鱼类自主游动水动力学特性的数值模拟

通过对推力和阻力进行重新定义, 从根本上解决了鱼游研究中推力和阻力无 法区分的难题.在此基础上, 利用自适应网格下的ghost-cell浸没边界方法, 模拟了鱼类以 鲹科模式在黏性流体(309 \le Re \le 14\,581)和无黏流体 (相当于雷诺数 无穷大情形)中的二维自主游动.结果表明: (1) Strouhal数随雷诺数增大而减小, 当雷诺数趋向于无穷时, Strouhal数趋向于0.25; (2)在所有雷诺数情况下, 推 力主要来源于压力分量; 当Re<3000时, 阻力的压力分量小于黏性力分量, 而 当Re>3000, 二者的关系就会反过来; (3)推进效率随着雷诺数的增大而增大, 当雷诺数趋向于无穷大时, 推进效率最高可以达到70%, 说明鲹科模式适用 于较高雷诺数下的游动.     

摆动水翼绕流的数值研究

鱼类经常采用垂直流向的摆动进行游动,这种摆动可以用行进波来表示.应用浸入边界方法模拟了低雷诺数条件下水翼NACA65-010在水中摆动时的流场,并研究了雷诺数对水生动物推进效率的影响.结果表明:随着雷诺数的增大,推力系数和推进效率增大,而功率系数减小;在Re20时,推力系数,推进效率和功率系数的变化尤为剧烈.随雷诺数增加,由于水翼摆动诱导的流场变化也更加复杂,水翼后缘处的涡量场强度逐渐增强.摆动诱导反卡门涡街产生推力.     

基于GIS与确定性系数分析方法的汶川地震滑坡易发性评价

鱼类经常采用垂直流向的摆动进行游动, 这种摆动可以用行进波来表示. 应用浸入边界方法模拟了低雷诺数条件下水翼NACA65-010在水中摆动时的流场，并研究了雷诺数对水生动物推进效率的影响. 结果表明：随着雷诺数的增大，推力系数和推进效率增大，而功率系数减小；在Re<20时，推力系数，推进效率和功率系数的变化尤为剧烈. 随雷诺数增加，由于水翼摆动诱导的流场变化也更加复杂，水翼后缘处的涡量场强度逐渐增强. 摆动诱导反卡门涡街产生推力.     

弹性振动对翼型气动特性影响的数值模拟

通过求解雷诺平均非定常Navier-Stokes方程,采用数值模拟方法计算了俯仰和沉浮振动对NACA0012翼型平均气动特性的影响.结果表明:对于俯仰运动而言,在迎角13α≤时的升力°和力矩曲线的线性段部分,振幅角的变化对动态平均升力系数和动态平均力矩系数的影响不明显,与静态时的情况基本一致;当迎角14α≥时,翼型振动的平均升力系数和动态平均力矩系数小°于静态时的情况.同一迎角条件下的俯仰振动频率越高时,其动态的平均升力系数和动态平均力矩系数越大,频率较高时的失速迎角相对于频率较低时的情况有所推迟,但相对于静态的失速迎角而言,不同频率下的动态失速迎角均提前.对于沉浮运动而言,动态平均升力系数随振幅和频率的增加而减小,动态失速迎角随振幅和频率的增大而提前.     

变厚度翼型的非定常气动力模型降阶及影响分析

建立了基于Kriging代理和递归算法的变厚度翼型气动力降阶模型,将滤波的高斯白噪声作为输入信号,采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法获得不同厚度下翼型的非定常气动力并将其作为降阶模型的训练样本。该降阶模型不仅大大提高了非定常气动力的计算效率,而且其预测得到的非定常响应的精度不低于92.01%。通过蒙特卡洛法的变厚度翼型全局灵敏度分析表明,俯仰运动是影响气动力波动的主要因素,俯仰与沉浮位移的耦合对气动力影响很小。考虑翼型变厚度时对翼面压力及分离点的影响,本文建立了压强系数的降阶模型。通过与CFD结果的对比,得到其精度为99.9995%,验证了降阶模型的正确性和有效性。     

智能物面对非定常分离流的最优自适应控制

以低雷诺数二维大攻角翼型绕流为研究对象, 将非定常动边界计算流体力学方法与 最优控制方法有机结合, 研究二维不可压非定常流智能物面最优自适应流 动控制的理论与算法, 并将其用于固定攻角和俯仰振荡翼型绕流. 结果表明: 在给定合适的最优控制目标函数下, 智能物面可最优地实时改变形状, 得到能显著提高翼型性能的最优翼型. 最优翼型在非设计工况下的气动性能也比对照翼型有 所提高.     

风力机叶片翼型动态试验技术研究

风力机叶片动态振荡过程往往伴随着俯仰和横摆同时进行, 以前对许多动态问题不清楚的阶段, 工程上不惜以增加叶片重量为代价而采用偏安全的设计, 通常忽略横摆振荡的影响; 大型风力机设计对获取翼型更加全面、准确的动态载荷提出了更高要求, 研究横摆振荡对翼型动态气动特性的影响规律具有重要意义. 本文首次开展翼型横摆振荡动态风洞试验研究, 采用“电子凸轮”技术代替机械凸轮实现了振荡频率和振荡角度的无级变化, 基于设计的电子外触发装置实现了对动态流场的实时测量, 实现了风洞来流、模型角位移和动态压力数据的同步采集, 分别开展了翼型静态测压、俯仰/横摆动态测压、粒子图像测速和荧光丝线等试验研究, 试验结果准度较高、规律合理; 分析了动态试验洞壁干扰影响机制. 研究表明, 横摆振荡翼型的气动曲线也存在明显迟滞效应; 随着振荡频率升高, 翼型俯仰和横摆振荡下的气动迟滞性均增强; 翼型俯仰振荡正行程的动态失速涡破裂有所延迟; 洞壁与模型端部交界处的强三维效应对翼型压力分布影响较大; 建立的横摆振荡试验技术可为风力机动态掠效应的研究提供技术支撑.      

固定转捩实验中粗糙带破损对翼型气动特性的影响研究

本文以RAE2822翼型前缘7%位置3mm宽的金刚砂粗糙带为例,研究了粗糙带破损对翼型压力分布的影响。实验结果表明：粗糙带破损会引起激波位置小幅移动,而对翼型后缘压力分布影响很小。当Ma=0.5时,粗糙带破损对升力系数的影响很小;在α≥4°以后粗糙带破损对阻力系数和俯仰力矩系数的影响逐渐增大,且破损位置距翼型中心对称面越远,影响越小。当Ma=0.75时,粗糙带破损对升力系数与阻力系数的影响直到α≥4°后开始逐渐增大,并且随着破损位置远离中心对称面而减弱;俯仰力矩系数对粗糙带破损较为敏感,且粗糙带破损的位置距离中心对称面越远、尺寸越小则影响越小。     

风力机叶片翼型动态试验技术研究

风力机叶片动态振荡过程往往伴随着俯仰和横摆同时进行,以前对许多动态问题不清楚的阶段,工程上不惜以增加叶片重量为代价而采用偏安全的设计,通常忽略横摆振荡的影响;大型风力机设计对获取翼型更加全面、准确的动态载荷提出了更高要求,研究横摆振荡对翼型动态气动特性的影响规律具有重要意义.本文首次开展翼型横摆振荡动态风洞试验研究,采用"电子凸轮"技术代替机械凸轮实现了振荡频率和振荡角度的无级变化,基于设计的电子外触发装置实现了对动态流场的实时测量,实现了风洞来流、模型角位移和动态压力数据的同步采集,分别开展了翼型静态测压、俯仰/横摆动态测压、粒子图像测速和荧光丝线等试验研究,试验结果准度较高、规律合理;分析了动态试验洞壁干扰影响机制.研究表明,横摆振荡翼型的气动曲线也存在明显迟滞效应;随着振荡频率升高,翼型俯仰和横摆振荡下的气动迟滞性均增强;翼型俯仰振荡正行程的动态失速涡破裂有所延迟;洞壁与模型端部交界处的强三维效应对翼型压力分布影响较大;建立的横摆振荡试验技术可为风力机动态掠效应的研究提供技术支撑.     

导管螺旋桨气动性能的风洞试验研究

对自行研制的一船用空气推进导管螺旋桨系统的导管和桨后整流支架的空气动力学性能在试验雷诺数范围进行了风洞模型试验研究.研究结果表明,导管和桨后整流支架明显改善了系统的空气动力学性能,螺旋桨系统的推力系数和效率都有较明显提高,螺旋桨系统的原地静推力和倒车性能也得到很大改善.     

Forces on oscillating foils for propulsion and maneuvering

Experiments were performed on an oscillating foil to assess its performance in producing large forces for propulsion and effective maneuvering. First, experiments on a harmonically heaving and pitching foil were performed to determine its propulsive efficiency under conditions of significant thrust production, as function of the principal parameters: the heave amplitude, Strouhal number, angle of attack, and phase angle between heave and pitch. Planform area thrust coefficients of 2.4 were recorded for 35° maximum angle of attack and efficiencies of up to 71.5% were recorded for 15° maximum angle of attack. A plateau of good efficiency, in the range of 50–60%, is noted. A phase angle of 90–100° between pitch and heave is found to produce the best thrust performance. Also, the introduction of higher harmonics in the heave motion, so as to ensure a sinusoidal variation in the angle of attack produced much higher thrust coefficient at high Strouhal numbers. Second, experiments on a harmonically oscillating foil with a superposed pitch bias, as well as experiments on impulsively moving foils in still water, were conducted to assess the capability of the foil to produce large lateral forces for maneuvering. Mean side force coefficients of up to 5.5, and instantaneous lift coefficients of up to 15 were recorded, demonstrating an outstanding capability for maneuvering force production.     

Periodic solution of turbulent oscillating channel flows

The time-dependent turbulent Navier–Stokes equations are solved numerically by a finite element method with an algebraic eddy viscosity model (Baldwin–Lomax formulation) for oscillating turbulent channel flows. The method of averaging is used to analyse the resulting periodic motion of the fluid. Numerical results are obtained for various Strouhal numbers and relative amplitudes. A comparison is made between the numerical and published experimental results. It appears that for low relative amplitudes in a certain range of frequencies the agreement is satisfactory.     

Heaving and pitching oscillating foil propulsion in ground effect

A detailed series of experiments is performed to investigate the ‘ground effect’ experienced by propulsive flapping foils operating near a solid boundary. A high aspect ratio foil is towed at constant speed and oscillated in pitch and heave at varying distances from a rigid wall. It is shown that this distance has a significant impact on the lift and thrust forces generated by the foil, both in the time averaged mean forces and the phase averaged periodic forces. For some thrust producing kinematics, the instantaneous force profile may change significantly without altering the time averaged mean force; thus, mean force measurements alone are not sufficient to indicate the proximity, or the effect, of the solid boundary. Results are presented across a wide range of thrust generating kinematics, showing that the strength of the ground effect can be modulated, for any achievable level of thrust, through appropriate selection of kinematics. This finding in particular has significance for underwater vehicles propelled by oscillating foil thrusters, as it follows that the sensitivity of the thrusters to ground effect can be controlled independently of the desired thrust. While propulsive efficiency is increased slightly near the wall for some kinematics, in general this does not occur for kinematics where a strong ground cushion (repulsion) effect is observed. Finally, the results suggest that span-wise flow around the tip of the foil is important in determining whether the foil is repelled from or pulled into the wall.     

Dynamic performance and wake structure of flapping plates with different shapes

The dynamic performance and wake structure of flapping plates with different shapes were studied using multi-block lattice Boltzman and immersed boundary method.Two typical regimes relevant to thrust behavior are identified.One is nonlinear relation between the thrust and the area moment of plate for lower area moment region and the other is linear relation for larger area moment region.The tendency of the power variation with the area moment is reasonably similar to the thrust behavior and the efficiency decreases gradually as the area moment increases.As the mechanism of the dynamic properties is associated with the evolution of vortical structures around the plate,the formation and evolution of vortical structures are investigated and the effects of the plate shape,plate area,Strouhal number and Reynolds number on the vortical structures are analyzed.The results obtained in this study provide physical insight into the understanding of the mechanisms relevant to flapping locomotion.     

Hydrodynamics of a biologically inspired tandem flapping foil configuration

Numerical simulations have been used to analyze the effect that vortices, shed from one flapping foil, have on the thrust of another flapping foil placed directly downstream. The simulations attempt to model the dorsal–tail fin interaction observed in a swimming bluegill sunfish. The simulations have been carried out using a Cartesian grid method that allows us to simulate flows with complex moving boundaries on stationary Cartesian grids. The simulations indicate that vortex shedding from the upstream (dorsal) fin is indeed capable of increasing the thrust of the downstream (tail) fin significantly. Vortex structures shed by the upstream dorsal fin increase the effective angle-of-attack of the flow seen by the tail fin and initiate the formation of a strong leading edge stall vortex on the downstream fin. This stall vortex convects down the surface of the tail and the low pressure associated with this vortex increases the thrust on the downstream tail fin. However, this thrust augmentation is found to be quite sensitive to the phase relationship between the two flapping fins. The numerical simulations allows us to examine in detail, the underlying physical mechanism for this thrust augmentation.      

High fidelity numerical simulation of airfoil thickness and kinematics effects on flapping airfoil propulsion

High-fidelity numerical simulations with the spectral difference (SD) method are carried out to investigate the unsteady flow over a series of oscillating NACA 4-digit airfoils. Airfoil thickness and kinematics effects on the flapping airfoil propulsion are highlighted. It is confirmed that the aerodynamic performance of airfoils with different thickness can be very different under the same kinematics. Distinct evolutionary patterns of vortical structures are analyzed to unveil the underlying flow physics behind the diverse flow phenomena associated with different airfoil thickness and kinematics and reveal the synthetic effects of airfoil thickness and kinematics on the propulsive performance. Thickness effects at various reduced frequencies and Strouhal numbers for the same chord length based Reynolds number (=1200) are then discussed in detail. It is found that at relatively small Strouhal number (=0.3), for all types of airfoils with the combined pitching and plunging motion (pitch angle 20°, the pitch axis located at one third of chord length from the leading edge, pitch leading plunge by 75°), low reduced frequency (=1) is conducive for both the thrust production and propulsive efficiency. Moreover, relatively thin airfoils (e.g. NACA0006) can generate larger thrust and maintain higher propulsive efficiency than thick airfoils (e.g. NACA0030). However, with the same kinematics but at relatively large Strouhal number (=0.45), it is found that airfoils with different thickness exhibit diverse trend on thrust production and propulsive efficiency, especially at large reduced frequency (=3.5). Results on effects of airfoil thickness based Reynolds numbers indicate that relative thin airfoils show superior propulsion performance in the tested Reynolds number range. The evolution of leading edge vortices and the interaction between the leading and trailing edge vortices play key roles in flapping airfoil propulsive performance.     

紧致插值曲线方法在流向强迫振荡圆柱绕流中的应用

利用紧致插值曲线(constrained interpolation profile method in Zhejiang University, CIP-ZJU) 数学模型, 对低科勒冈-卡朋特(Keulegan–Carpenter) 数KC 静止流体中振荡圆柱以及雷诺数Re = 200 时流向强迫振荡圆柱绕流进行了数值模拟. 模型在直角坐标系统下建立, 采用紧致插值曲线方法作为流场的基本求解器离散了纳维-斯托克斯方程, 基于多相流的理论实现流固耦合同步求解, 利用浸入边界方法处理固体边界. 模拟结果与现有文献结果进行比较, 二者吻合情况较好, 验证了此方法对于计算复杂流动问题的可靠性.     

On the buckling and the Strouhal law of fluid columns: the case of turbulent jets and wakes

An extension of the buckling model of oscillating fluid columns is presented that considers the nonuniform velocity profiles observed in various free turbulent flows. The buckling Strouhal number, defined as the reciprocal of the dimensionless wavelength, is calculated for some flows well documented in the literature. In all cases, the buckling Strouhal number is the same, despite the difference in flow configurations. The buckling model is compared with the universal Strouhal law, showing that the two models are equivalent to each other. Finally, a relationship between the maximum entropy generation and the difference between predicted and experimental Strouhal number is presented.     

Effect of the stiffness,inertia and oscillation kinematics on the thrust generation and efficiency of an oscillating-foil propulsion system

This paper presents an experimental study that has investigated the effects of the foil stiffness, inertia and oscillation kinematics on the thrust generation and efficiency of a flexible oscillating-foil propulsion system. A semi-empirical damped-oscillator model, which included a quadratic damping element, was developed and fitted to the experimental results. The model was used to develop explanations for the observed trends in the propulsive performance. For all of the foils constructed for the study, a consistent relationship between the efficiency and frequency ratio was observed. The maximum efficiency occurred at the same frequency ratio that resulted in both a beneficial phasing of the deformation with respect to the driven motion and also the maximum overall amplitude of the motion. For foils of equivalent resonant frequency operating at the same frequency ratio, the stiffer and heavier foils were found to develop greater thrust, likely because the lower effective damping allowed for a greater amplitude of the motion. Increasing the amplitude of the driven motion was found to cause the frequency ratio providing the maximum efficiency to shift towards lower values. The use of combined pitch and heave motions was shown to increase efficiency while reducing thrust compared to the heave-only case.