多步旋涂过程中CsPbBr3无机钙钛矿成膜机理

在无机钙钛矿太阳能电池的研究中,薄膜制备工艺是影响钙钛矿太阳能电池光电转换效率(PCE)的重要因素之一. CsPbBr₃钙钛矿作为稳定性极好的无机钙钛矿之一,因其前驱体盐(PbBr₂, CsBr)溶解度差异过大,通常采用多步法进行制备.而由于对成膜机理的认识不充分,导致制备的薄膜存在薄膜形貌差、前驱体反应不完全等问题.本文通过旋涂不同次数的CsBr溶液,探究了CsPbBr₃钙钛矿的成膜机理.成膜过程中CsBr扩散进入预先沉积的PbBr₂薄膜完成反应,短暂反应时间使薄膜深层反应不充分而薄膜表面过度反应,CsPb₂Br₅和Cs₄PbBr₆等相伴随CsPbBr₃钙钛矿出现,反复退火形成的薄膜阻挡CsBr扩散加剧了这一现象.适当地延长前驱体的反应时间,能为CsBr扩散及反应提供更充分的空间.基于优化反应时间, CsPbBr₃钙钛矿薄膜形貌得到改善、其晶粒尺寸得到提升,钙钛矿薄膜...     

高效无空穴传输层碳基钙钛矿太阳能电池的制备与性能研究

碳基钙钛矿太阳能电池因稳定性高、成本低廉而备受关注,但由于钙钛矿与碳电极之间能级匹配度不高,界面阻力大而导致效率不及金属基钙钛矿太阳能电池.本文制备了碳基无空穴传输层FTO/c-TiO₂/m-TiO₂/CH₃NH₃PbI₃/Carbon电池结构.通过对介孔二氧化钛层、钙钛矿层厚度进行优化,并对钙钛矿的薄膜形貌及钙钛矿激发电子寿命、可见光吸收度、载流子的提取与分离等进行深度分析,讨论了电池效率提升的内在机理.当介孔氧化钛层和钙钛矿层达到最优厚度时,钙钛矿太阳能电池获得了开路电压（V_oc）为0.93 V、电流密度（J_sc）为21.75 mA/cm²、填充因子为55%、光电转化效率达到11.11%.同时对电池进行了稳定性研究,在室温湿度为40%–50%的条件下放置15 d电池性能依旧稳定保持原来的95%,优于金属基钙钛矿太阳能电池,从而为碳电极钙钛矿太阳能电池的商业化发展提供了可能.     

在空穴传输层聚(3-己基噻吩)中添加1,8-二碘辛烷改善碳基钙钛矿太阳能电池的性能

无空穴传输层的碳基钙钛矿太阳能(PSCs)电池拥有成本低、制备步骤简单、稳定性高的优点,应用前景广阔.但是碳电极与活性层的直接接触,导致器件的光电转换效率普遍低于其他金属电极的钙钛矿太阳能电池.本文使用聚(3-己基噻吩)(P3HT)作为器件的空穴传输层,相比传统的有机空穴传输层材料Spiro-OMeTAD,具有低成本和易于制造的优点,并通过在P3HT中掺杂1,8-二碘辛烷(DIO)的方法优化其光电性能,提升了载流子的迁移率,阻挡电子的运输,降低界面复合,改善了碳电极与器件的界面接触,提高了短路电流J_(sc)和填充因子FF,使器件的初始光电转换效率从14.06%提升至15.11%.器件在氮气环境下测试稳定性,连续光照1000 h后器件的转换效率仍保持在98%以上.     

二硫化钨纳米片制备及其钙钛矿太阳能电池空穴传输层应用

开发新型无机空穴传输层材料是钙钛矿电池实现商业应用的重要挑战之一。本文开展了二硫化钨纳米片制备及其钙钛矿太阳能电池空穴传输层应用研究。采用液相超声剥离法成功制备了WS 2纳米片,并将其引入钙钛矿太阳能电池中用作空穴传输层。结果表明,当WS 2纳米片溶液浓度为1 mg/mL时,制备的WS 2纳米片空穴传输层具有较合适的厚度,并且后续在其上生长的钙钛矿活性层成膜质量高、结晶性能好,电池取得6.3%的光电转换效率。结果证实WS 2纳米片可作为新型无机空穴传输层材料用于钙钛矿太阳能电池。     

基于氧化石墨烯空穴传输层的钙钛矿太阳能电池

采用溶液旋涂法在平面异质结型钙钛矿电池中引入氧化石墨烯(Graphene oxide,GO),制备了GO、GO∶(PEDOT:PSS)复合薄膜和GO/PEDOT∶PSS双层薄膜作为空穴传输层的电池,其光电转换效率分别为1.86%、7.35%、7.69%,基于PEDOT∶PSS空穴传输层的对照电池的效率为7.38%.主要原因是GO具有绝缘性,作为阳极界面层时,随着GO薄膜厚度增加,器件的串联电阻增大,从而降低了电池的短路电流和效率.为提高GO导电性,并改善其功函数,将GO氨化改性后与PEDOT:PSS组合构成双空穴传输层,所得电池取得了7.69%的较高效率,表明该方式是GO用于钙钛矿电池空穴传输层的有效途径.     

低温制备SnO2电子传输层用于钙钛矿太阳能电池

SnO₂具有光稳定性优异、可低温溶液制备等优点被视为电子传输层的优异材料之一,广泛应用于高效稳定的平面异质结钙钛矿太阳能电池.本文在低温(150℃)下采用旋涂工艺制备SnO₂电子传输层,探究了SnO₂前驱体溶液不同浓度(SnO₂质量分数为2.5%—10.0%)下制备的SnO₂电子传输层对钙钛矿太阳能电池性能的影响.通过对SnO₂薄膜进行扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、紫外-可见光(UV-Vis)吸收光谱和透射光谱分析,发现基底的覆盖率、透光率和SnO₂薄膜的带隙随SnO₂前驱液浓度的增加而增大;通过对SnO₂/钙钛矿(MAPbI₃)薄膜进行SEM、UV-Vis、X-射线衍射(XRD)、稳态光致发光(PL)光谱分析,发现SnO₂胶体分散液浓度为7.5%制备的SnO₂层上沉积的MAPbI₃的粒径最大,结晶度最好,具...     

有机无机杂化固态太阳能电池的研究进展

近年来, 由于钙钛矿材料优良的光学吸收和电荷传导特性, 有机无机杂化固态太阳能电池取得了突破性的进展. 自2009年首次报道了光电转换效率为3.8%的钙钛矿太阳能电池以来, 该类电池的效率不断突破. 基于介孔薄膜的电池已取得了超过16.7%的认证光电转换效率, 基于平板异质结结构电池光电转换效率达到19.3%, 已接近传统硅基太阳能电池的光电转换效率. 本文将介绍有机无机杂化钙钛矿作为光电材料的光学物理结构特性, 以及在固态太阳能电池中的应用. 基于固态钙钛矿太阳能电池结构上的差异, 分别介绍其在多孔结构、平板异质结结构、柔性结构以及无空穴传导材料结构电池工作特性和各自优势, 以及影响电池特性的主要影响因素, 特别是钙钛矿成膜控制等. 并阐述对钙钛矿电池的理解和进一步提高固态钙钛矿电池光电转换效率需要关注的重点以及展望.     

锡基钙钛矿太阳能电池载流子传输层的探讨

锡基钙钛矿太阳能电池可避免铅元素对环境带来的污染,近年来已成为光伏领域的研究热点.本文以SCAPS-1D太阳能电池数值模拟软件为平台,对不同电子传输层和不同空穴传输层的锡基钙钛矿太阳能电池器件的性能进行数值仿真对比,从理论上分析不同载流子传输层的锡基钙钛矿太阳能电池的性能差异.结果显示,载流子传输层与钙钛矿层的能带对齐对电池性能至关重要.电子传输层具有更高的导带或电子准费米能级以及空穴传输层具有更低的价带或空穴准费米能级时,对电池输出更大的开路电压有促进作用.另外,当电子传输层的导带高于钙钛矿层导带或钙钛矿层的价带高于空穴传输层的价带时,钙钛矿层与载流子传输层界面形成spike势垒,界面复合机制相对较弱,促使电池获得更佳的性能.当Cd0.5Zn0.5S和MASnBr3分别作为电子传输层和空穴传输层时,与其他材料相比,获得了更优的输出特性:开路电压Voc=0.94 V,短路电流密度Jsc=30.35 mA/cm^2,填充因子FF=76.65%,功率转换效率PCE=21.55%,可认为Cd0.5Zn0.5S和MASnBr3是设计锡基钙钛矿太阳能电池结构合适的载流子传输层材料.这些模拟结果有助于实验上设计并制备高性能的锡基钙钦矿太阳能电池.     

甲脒碘化铅单晶基钙钛矿太阳能电池的研究

近年来,CH(NH₂)₂PbI₃(FAPbI₃)由于其带隙接近理想值而受到了广泛关注,成为钙钛矿太阳能电池中最具吸引力的光电功能材料.然而由碘甲脒(FAI)和碘化铅(PbI₂)作为前驱体制备的传统钙钛矿层化学计量比不精准,缺陷密度大,稳定性差且结晶度较低,导致钙钛矿太阳能电池性能很难进一步提高.本文采用FAPbI₃单晶制备的钙钛矿薄膜具有高结晶度,高稳定性,精确的化学计量比和低缺陷密度.单晶钙钛矿薄膜的晶粒尺寸大,晶界少,导致晶界处缺陷较少,提高了钙钛矿太阳能电池的短路电流密度(J_SC)和开路电压(V_OC),使其光电转换效率有了大幅度的提高.本文为制备高稳定性、高结晶度和低缺陷密度的钙钛矿太阳能电池提供了一种有效策略.     

基底温度对喷涂技术制备大面积有机太阳能电池性能的影响

以聚3-己基噻吩（P3HT）和富勒烯衍生物（PCBM）体系的有机太阳能电池器件为基础,采用喷涂法制备了有机太阳能电池的空穴传输层和有机功能层,研究了基底温度对薄膜的形貌和器件性能的影响,并采用喷涂技术制备了一面积为11.2 cm²的大面积有机太阳能电池器件。研究发现,随着基底温度的升高,薄膜的粗糙度下降,吸收率提高,当基底温度为130 ℃时器件的性能最优,面积为25 mm²的器件的能量转换效率为2.09%。将多个独立的小面积电池进行串联和并联,制备了有效面积为11.2 cm²的大面积有机太阳能电池组件,其能量转换效率为1.83%,在面积增大44.8倍的情况下,效率仅损失不到13%。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.