)- ⁶A₁(S))的偏振发光特性。结果表明:a面与m面光学各向异性差别较小,线偏振光的电矢量E平行于c轴[0001]时(E∥c),GaN带边峰强度最小,而Fe³⁺零声子峰(1.299 eV)强度最强。带边峰线偏振度小,而Fe³⁺零声子峰线偏振度大,a面带边峰的线偏振度为26％,Fe³⁺零声子峰的偏振度在a面和m面分别达到55%和58%。在5 K低温下,进一步测量了Fe³⁺精细峰和声子伴线的偏振特性,结果表明,除了一个微弱的峰外,其他精细峰和声子伴线与Fe³⁺零声子峰偏振特性一致。本研究有助于拓展Fe掺杂GaN晶体材料在新型偏振光电器件领域的应用。     

Li conductivity in lithium niobate: silica glasses

Glasses of composition 65 mol% LiNbO₃:: 35 mol% SiO₂ have been shown to be Li⁺ ion conductors with a conductivity at 200°C > 1 × 10⁻⁵ (η cm)⁻¹ and an activation energy of 0.54 eV. The addition of approximately 0.1 mol% Fe₂O₃ leads to an enhancement of conductivity to ≈10⁻³ (η cm)⁻¹ at 200°C and an activation energy of 0.67 eV. The effect of Fe is shown to be in the control of microstructure in the glass, with Fe₂O₃ concentrations < 1 mol% acting as a grain growth inhibitors and larger concentrations acting as a nucleating agents. A model for this process based on the expected stoichiometry of the melt and the effect of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ in charge compensation is in excellent agreement with experimental data from electron spin resonance.     

The effect of MgO on the thermodynamics of the Fe/Fe-redox equilibrium and the incorporation of iron in soda-magnesia-aluminosilicate melts

Melts with the basic compositions 10Na₂O · 10MgO · xAl₂O₃ · (80−x)SiO₂ (x=0, 5, 10, 15 and 20), 10Na₂O · xMgO · 10Al₂O₃ · (80−x)SiO₂ (x=5, 10, 15 and 20) and xNa₂O · 10MgO · 10Al₂O₃ · (80−x)SiO₂ (x=5, 10 and 15) all doped with 0.25 mol% Fe₂O₃ were studied using square-wave voltammetry. The temperatures applied were in the range of 1000–1600 °C. The square-wave voltammograms recorded show peaks caused by the reduction of Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺. The attributed peak potentials measured decreased linearly with decreasing temperatures. Increasing the MgO-concentration led to more negative peak potentials. Introducing alumina in the melt first resulted in less negative peak potentials. If the molar Al₂O₃-concentration is equal to that of Na₂O (=10 mol%) the peak potentials are least negative. Further increase of the Al₂O₃-concentration led to more negative peak potentials. The variation of the Na₂O-concentration led to a maximum in the peak potentials at an Na₂O-concentration of 10 mol%. An empirical formula which allows the calculation of standard potentials from the chemical composition is proposed. Furthermore, a structural explanation for the effect of the chemical composition is given. Especially, the incorporation of Al₂O₃ as AlO₄⁻-tetrahedra at [Al₂O₃] < [Na₂O] and as network modifier at larger concentrations was structurally explained by the similarities of Fe²⁺ and Mg²⁺, with respect to cation radii and metal–oxygen bond lengths.     

Sb2O3掺杂BiFeO3-BaTiO3压电陶瓷的结构及电性能研究

采用传统固相烧结法合成了0.7BiFeO₃-0.3BaTiO₃+x%Sb₂O₃(质量分数)陶瓷(BFO-BTO+xSb, x=0.00~0.20),研究了Sb₂O₃掺杂对BFO-BTO陶瓷的晶相结构、介电、导电以及压电和铁电性能的影响,并对影响机理进行探讨。结果表明:Sb掺杂导致陶瓷的晶体结构由伪立方相向菱形相转化。Sb的B位取代增加了BFO-BTO+xSb陶瓷的铁电弛豫性,降低高温损耗,并使居里温度T_c有所降低。导电特性的研究表明,Sb掺杂改变了$V_O^×$和Fe²⁺的浓度,降低了电导率,但没有改变陶瓷的导电机制,其主要载流子是氧空位。Sb掺杂量x=0.05时,BFO-BTO+xSb陶瓷表现出最佳的综合电性能:d₃₃=213 pC/N,k_p=28.8%,Q_m=38,T_c=520 ℃,P_r =24.7 μC/cm²。     

双温区热扩散掺杂Fe2+∶ZnSe激光晶体的制备及激光输出性能

本文以CVD ZnSe晶片为基质材料,以FeSe粉末为掺杂物,采用双温区热扩散掺杂技术获得了尺寸为Ø22 mm×4 mm的Fe²⁺∶ZnSe激光晶体。通过二次离子质谱(SIMS)测试该晶体样品表面铁离子浓度为3.43×10¹⁸ cm^-3,并通过X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析了晶体样品中铁元素的离子价态。采用UV/Vis/NIR分光光度计和傅里叶红外光谱仪测试了Fe²⁺∶ZnSe激光晶体的透过谱图。测试结果显示,在3.0 μm处出现了明显的Fe²⁺吸收峰,峰值透过率为5.5%。以波长为2.93 μm的Cr, Er∶YAG激光器为泵浦源,温度77 K时抽运尺寸10 mm×10 mm×4 mm的 Fe²⁺∶ZnSe晶体,获得了能量为191 mJ、中心波长4.04 μm的中红外激光输出,光光转换效率13.84%。     

Changes in the refractive index of fused silica due to implantation of transition-metal ions

The changes in the refractive index of high purity silica glass produced by implantation of Ti⁺, Cr⁺, Mn⁺, Fe⁺ and Cu⁺ ions at 160 keV were measured using ellipsometry at a wavelength of 633 nm. Implantation doses ranged from 10¹⁵ to 6 × 10¹⁶ ions cm⁻². At the highest doses, a relative increase in refractive index of approximately 15% for implanted Cu ions and an increase of about half that for implanted Cr, Mn and Fe ions are observed. These variations in index probably result from colloid formation. For implanted Ti, virtually no change in the measured index of refraction was observed even at the highest doses.     

An infrared study of crystallization in sodium-disilicate glasses containing iron oxides

The infrared absorption spectra of sodium-disilicate glasses containing various amounts of Fe₂O₃ ([Na₂O · 2 SiO₂]_1−x [Fe₂O₃]_x, where X = 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2) were investigated in the wavenumber range from 200–2000 cm⁻¹. The addition of Fe₂O₃ to the sodium-disilicate glass does not seem to introduce any new absorption band as compared with the spectrum of a pure sodium-disilicate glass; nevertheless, a general shift of the existing absorption bands toward lower wavenumbers is observed. The amount of shift is, in fact, proportional to the content of Fe₂O₃ in the glass. This observation is consistent with the recently proposed structural model for the bonding of Fe³⁺ ions in the iron-sodium-silicate glass system.

Annealing of 20 mol% iron oxide glasses at 550 and 580°C produced an extra sharp infrared absorption peak at about 610 cm⁻¹ wavenumber. This new peak is believed to be related to the crystallized particles of the glass as concluded from both a scanning electron micrograph and an electron diffraction pattern.     

Laser precipitation of SnO2 nanocrystals in glass and energy transferred-fluorescence of Eu ions

SnO₂ nanoparticles having an average particle size of 5 nm were precipitated in a transparent glass by irradiation with an 800 nm femtosecond laser. Glass was prepared to co-dope Sn⁴⁺ and Eu³⁺ ions by a sol–gel method, followed by heating in H₂ gas atmosphere to form the Sn⁰₂ point defects with a molecular-like electronic structure in the twofold-coordinated Sn atoms. Upon laser irradiation, the Sn⁰₂ defects react with oxygen, forming SnO₂ nanocrystals. When excited at the energy corresponding to the absorption edge of the SnO₂ nanocrystals, the energies, which are absorbed by the quantum-dot effect in the nanosized crystals, are efficiently transferred to the Eu³⁺ ions, resulting in the large enhanced fluorescence intensities from the Eu³⁺ ions. The observed phenomenon suggests application to high-density memory devices.     

Y3+/Li+和Y3+/Na+双掺杂氟化钡快响应闪烁晶体

氟化钡(BaF₂)晶体是已知响应最快的闪烁晶体,在高能物理、核物理及核医学等领域有着广泛的应用前景。抑制BaF₂晶体的慢发光成分对其工程应用至关重要。本文利用坩埚下降法制备了高Y³⁺掺杂浓度5%、8%、10%(摩尔分数)的BaF₂晶体,并采用Y³⁺与碱金属离子(Li⁺、Na⁺)共掺杂的方法形成电荷补偿阻止间隙F^-的产生,制备了双掺杂型BaF₂快响应闪烁晶体,进而基于优化的5 ns和2 500 ns时间门宽测试方法,研究了Y³⁺掺杂浓度以及Y³⁺与碱金属离子(Li⁺、Na⁺)共掺杂浓度对BaF₂闪烁晶体快/慢成分比的影响规律。结果表明,生长的高浓度Y³⁺掺杂BaF₂晶体的光学质量优异,在220 nm和300 nm处透过率分别高于90%和92%;随着Y³⁺掺杂浓度由0提高至10%,BaF₂晶体的慢发光成分显著降低,快/慢成分比由0.15提高至1.21;生长的Y³⁺/Li⁺及Y³⁺/Na⁺共掺杂BaF₂晶体的慢发光成分较Y³⁺掺杂BaF₂晶体进一步降低,快/慢成分比最高分别可达1.63和1.61。研制的双掺杂BaF₂快响应闪烁晶体有望应用于高能物理、核物理前沿实验等重要领域。     

New solvents for the growth of substituted BaFe12O19 single crystals from high-temperature solutions

The solubility of a series of hexaferrite derivatives of BaFe₁₂O₁₉ in solvents of the system Na₂O-B₂O₃ with oxide ratios of 7:3 and 3:2 has been investigated. The temperature dependences of the saturation concentration in these solvents are determined for ferrites with the nominal compositions Ba_0.8Pb_0.2Fe₁₂O₁₉, BaFe₁₀Ga₂O₁₉, BaFe₁₀Al₂O₁₉ and BaFe₈Mn₂ Ti₂O₁₉. Single crystals of BaFe₁₂O₁₉, in which part of the metal ions are replaced by various amounts of Pb²⁺, Ga³⁺, Al³⁺ and Mn²⁺ + Ti⁴⁺ ions, are g rown from the solutions by the slow cooling technique. The distribution coefficients of the substituting ions and the compositions of the crystals obtained are established by microprobe analysis (EPMA). Information on the position of substitution is obtained from the Mössbauer spectra.     

Dynamical properties of an alkali chloride mixture in the glassy and liquid states

Molecular dynamics calculations have been carried out to reveal the dynamical properties of an alkali chloride mixture (50 mol% LiCl---40KCl---10CsCl) and pure LiCl in the liquid and glassy states. It is found that the mobility of Li⁺ ions in the mixture is significantly lower than that in LiCl, not only in liquid state but also in the glassy state. The partial dynamic structure factors, S_Li---Li (Q, ω) and S_{Cl---Cl (Q, ω)}, are evaluated to investigate the dynamical correlation between the Li⁺ and Cl⁻ ions. In LiCl glass, it is shown that the motions of the Li⁺ and Cl⁻ ions are highly correlated with each other, and both the acoustic and optic modes are spatially delocalized (Q < 1.8 Å⁻¹). On the other hand, in the mixture glass, the motion of the Li⁺ ions is almost independent of that of the Cl⁻ ions, and at small wavelengths there are the intense vibrations localized on single Li⁺ ions similar to an Einstein oscillation.     

Migration of Cu ions in Cu2O---Al2O3---SiO2 glasses on heating in air

The behavior of copper ions in the Cu₂O·Al₂O₃·4SiO₂ (in moles) glass on heating in air at temperatures up to 500°C was studied. When the glass, in which about 90% of Cu was present as Cu⁺ ions, was heated in air above 300°C, a CuO layer was formed on the surface. The amount of CuO was increased with heating temperature and time, corresponding to the decrease in weight of the glass. Furthermore, the fraction of Cu²⁺ ions in the glass increased. These observations suggest that oxygens do not diffuse into the glass, but Cu⁺ ions migrate to the surface from the interior to balance the surplus positive charge produced by the oxidation of Cu⁺ to Cu²⁺ ions inside the glass. The following reaction scheme for the formation of the CuO layer was proposed; 2Cu⁺(interior) + ₂¹O₂(surface) → Cu²⁺(interior) + CuO(surface).     

Cation site occupation by Ag/Na ion-exchange in R2O–Al2O3–SiO2 glasses

Ag⁺/Na⁺ ion-exchanged R₂O–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ glasses with uniform concentration profile of Ag⁺ and Na⁺ were prepared by heat treatment in molten silver salt followed by holding at the same temperature in an ambient atmosphere. Their glass transition temperature (T_g) and thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) were measured and structures were investigated using ²⁹Si-MAS NMR, ²⁷Al-MAS NMR, IR and Raman spectroscopies. Both T_g and TEC decreased with increase of the exchange ratio, but T_g was still above the ion-exchange temperature of 400°C even for the fully exchanged sample. The ²⁹Si- and ²⁷Al-MAS NMR spectra were mostly unchanged and no sign of the structural alteration of the glass network was observed. On the other hand, the vibrational spectra showed remarkable peak shifts depending on the exchange ratio. From these structural results, it was found that when the exchange ratio was low, the introduced Ag⁺ ions were stabilized at the non-bridging oxygen (NBO) site, and then Na⁺ ions in AlØ₄ site were exchanged by Ag⁺ ions after full replacement of NBO sites, where Ø represents the bridging oxygen.     

An investigation of the structural effects of Fe in the alkali-silicate glasses

The coordination states of Fe³⁺, B³⁺ and Al³⁺ ions in the alkali-silicate glasses have been determined. The structural effects of these cations coexisting in the glass, and the effects of the iron and boric oxide anomaly on glass density, are also analysed.     

Structure and properties of the pure and Pr-doped Ge25Ga5Se70 and Ge30Ga5Se65 glasses

The Ge₂₅Ga₅Se₇₀ and Ge₃₀Ga₅Se₆₅ pure and Pr³⁺-doped glasses were prepared by direct synthesis from elements and PrCl₃. It was found that up to 1 mol% PrCl₃ can be introduced in the Ge₂₅Ga₅Se₇₀ and Ge₃₀Ga₅Se₆₅ glasses. Both types of glasses with overstoichiometric and substoichiometric content of Se were homogeneous and of black color. The optical energy gap is E^opt_g=2.10 eV, and the glass transition temperature is T_g=543 K for Ge₂₅Ga₅Se₇₀ and T_g=633 K for Ge₃₀Ga₅Se₆₅. The long-wavelength absorption edge is near 14 μm and it corresponds to multiphonon processes. Doping by Pr³⁺ ions creates absorption bands in transmission spectra, which can be assigned to the electron transitions from the ground ³H₄ level to the higher energy levels of Pr³⁺ ions ³H₅, ³H₆, ³F₂, ³F₃ and ³F₄, respectively. By excitation with YAG:Nd laser line (1064 nm), two intense luminescence bands (1343 and 1601 nm) were excited. The first band can be ascribed to electron transitions between ¹G₄ and ³H₅ energy levels of Pr³⁺ ions. Full width at half of maximum (FWHM) of the intensity of luminescence was found to be 70 nm for (Ge₂₅Ga₅Se₇₀)_1 − x(PrCl₃)_x and (Ge₃₀Ga₅Se₆₅)_1 − x(PrCl₃)_x glasses. The FWHM in selenide glasses is lower than in halide and sulphide glasses. The second luminescence band (1601 nm) can be probably ascribed to the transitions between ³F₃ and ³H₄ energy levels of Pr³⁺ ions. The absorption and luminescence spectra of Pr³⁺ ions in studied glasses are slightly influenced by stoichiometry of glassy matrix. The Raman spectra of studied glasses were deconvoluted and assignment of Raman bands to individual vibration modes of basic structural units was suggested. The structure of studied glasses is mainly formed by corner-sharing and edge-sharing GeSe₄ tetrahedra. The vibration modes of Ga-containing structural units were not found, they are apparently overlapping with Ge-containing structural units due to small difference between atomic weights of Ge and Ga. In the glasses with substoichiometry of Se, the Ge–Ge bonds of Ge₂Se₆ structural units were found. In Se-rich glasses the Se–Se vibration modes were found. In all studied glasses also ‘wrong' bonds between like atoms were found in small amounts. Maximum phonon energy of studied glasses is 320 cm⁻¹.     

橙红色荧光粉Ca2GdNbO6∶Sm3+,Na+的制备及发光性能

为了研究Na⁺掺杂对Ca₂GdNbO₆∶0.03Sm³⁺荧光粉发光性能的影响,本文采用高温固相反应法成功制备了一系列Ca₂GdNbO₆∶0.03Sm³⁺,xNa⁺(x=0.01、0.03、0.05、0.07、0.10;x为摩尔分数)荧光粉。XRD图谱和精修结果表明,Na⁺成功掺入Ca₂GdNbO₆∶0.03Sm³⁺晶格。发光性能测试结果表明,Na⁺的掺入提高了Ca₂GdNbO₆∶0.03Sm³⁺荧光粉的发光强度,其最佳掺杂浓度为5%。在406 nm波长激发下,荧光粉在602 nm (⁴G_5/2→⁶H_7/2)处发射峰最强且发射出橙红光。浓度猝灭结果及热稳定性研究表明,Ca₂GdNbO₆∶0.03Sm³⁺,0.05Na⁺基质中能量传递主要发生在最近邻离子之间,荧光粉的热猝灭激活能为0.119 eV。该荧光粉的色坐标位于橙红色区域(0.593 5,0.404 7),与国际照明委员会规定的标准色坐标(0.666,0.333)接近,表明Ca₂GdNbO₆∶0.03Sm³⁺,xNa⁺荧光粉在白光LED领域具有潜在的应用前景。