3D polarimetric purity

From our previous definition of the indices of polarimetric purity for 3D light beams [J.J. Gil, J.M. Correas, P.A. Melero and C. Ferreira, Monogr. Semin. Mat. G. de Galdeano 31, 161 (2004)], an analysis of their geometric and physical interpretation is presented. It is found that, in agreement with previous results, the first parameter is a measure of the degree of polarization, whereas the second parameter (called the degree of directionality) is a measure of the mean angular aperture of the direction of propagation of the corresponding light beam. This pair of invariant, non-dimensional, indices of polarimetric purity contains complete information about the polarimetric purity of a light beam. The overall degree of polarimetric purity is obtained as a weighted quadratic average of the degree of polarization and the degree of directionality.     

Exisymmetrical excitation of an ideally conducting body of revolution covered with a thin layer of dielectric

Conclusions An approximate integral equation of the first kind has been obtained for the problem of the excitation of a body of revolution with a thin layer of dielectric. The equation is written with respect to the surface charge density. The thickness of the layer and its dielectric permittivity can vary along the generatrix of the body of revolution.Numerical results of calculations for a sphere are given for evaluation of the exactness of the solution of the integral equation and are of a methodological character. The method of solution proposed and the algorithm developed make it possible to consider the problem of the excitation of bodies of revlution with an arbitrary form of the generatrix, covered by a layer of dielectric. This method has been used to solve the problem of the excitation of a metallic cone and several other bodies covered with a thin layer of dielectric.Moscow Power Institute. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 21, No. 10, pp. 1505–1512, October, 1978.     

Photoemission studies of adsorbed oxygen and oxide layers

A comprehensive review is given about the enormous versatility of photoelectron spectroscopy to study the especially complex interaction of oxygen with metal surfaces and the nature of the reaction products. The great variety of well definable parameters of a photoemission experiment, e.g. energy, direction of incidence and polarization of the primary photon beam as well as the detection direction of the photocurrent, yields - through the distributions of energy, momentum and spin polarization of the photoelectrons - detailed insight in the kinetic, thermodynamic, electronic and structural aspects of oxygen adsorption on metal surfaces and incipient oxidation. Characteristic electron binding energies, multiplet and satellite structures of both the oxygen and substrate emission allow a distinction between possible states of adsorbed oxygen, i.e. condensed, molecularly and atomically adsorbed, and incorporated oxygen. Even a distinction between octahedral and tetrahedral oxygen coordination of oxide cations may be possible. Analysis of peak intensities (as a measure of coverages and concentrations) as a function of time and temperature provides information about the kinetics and thermodynamics of adsorbed layer and oxide formation. Angular resolved photoemission studies have led to the determination of absolute adsorption site geometries, individual ad-orbital symmetries and two-dimensional band structure formation within the oxygen overlayer. Measurement of the photoelectron spin-polarization offers a method to study surface magnetism, e.g. of ferromagnetic oxides. The determination of local work functions through the photoemission behavior of co-adsorbed rare gas atoms establishes a uniquely important tool to characterize heterogenous surfaces, e.g. oxygenated surfaces with coexisting oxygen states. Numerous different oxygen/metal systems are chosen to demonstrate the state of the art. Results from other surface spectroscopies and theoretical model calculations are, of course, considered and still open problems are named, e.g. the ionicity of the oxygen chemisorption bond. Problems inherent in sputter profiling through surface oxides as observed with photoemission are briefly addressed. This work is rounded by a list of about 600 references in alphabetic order of the reacting metals.     

Long-lived luminescence of complex molecules

Results of investigations of all types of long-lived luminescence of organic molecules in the gas phase and condensed media are presented. Methods for identification and separation of contributions of phosphorescence and thermally activated fluorescence in long-lived luminescence of organic-molecule vapors are proposed. Energy transfer and migration processes in the case of the inductive-resonant mechanism of intermolecular interaction leading to the appearance of sensitized phosphorescence and annihilation-induced delayed fluorescence are considered. Experimental results on energy migration obtained for solid solutions of organic compounds are analyzed within the framework of the concepts of percolation theory with account for the microscopic inhomogeneity of the systems under investigation and the fractal properties of the clusters of activator molecules. Institute of Molecular and Atomic Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, F. Skorina Ave., 70, Minsk, 220072, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 65, No. 5, pp. 662–674, September–October, 1998.     

GaAlAs-GaAs半导体激光器增益参数的研究

通过对半导体激光器发射光谱的计算可获得激光器的增益谱.本文研究了不同电流注入下激光器的增益特性;激光器的峰值增益系数Gmax在阈值电流以下随注入电流的增大而提高,也随结温的升高而下降.     

Proper-Time Formulation of Relativistic Dynamics

It will be argued that Minkowski's implementation of distances is inconsistent. An alternative implementation will be proposed. In the new model the proper time of an object is taken as its fourth coordinate. Distances will be measured according to a four dimensional Euclidean metric. In the present approach mass is a constant of motion. A mass can therefore be ascribed to photons and neutrinos. Mechanics and dynamics will be reformulated in close correspondence with classical physics. Of particular interest is the equation of motion for the proper time momentum. In the classical limit it reduces to the classical law of conservation of (kinetic+potential) energy. In the relativistic limit it is similar to the conservation of energy of the theory of relativity. The conservation of proper time momentum allows for an alternative explanation for Compton scattering and pair annihilation. On the basis of the proper time formulation of electrodynamics also an alternative explanation will be offered for the spectra of hydrogenic atoms. The proper time formulation of gravitational dynamics leads to the correct predictions of gravitational time dilation, the deflection of light and the precession of the perihelia of planets. For this no curvature will be needed. That is, spacetime is flat everywhere, even in the presence of sources of gravitation. Some cosmological consequences will be discussed. The present approach gives a new notion to energy, antiparticles and the structure of spacetime. The contents of the present paper will have important implications for the foundations of physics in general.     

Vibrational-kinetics methods and their applications to molecular lasers and laser chemistry

The vibrational kinetics of molecules simulated by anharmonic oscillators is developed under essentially nonequilibrium conditions. Analytic expressions are obtained for the vibrational distribution function, the relaxation time, and the dependence of the vibrational energy on the pump power; the limiting capacity of the energy reservoir of the anharmonic molecules is estimated. Vibrational kinetics is investigated in mixtures and a redistribution of the vibrational energy among the modes is observed as a function of the component concentration. The singularities of vibrational relaxation in liquids and molecular crystals, due to collective interactions, are studied. A number of concrete applications are considered: the rate of nonequilibrium dissociation is calculated, an analytic model is developed for the CO laser, isotope separation in chemical reactions of vibrationally excited molecules is investigated, and a new type of lasers based on intramolecular transitions in liquids and molecular crystals is proposed.The article represents the contents of a dissertation submitted for the degree of Candidate of Physicomathematical Sciences. Guidance chairmen-Doctor of physicomathematical sciences A. L. Shelepin and Candidate of physicomathematical sciences B. F. Gordiets. Defended 27 October 1975 at the P. N. Lebedev Physics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.Translated from Trudy Ordena Lenina Fizicheskogo Instituta im. P. N. Lebedeva, Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol. 107, pp. 3–67, 1979.     

Investigation of CW argon-ion laser discharge

A comprehensive experimental investigation was made of the insufficiently studied positive-column plasma of a high-current low-pressure discharge in argon, used as the active medium in a cw argon-ion laser. Optical, microwave, and probe methods of plasma diagnostics were used. A more sensitive method of photoelectric recording of the shifts of the spectral-line profiles was developed along with a new method of obtaining single-probe characteristics. Experimental values were obtained for the electric field, electron density, temperature, and directional velocities of the atoms, ions, and electrons as functions of the discharge conditions. A semiempirical calculation of a large number of internal plasma parameters was performed. Equations for the basic internal parameters as functions of the external parameters of the discharge are derived. It is shown that not all properties of the considered plasma are governed by thestrongly increasing roles of charge exchange and electron pressure. The positive column of the discharge in question is shown to obey a Boltzmann-invariant scaling law. The information obtained in this study on the discharge plasma is used to calculate the inversion density for an argon-ion laser. Good agreement with experiment is obtained.The article contains the dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Candidate of Physicomathematical Sciences. Guidance chairman — Doctor of Physicomathematical Science, Professor N. N. Sokolov. Dissertation defended December 18, 1978, at the P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences.Prior to 1980 the author used the name Yu. I. Osipov.Translated from Trudy Ordena Lenina Fizicheskogo Instituta im. P. N. Lebedeva AN SSSR, Vol. 145, pp. 3–78, 1984.     

The optimal lagrange problem in the composite model of elementary particles

A static version of the composite model of fermions is considered. A second variational principle is introduced which leads to a nonclassical Lagrange problem and selects out states with definite energy. The solution of this problem gives both a) the interaction strengths and b) the ground states of the various classes of fermions as functions of the radii of the strong interactions. A relationship is found between the energy of the system of fields and the set of invariants of the general Lorentz group. This relationship can be used as a basis of classification of the fermions; it leads to a new concept about the possible origin of the baryon and lepton charges. The problem is solved by direct methods in a space of singular spinors; this condition is not essential.The author wishes to express his deep gratitude to Prof. D. Ivanenko, G. A. Sokolik, Prof. Ya. P. Terletskii, and the participants in the seminars at the Moscow State University for their discussions of this work and valuable comments, and to A. A. Borgardt, V. S. Vanyashin, and V. I. Mal1 chenko for numerous useful discussions and advice.     

Amplification of subpicosecond pulses of the back induced RS and generation of the cocurrent stokes radiation in ethanol

Based on calculation of the nonstationary system of equations taking into consideration the interaction of waves of pumping, cocurrent and back induced RS (IRS), and polarization waves of a scattering medium, refinement is made of the IRS parameters for ethanol. The influence of cocurrent IRS generated from quantum noises of polarization on the process of amplification of picosecond pulses in a field of oppositely directed subnanosecond pumping pulses is investigated. It is shown that as a result of the high intensity of radiation upon subnanosecond pumping the cocurrent Stokes radiation generation exerts considerable influence on the amplification of oppositely directed IRS pulses: it changes not only the energy characteristics of the entire process but the time envelopes of the pulses as well. B. I. Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences, 68, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220072, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 65, No. 6, pp. 888–893, November–December, 1998.     

Specific features of the formation of the crystal structure of lead zirconate titanate in the Si-SiO2-Ti(TiO2)-Pt-Pb(ZrxTi1 ? x)O3 systems

The influence of the bottom electrode structure on the crystal structure and electrophysical properties of lead zirconate titanate thin films formed by chemical solution deposition is investigated. The role played by the processes of diffusion and oxidation of titanium, which result in a partial misorientation of columnar grains of the perovskite structure of the films, is elucidated. It is shown that the preliminary oxidation of titanium leads to an increase in the thermal stability of the metallization system. The influence of the interfaces in the Pt layer on the process of heterogeneous nucleation of perovskite grains is revealed. Original Russian Text ? K.A. Vorotilov, O.M. Zhigalina, V.A. Vasil’ev, A.S. Sigov, 2009, published in Fizika Tverdogo Tela, 2009, Vol. 51, No. 7, pp. 1268–1271.     

Hematic Phase P.M.R. Study OP 1,2-Dihaloethanes

As part of a programme of studies of the n.m.r. spectra of molecules dissolved la liquid crystal solvents we have studied some symmetrically 1,2 disuostituted ethanes, and we feel that the analysis of the spectra and interpretation of the results are of some interest from the n.m.r. point of view.     

Nature of the anomalies of the thermolumenescence properties of dosimetric α-Al2O3 crystals

The results of investigations into the anomalies of the thermoluminescence properties of dosimetric corundum crystals are presented. The decisive role of deep-lying traps in the quenching of luminescence in anion-defect Al₂O₃ monocrystals is shown. The existence of deep-lying traps is demonstrated by the method of direct observations of thermoluminescence (TL) peaks associated with them. Experimental evidence for the influence of the degree of occupation of deep-lying traps on the main features of the TL dosimetric peak at 450 K is given. The results obtained are interpreted for a model of the interactive system of traps, which differs radically from the models described in the literature by a consideration of the temperature dependence of the probability of trapping of charge carriers on deep-lying traps. We believe that the heat quenching of luminescence is due to the thermal ionization of excited F-center states. Ural State Technical University. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebhykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 3, pp. 55–65, March, 2000.     

Normal random matrix ensemble as a growth problem

In general or normal random matrix ensembles, the support of eigenvalues of large size matrices is a planar domain (or several domains) with a sharp boundary. This domain evolves under a change of parameters of the potential and of the size of matrices. The boundary of the support of eigenvalues is a real section of a complex curve. Algebro-geometrical properties of this curve encode physical properties of random matrix ensembles. This curve can be treated as a limit of a spectral curve which is canonically defined for models of finite matrices. We interpret the evolution of the eigenvalue distribution as a growth problem, and describe the growth in terms of evolution of the spectral curve. We discuss algebro-geometrical properties of the spectral curve and describe the wave functions (normalized characteristic polynomials) in terms of differentials on the curve. General formulae and emergence of the spectral curve are illustrated by three meaningful examples.     

On transformations of physical systems

A universal, unified theory of transformations of physical systems based on the propositions of probabilistic physics is developed. This is applied to the treatment of decay processes and intramolecular rearrangements. Some general features of decay processes are elucidated. A critical analysis of the conventional quantum theories of decay and of Slater's quantum theory of intramolecular rearrangements is given. It is explained why, despite the incorrectness of the decay theories in principle, they can give correct estimations of decay rate constants. The reasons for the validity of the Arrhenius formula for the temperature dependence of an intramolecular rearrangement rate constant are discussed. A criterion for the possibility of a proper intramolecular rearrangement is given. The issue of causality in quantum physics is settled.     

Fluctuations of pulses scattered by a layer of randomly inhomogeneous medium

We consider the problem of backscattering of a pulsed signal by a layer of a medium with random fluctuations of parameters. Various types of pulses are considered. The problem is solved using the method of statistical modeling. The statistical properties of fluctuations of the reflected signal are studied. Pacific Oceanology Institute, Far-East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Russia. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 383–394, February 1999.     

The distribution of silicon in single crystals of Fe-Si alloys grown from the melt

A method of measuring the distribution of the silicon concentration in single crystals of Fe-Si alloys was elaborated on the basis of determining the relative Seebeck coefficient of these alloys with respect to the reference metal. The dependence of the relative Seebeck coefficient of Fe-Si alloys versus copper on the concentration of silicon was measured in the range of 2–12 weight % Si. The distribution of silicon in a series of single crystals of Fe-Si alloys grown from the melt was also determined.The author thanks the members of the department of the mechanical properties of solids of the Institute of Physics, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, and especially the head of the department, Ing. B. esták, CSc., for making it possible to prepare the single crystals and for discussion of the paper. He also thanks Dr. M. Matyá, CSc., for valuable remarks and Ing. Z. Kubita for passing on his experience in the use of the measuring method. He is indebted to members of the analytical laboratory of the State Research Institute for Materials Protection, the analytical laboratory of the Metals Research Institute and the chemical department of the. Institute of Physics, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, for careful analyses of the samples.