8.19 MeV中子与9Be作用的次级中子双微分截面测量

用中国原子能科学研究院HI13串列加速器上的多探测器快中子飞行时间谱仪, 测量了8.19 MeV中子与9Be作用时, 从20°到160°区间26个角度的次级中子双微分截面。测量截面以np散射截面作为标准进行归一。实验结果用Monte Carlo方法进行了中子注量率衰减、多次散射和有限几何修正, 并用MCNP4C程序对所用的Monte Carlo程序进行了验证。测量结果与评价数据以及其它实验室的数据进行了比较。The secondary neutron emission double differential cross section of 9Be induced by 8.19 MeV neutron was measured at 26 different angles from 20°to 150°by using the multi detector fast neutron TOF spectrometer at the HI 13 Tandem Accelerator at China Institute of Atomic Energy(CIAE). The results were normalized to np scattering measurement. A special Monte Carlo code which was validated with the MCNP 4C code was employed to analyze the measured data for the corrections of neutron flux attenuation, multiple scattering and finite geometry. The measured results were compared with the evaluated data and the other measurements.      

厚靶低中能9Be(d,xn)反应加速器中子源特性研究

利用PHITS程序评价计算了厚靶9Be(d, xn)反应加速器中子源的能谱和角分布数据，重点讨论了JQMD、INCL和INCL/DWBA三种核反应物理模型计算厚靶9Be(d, xn)反应中子辐射场分布的适用性。研究结果显示，基于INCL/DWBA耦合模型的PHITS程序计算所得到的厚靶9Be(d, xn)反应中子能谱和角分布数据能够较好地与实验数据符合，可以为厚靶9Be(d, xn)反应中子源特性研究及应用提供较为准确的中子辐射场数据。此外，设计了水冷大面积旋转铍靶的方案，并在5~25 MeV/5 mA入射氘能量下条件下，开展了靶面温度模拟研究，结果显示，靶面最高温度可控制在100 oC以下。     

Neutron induced light-ion production from iron and bismuth at 175 MeV

We have measured light-ion (p, d, t, ³He and α) production in the interaction of 175 MeV neutrons with iron and bismuth with low-energy thresholds and for a wide angular range (from 20° to 160°, in steps of 20°). Measurements have been performed with the Medley setup, semi-permanently installed at the The Svedberg Laboratory, Uppsala (Sweden), where a quasi-monoenergetic neutron beam is available and well characterized. Medley is a conventional spectrometer system and consists of eight telescopes, each of them composed of two silicon surface barrier detectors, to perform particle identification, and a CsI(Tl) scintillator to fully measure the kinetic energy of the produced light-ions. We report preliminary double-differential cross sections for production of protons, deuterons and tritons in comparison with model calculations using TALYS-1.0 code. These show better agreement for the production of protons, while the theoretical calculations seem to overestimate the experimental production of deuterons and tritons.     

D-T中子与平板型聚乙烯材料作用的次级中子角度谱实验研究

基于反冲质子法建立了一种测量D-T中子与平板型宏观样品作用的次级中子角度谱的实验方法.为保证探测器的能量线性并在较低的中子有效测量下阈(0.5 MeV)情况下获得好的中子-伽马射线甄别性能,采用高、低能段分别测量的方法.采用事件记录法,同时记录了次级中子和伴随伽马射线的脉冲形状甄别和脉冲幅度二维信息,利用基于ROOT数据分析平台编写的离线数据分析程序,完成了伴随伽马射线的挑选和扣除,以及高、低两能段反冲质子谱的拼接,并成功的将神经网络技术应用于中子能谱的解谱,获得了D-T中子与9和18 cm厚平板型聚乙烯材料作用的0.5-15 MeV的次级中子角度谱实验结果.实验模型的MC模拟由MCNP5完成,数据库采用ENDF-VI,实验结果和MC计算结果在实验不确定度范围内一致. 关键词： D-T中子 积分中子学 反冲质子法 次级中子能谱     

在33.4MeV/u 17N与9Be反应中中子发射的起源

在不同角度测得的33.4MeV/u ¹⁷N+⁹Be反应中,发射中子的能谱具有复杂的形式,而且随着角度的增大显示出有规律的变化.发射中子至少来源于靶弹核间的核子–核子碰撞、¹⁷N的破裂反应以及熔合热核的统计蒸发三种不同起源.分析结果表明:反应体系三种起源的发射中子截面分别为4.49,0.44和5.5b.     

Direct processes in the6Li(α, d)8Be reaction

The angular distributions of deuterons from the ⁶Li(α, d)⁸Be reaction corresponding to the 0⁺ ground state and the 2.9 MeV (2⁺) state in⁸Be have been measured at E_α = 17.3, 23.3 and 25.1 MeV. The excitation functions for this reaction have been measured at seven emission angles in the region from 12 up to 25 MeV. The experimental angular distributions are compared with theoretical predictions obtained using DWBA stripping calculations and the plane wave approximation (PWA) for various direct processes. It is shown that the experimental angular distributions can be described throughout the angular region using the simple mechanisms associated with the break-up of the ⁶Li target nuc clusters and heavy-particle stripping. The interference of these processes is taken into account.     

400~1500 MeV质子轰击铅靶和钨靶的出射中子能谱的FLUKA和Geant4模拟研究

在ADS散裂靶系统的优化设计中,蒙特卡罗方法结合可靠的散裂反应理论模型进行中子学计算具有重要的作用。本工作利用Geant4程序中的INCLXX模型、BIC模型以及BERT模型和FLUKA程序分别模拟了597 MeV和1 500 MeV质子轰击薄铅靶不同出射角度的中子双微分截面,500,1 500 MeV质子轰击厚铅靶不同出射角度的中子双微分产额,以及400,600,800,1 000和1 200 MeV质子轰击厚钨靶在反角方向（175 °）的中子双微分产额,并与实验数据进行比较。研究表明,对于薄铅靶,Geant4程序的INCLXX模型和FLUKA程序模拟结果与实验符合得更好。能量在10～40 MeV范围内,BIC模型模拟结果明显高于实验数据,而BERT模型模拟结果略微低于实验数据。对于厚铅靶,在40 MeV左右所有的模拟结果都低于实验数据。对于厚钨靶,Geant4程序的BIC模型和FLUKA程序与实验数据符合得较好,INCLXX模型在能量高于60 MeV时模拟结果低于实验数据,BERT模型与实验数据差异较大。总体来看,Geant4程序的INCLXX模型和FLUKA程序进行ADS散裂靶相关的中子学的计算是合理和可靠的。The reliable Monte Carlo simulation codes coupled with nuclear reaction models play an important role in the neutronic calculation for the design and optimization of the ADS spallation target. In this work, the double differential cross sections at different angles produced from a thin lead target bombarded with 597 and 1 500 MeV protons, the neutron energy spectra at different angles produced from a thick lead target bombarded with 500 and 1 500 MeV protons, and the neutron energy spectra in the backward direction(175°) produced from a thick tungsten target bombarded with 400, 600, 800, 1 000 and 1 200 MeV protons are calculated with the Geant4 code coupled INCLXX, BIC and BERT models and the FLUKA code. The calculations are compared with the available experimental data. The results show that, for the thin lead target, the calculations with the Geant4 coupled INCLXX model and FLUKA code well reproduce the experimental results. In a energy range from 10 to 40 MeV, BIC model obviously overestimates the experimental results, and BERT model slightly underestimates the experimental results. For the thick lead target, all of the calculations underestimate the experimental results around 40MeV. For the thick tungsten target, the Geant4 coupled BIC model and FLUKA code well reproduce the experimental results. INCLXX model underestimates the experimental results above 60 MeV. BERT model bad reproduces the experimental results. Overall, the neutronic calculations with the Geant4 code coupled INCLXX model and FLUKA code for the ADS spallation target is reasonable and reliable.     

14.77 MeV neutron-induced nuclear reaction cross sections for zinc,yttrium, and molybdenum targets

The cross sections for neutron-induced nuclear reactions on natural zinc, yttrium, and molybdenum targets were measured at a neutron energy of 14.77 ± 0.17 MeV using the activation technique, offline gamma-ray spectrometry, and a detailed covariance analysis. The uncertainty in the statistical model calculations of cross sections for the (n, 2n), (n, p), (n, α), and (n, γ) reactions with natural zinc, yttrium, and molybdenum at neutron energies from 13 to 17 MeV was calculated using the TALYS-1.96 nuclear code. The measured cross sections of the present study were compared with the experimental cross sections reported in the EXFOR database, the cross sections were calculated with the TALYS-1.96 and EMPIRE-3.2.3 nuclear codes and the evaluated nuclear data from the TENDL-2019, JENDL-5, and ENDF/B-VIII.0 libraries.     

Monte Carlo simulations of the production of neutrons at iThemba LABS

FLUKA Monte Carlo radiation transport code has been used to simulate neutron fluence spectrum at iThemba LABS neutron beam facility. Neutron beams with energy up to 200 MeV can be produced using different targets such as ⁷Li, ⁹Be and ¹²C bombarded with monoenergetic protons from the Separated-Sector Cyclotron. Simulated results at 66 MeV were compared with measured data. Different neutron emission angles with respect to the beam axis as well as the neutron background at different positions have been investigated.     

轻丰中子核反应中子集团产生截面的理论研究

采用Boltzmann-Langevin方程研究了能量为35MeV/u的¹⁴Be, ⁸He,⁶He,¹¹Li,¹⁷B,¹¹Be,¹⁹C与¹²C靶的反应,计算了产生中子集团的截面, 发现^14,Be与¹²C靶反应产生⁴n的截面与实验值符合得很好. 通过这几个入射核与¹²C靶形成中子集团截面的对比, 发现核的晕中子越多产生中子集团的截面越大, 晕中子数相同时, 质量数越大产生中子集团的截面越大.中子集团可能主要来自晕核子.     

Charged particle production on 12C by intermediate energy neutrons

Energy spectra of protons, deuterons and tritons produced on ¹²C by 545 MeV neutrons have been measured at 7 angles between 73° and 165°. The slopes of the invariant cross sections and absolute yields are compared to corresponding proton induced reactions at similar energies and angles.     

Theoretical analysis of double-differential neutron emission cross sections for n+56Fe reactions at incident energies of 7-13 MeV

The double-differential neutron emission cross sections for n+56Fe reactions at incident energies of 7-13 MeV at different angles are calculated by the UNF(abbreviation for unified,2009 Version)code,which is based on the unified Hauser-Feshbach and exciton model.The results indicate that the higher the incident energies,the better the results,although there are some discrepancies between the calculated results and the measured data for natural iron.These discrepancies are analyzed in detail in this paper.In addition,the calculated results are also compared with the evaluated results of ENDF/B VII.O and JEFF-3.1.1 near the angle of 90°at incident energies of 8.17 and 11.5 MeV,respectively.     

THE MASSIVE TRANSFER IN 12C+197Au REACTION

In this paper, we present energy spectra and angular distributions for the α-par-ticles emitted in the reaction of ¹²C+¹⁹⁷Au at 64 and 67 MeV and for α, Be and B emittedin the reaction at 71.5 MeV. The most-probable energles of the variousproducts emittedin this reaction decrease.with decreasing incident energy. The angular distributions peak near grazing angle.The peak position of the angular distributions shift from--80°to--120°while the projec-tile energy decreases from 71.5 MeV to 64 MeV. These all show the features of the transferreaction. The ⁶Li product also has been measured and the ⁸Be particle emitted from thisreaction was detected at 90°to the beam direction using α-α coincident technique at 71.5MeV. The coross section of the ³Be is only few percent at the same angle.     

Measurement of differential cross sections of neutron-induced deuteron production reactions on carbon from 25 to 52 MeV

The angle-differential cross sections of neutron-induced deuteron production from carbon were measured at six neutron energies from 25 to 52 MeV relative to those of n-p elastic scattering at the China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS) Back-n white neutron source.By employing the ΔE-E telescopes of the Light-charged Particle Detector Array(LPD A) system at 15.1° to 55.0° in the laboratory system,ratios of the angle-differential cross sections of the ~(12)C(n,xd) reactions to those of the n-p scattering were measured,and then,the angle-differential cross sections of the ~(12)C(n,xd) reactions were obtained using the angle-differential cross sections of the n-p elastic scattering from the JENDL-4.0/HE-2015 library as the standard.The obtained results are compared with data from previous measurements,all of which are based on mono-energic neutrons,the evaluated data from the JENDL-4.0/HE-2015 library and the ENDF-B/Ⅷ.0 library,and those from theoretical calculations based on INCA code and Talys-1.9 code.Being the first white-neutron-source-based systematic measurement of the angle-differential cross sections of neutron-induced deuteron production reactions on carbon in several tens of MeV,the present work can provide a reference to the data library considering the lack of experimental data.     

Neutron production at the heavy ion research facility in Lanzhou

In this work, the neutron radiation field at Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) was investigated. Total neutron yields, spectra and angular     

Measurements of elastic scattering for 7Be, 7Li + 9Be systems and fusion cross sections for 7Li + 9Be system

Elastic scattering angular distributions have been measured for ⁷Be + ⁹Be system at E_lab = 17, 19 and 21 MeV in the angular range θ_cm=26^○–58°, and for ⁷Li + ⁹Be system at E_lab= 15.75, 24 and 30 MeV. An optical model (OM) analysis of these data have been carried out. For the ⁷Li + ⁹Be system fusion cross sections were obtained at E_lab = 15.75, 24 and 30 MeV by measuring the α-evaporation spectra from the compound nucleus at backward angles. The measured α-evaporation spectra were reproduced by the statistical model calculations and fusion cross sections were extracted therefrom. The ratios of the experimental fusion cross sections to the total reaction cross sections (obtained form OM analysis) were found to be rather small. This result suggests that break-up process has a strong influence on fusion process leading to a reduction in fusion cross section.     

Preequilibrium α-particle emission in heavy-ion reactions

The α-particle emission following ¹⁴N-induced reactions on various heavy targets at 85–115 MeV has been studied. Cross sections of heavy residual nuclei produced after α-emission were measured in the case of the ²⁰⁹Bi target and were found to be close to the angle-integrated cross sections of α-particles, indicating that the α-emission mainly takes place in a binary process. The measured angular distributions of α-particles are pronouncedly forward-peaked, while the energy spectra are always characterized by the Maxwellian distribution even at forward angles and reproduced excellently by the statistical evaporation formula when nuclear temperature is treated as a free parameter. The resultant value of the temperature is high (4–6 MeV) at forward angles and decreases monotonically with increasing emission angles.The energy and angular distributions of protons, deuterons and tritons were also measured in the ¹⁸¹Ta + ¹⁴N reaction at 115 MeV. The results are similar to those of α-particles. In particular, nuclear temperatures turned out nearly equal to each other, being consistent with the hot-spot interpretation for the relevant preequilibrium light-particle emission.     

中子与9Be和6,7Li反应的次级中子发射谱实验研究

测量了8.17MeV与10.27MeV中子与⁹Be和^6,7Li作用的次级中子双微分截面. 对于10.27MeV, 为了消除从D(d,np)破裂反应来的源破裂中子对双微分截面测量结果的影响, 采用了常规多探测器快中子飞行时间谱仪和非常规多探测器快中子飞行时间谱仪相结合的办法. 用Monte-Carlo方法对实验测量得到的飞行时间谱进行了详细的模拟, 通过测量谱与模拟谱的比较, 得到了实验测量的次级中子双微分截面. 实验测量结果以n-p(常规谱仪)和n-C(非常规谱仪)弹性散射微分截面作为归一. 测量结果与评价数据以及其他测量数据进行了比较. 用一个基于Hauser-Feshbach和激子模型的轻核核反应理论模型对^6,7Li的次级中子双微分截面进行了计算, 理论计算结果与实验结果符合得较好.     

Theoretical Calculations and Analysis of n+208Pb Reaction for Intermediate Energy Neutron

Based on experimental data of total, nonelastic, elastic cross section and elastic scattering angular distributions for n+Pb reactions, a set of neutron optical model potential parameters is obtained in the region of incident neutron energy from 1—300 MeV. The cross sections, angular distributions and energy spectra are calculated and analyzed by optical model, distorted wave Born approximation theory, Hauser-Feshbach theory, exciton model and cascade mechanism inside nuclear. The results indicate that the cross sections can be given for n+ ²⁰⁸Pb reactions which are all in good agreement with experimental data.     

The effects of shielding around the source on neutron energy spectra

The knowledge of neutron energy spectra contributes to unambiguous identification of neutron sources in the fields of nuclear safeguards and nuclear non-proliferation. Since a real scenario situation includes the presence of shielding around the source, we have investigated the influence of the potential shielding surrounding the source on the shape of energy spectra for a few neutron sources. We have applied the maximum-likelihood, expectation–maximisation (MLEM) method with one-step-late (OSL) algorithm for neutron spectra unfolding. The pulse height distributions used in the unfolding procedures were simulated with the high accuracy by using the MCNP-PoliMi code based on the Monte Carlo method. A possibility to identify the shielded neutron sources by using the unfolding method was examined with two continuous-in-energy sources, such as ²⁵²Cf and ²⁴¹Am–Be in source-shielding configurations with lead (Pb) and polyethylene (PE) blocks. The results of calculations have shown that the identification of ²⁵²Cf and ²⁴¹Am–Be sources with 2.5 cm of Pb and PE shield can be achieved successfully by using the MLEM method with the OSL algorithm. However, the unfolded results for ²⁵²Cf and ²⁴¹Am–Be sources with 10 cm of PE shield significantly deviate from the reference spectra and the sources cannot be correctly identified on the basis of their unfolded energy spectra.