C/C复合材料热防护涂层残余应力研究

对在C／C复合材料基体上制备的W-TiC梯度功能涂层过程中的残余热应力进行了计算机有限元模拟；并模拟了单-W和单-TiC涂层下的残余热应力分布情况，模拟结果表明，W-TiC的梯度功能涂层与单一涂层相比，具有更好的热应力缓和特性。在综合考虑热应力最小，应力强度比值最小以及纯TiC侧应力状态等因素的基础上，完成了功能梯度涂层体系的热应力缓和特性设计，得到组成分布指数P=1．5的最佳设计结果。     

Al2O3/TiC系梯度功能陶瓷刀具材料的设计

提出了对称型双向分布的梯度功能陶瓷刀具材料的设计模型。根据陶瓷刀具切削时刀楔内的应力分布规律,对不同组成分布情况下梯度材料制备过程中的残余热应力进行有限元计算,以残余应力部分缓解切削过程中的外载应力为目标来设计组成分布。提出了优化设计原则。     

MoSi2/不锈钢的梯度连接及其接头组织

采用放电等离子烧结技术和有限元分析设计的MoSi2/316L梯度材料作为过渡层连接MoSi2与316L不锈钢,研究了各层及界面组织.结果表明:MoSi2与梯度过渡层材料间热膨胀系数的有效匹配,可防止低韧性MoSi2由连接温度(1 200 ℃)冷却时产生的残余应力而引起的开裂;使用9层MoSi2/316L梯度材料过渡层体系可获得一种组织致密且均匀的接头;MoSi2/316L不锈钢梯度过渡层在宏观上呈现明显的梯度,微观上则表现出成分连续变化,且各层成分分布均匀.     

梯度结构对氧化铝/镍梯度涂层抗热应力影响研究

采用“三明治”式梯度结构形式,建立镍基氧化铝梯度陶瓷涂层在热载荷作用下有限元模型,利用弹塑性有限元分析方法,分析梯度层的结构形式、厚度及中间层数等参数对涂层热应力分布的影响。模型采用轴对称结构形式,梯度是由系列理想中间层叠加而成,并假定各层结构材料性能存在微小差别,各中间层材料性能描述符合混合准则要求。结果表明：同无梯度结构陶瓷层相比,梯度结构能有效减缓涂层与基体结合面上的剪应力突变,涂层结合部最大剪应力明显降低;合理的梯度结构能改善涂层内部轴向热应力及剪应力分布,改变热应力分布特征,降低陶瓷层与基体结合面上的剪应力,减少塑性变形,从而防止陶瓷涂层在温度变化时过大剪应力作用下脱落。探讨制备层状结构梯度陶瓷涂层时梯度层结构的设计,并提出采用8层中间层、20 mm厚线性梯度结构就可有效减缓剪应力的突变的结论。     

PSZ/Mo功能梯度材料的优化设计

在测量不同成分的热压PSZ/Mo功能梯度材料物理性能基础上，利用有限元分析方法，对材料进行了优化设计，确定了最佳成分分布因子、层数和每一层的厚度，对优化设计的PSZ/Mo功能梯度材料在稳态温度场的热应力进行了计算。在此基础上，用热压烧结的方法制备了六层结构的PSZ/Mo功能梯度材料。     

梯度结构对氧化铝/镍梯度涂层抗热应力的影响

采用"三明治"式梯度结构形式,建立镍基氧化铝梯度陶瓷涂层在热载荷作用下有限元模型,利用弹塑性有限元分析方法,分析梯度层的结构形式、厚度及中间层数等参数对涂层热应力分布的影响。模型采用轴对称结构形式,梯度是由系列理想中间层叠加而成,并假定各层结构材料性能存在微小差别,各中间层材料性能描述符合混合准则要求。结果表明:同无梯度结构陶瓷层相比,梯度结构能有效减缓涂层与基体结合面上的剪应力突变,涂层结合部最大剪应力明显降低;合理的梯度结构能改善涂层内部轴向热应力及剪应力分布,改变热应力分布特征,降低陶瓷层与基体结合面上的剪应力,减少塑性变形,从而防止陶瓷涂层在温度变化时过大剪应力作用下脱落。探讨制备层状结构梯度陶瓷涂层时梯度层结构的设计,并提出采用8层中间层、2.0 mm厚线性梯度结构就可有效减缓剪应力的突变的结论。     

石墨/Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷梯度自润滑复合材料残余应力的有限元模拟

利用有限元方法研究了组成分布指数和梯度自润滑层厚度(层厚)对石墨/Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷梯度自润滑复合材料残余应力的影响;采用层铺-烧结法制备该梯度自润滑复合材料,利用X射线衍射法测试其表面残余应力,并与模拟结果进行了对比.结果表明:径向压应力主要分布在梯度自润滑层的表层,在金属陶瓷基体与梯度自润滑层界面边缘处存在严重的应力集中;随着组成分布指数的增大,表面径向压应力增大,界面处应力减小;增大层厚可以改善界面处的应力分布,但表面径向压应力也随之降低;最佳组成分布指数为1.0～2.0,层厚为1.0～1.5 mm;试验测得的表面残余压应力随层厚的变化与模拟结果基本一致.     

生物活性梯度涂层热应力场的模拟分析

使用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立涂层模型并模拟喷涂后涂层的残余应力场,可以有效设计出合理的涂层梯度分布,从而制备出残余应力较小的涂层.讨论了随着涂层梯度层数的变化,涂层中应力的变化情况.通过模拟得出以下结论:梯度涂层厚度增大,涂层应力明显增大;喷涂温度升高,涂层应力略有增加.     

生物活性梯度涂层热应力场的模拟分析

使用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立涂层模型并模拟喷涂后涂层的残余应力场,可以有效设计出合理的涂层梯度分布,从而制备出残余应力较小的涂层。讨论了随着涂层梯度层数的变化,涂层中应力的变化情况。通过模拟得出以下结论:梯度涂层厚度增大,涂层应力明显增大;喷涂温度升高,涂层应力略有增加。     

多元梯度自润滑陶瓷刀具材料的研制

针对均质自润滑陶瓷刀具材料不能合理兼顾减摩性能及耐磨性能的难题,运用功能梯度材料的设计思想研制出一种梯度自润滑陶瓷刀具材料。这种新型自润滑刀具材料的特征是固体润滑剂由其表层向内层梯度减少,并且材料表层存在残余压应力。提出多元梯度材料的组成分布模型,按该模型得出的组分梯度设计结果,采用粉末叠层铺填与真空热压烧结工艺制备Al2O3/TiC/CaF2梯度自润滑陶瓷刀具材料。该梯度自润滑陶瓷刀具材料的显微结构呈现出与组成分布一致的梯度变化,表层形成了残余压应力,其抗弯强度、硬度和断裂韧度分别比相应的均质材料提高了21%、16%和5.9%。材料强度的提高主要是由于CaF2由表层到中间层梯度减少,硬度和断裂韧度的提高归因于材料表层的残余压应力。以Al2O3/TiC/CaF2梯度自润滑陶瓷刀具和相应的均质自润滑陶瓷刀具对45钢进行干切削试验,结果表明,梯度刀具的耐磨性能优于均质刀具。     

梯度结构对氧化铝陶瓷涂层抗冲击载荷性能的影响

梯度结构陶瓷涂层以其优异的抗热震性表现出巨大的工程应用前景。为推动梯度陶瓷涂层在机械零件表面强化上的应用,采用“三明治”式梯度结构形式,建立镍基氧化铝梯度陶瓷涂层在冲击载荷作用下有限元模型,分析冲击载荷作用下涂层的力学性能,以及梯度层的结构形式、厚度及层数等参数对涂层的力学性能影响。结果表明：较无梯度结构陶瓷涂层相比,梯度结构能有效减缓涂层与基体结合面上的应力突变,涂层内部最大Mises应力明显降低,合理的梯度结构能改善涂层内部Mises应力分布,改变应力分布特征,减缓表面陶瓷涂层的冲击应力,从而防止陶瓷涂层在冲击载荷作用下脱落。最后对制备层状结构梯度陶瓷涂层时,如何进行梯度层结构设计进行了探讨,并提出了采用0.25次方幂指数梯度结构,得出10层中间层就可有效减缓冲击载何、降低Mises应力突变的结论。     

Layer-wise finite element analysis of functionally graded cylindrical shell under dynamic load

In this paper, a layer-wise finite element formulation is developed for the analysis of a functionally graded material (FGM) cylindrical shell with finite length under dynamic load. For this purpose, FGM cylinder is divided into many sub-layers and then the general layerwise laminate theory is formulated by introducing piecewise continuous approximations through the thickness for each state In this model the radial displacement is approximated linearly through each “mathematical” layer. The properties are controlled by volume fraction that is an exponential function of radius. The governing equations are derived from virtual work statement and solved by finite element method. The main contribution of the present study is to develop a discrete layerwise finite element for a 2-dimensional thick FGM cylindrical shell. Results are obtained for the time history of the displacement and stress components with different exponent “n” of functionally graded material. In addition, natural frequency and mean velocity of the radial wave propagation for different exponent “n” of functionally graded material (FGM) are studied and compared with similar ones currently obtained for FGM cylindrical shell of infinite length.     

The free vibration analysis and optimal design of an adhesively bonded functionally graded single lap joint

In this study, three-dimensional free vibration and stress analyses of an adhesively bonded functionally graded single lap joint were carried. The effects of the adhesive material properties, such as modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio and density were found to be negligible on the first ten natural frequencies and mode shapes of the adhesive joint. Both the finite element method and the back-propagation artificial neural network (ANN) method were used to investigate the effects of the geometrical parameters, such as overlap length, plate thickness and adhesive thickness; and the material composition variation through the plate thickness on the natural frequencies, mode shapes and modal strain energy of the adhesive joint. The suitable ANN models were trained successfully using a series of free vibration and stress analyses for various random geometrical parameters and compositional gradient exponents. The ANN models showed that the support length, the plate thickness and the compositional gradient exponent played important role on the natural frequencies, mode shapes and modal strain energies of the adhesive joint whereas the adhesive thickness had a minor effect. In addition, the optimal joint dimensions and compositional gradient exponent were determined using genetic algorithm and ANN models so that the maximum natural frequency and the minimum modal strain energy conditions are satisfied for each natural frequency of the adhesively bonded functionally graded single lap joint.     

Effect of the volume of a functionally graded material layer on frictionally excited thermoelastic instability

A finite element model is used to identify the effect of the volume of a functionally graded material (FGM) on thermoelastic instability (TEI). An optimal FGM volume that exhibits the highest critical speed was found to exist. Beyond the optimal FGM volume, the critical speed is much lower than that of a homogeneous steel layer. For all FGM volumes, the performance against TEI is dominant for the same nonhomogeneous parameter, which determines the compositional shape of the material property grading in the FGM. In addition, the thermal conductivity of the frictional material and the modulus of elasticity of the FGM were found to have the most significant impact on an increase in the critical speed.     

Finite element analysis of thermal stresses in functionally gradient layered composites

A new composite material has been introduced which has a great potential satisfying successfully the desired functions under severe thermal circumstances. Because of the sharp material discontinuity at the interfaces between different material layers in classical layered composites, thermal and mechanical stress concentration may exist at such interfaces, and which results in undesired failure. The functionally gradient material (FGM), a new concept for future-oriented composite material, has a continuously varying material variation through the thickness of layered composites. And, hence, it can eliminate the defect occurred in classical layered composites. The purpose of this study is to develop a technique for finite element analysis of the thermal characteristics of FGMs, and to investigate the effects of significant governing parameters, a variation function of material composition and a relative thickness of FGM layer inserted between metal and ceramic layers. Through numerous numerical simulations carried out with the developed FEM program, we investigated the thermal characteristics for different concerning parameters. Considerable improvement and parametric dependence on temperature and thermal stress distributions are obtained.     

等离子喷涂沉积过程与残余应力分析

介绍了等离子喷涂的沉积过程。由于基体与涂层的热膨胀系数的不匹配，在它们共同冷动的过程中，产生了不同的热变形。采用有限元瞬态热分析方法对等离子喷涂过程的温度场进行了分析。在此基础上，进一步计算了常用的Al2O3涂层与16Mn基体组成的喷涂系统的残余应力分布，并对计算结果进行了讨论。     

功能梯度压电材料壳体热残余应力

功能梯度压电材料结构成型冷却后会出现热残余现象,影响结构强度.借鉴复合材料层合结构的研究方法,将功能梯度压电材料球壳和圆柱壳沿厚度分为若干层,各层视为均匀材料,根据层间连续条件导出递推关系,得到显式的力—电—热多场耦合热残余解.统一了多层功能梯度压电材料壳体和连续功能梯度压电材料壳体热残余解.对于前者,其解为精确解;对于后者,其解为渐近解,随层数增加而收敛于精确解.其解也适用于功能梯度压电材料涂层.该方法对材料性能的变化方式(函数)没有要求,适应性强.并讨论影响热残余应力和界面强度的因素,球壳因双曲率的影响,热残余应力显著大于柱壳.     

功能梯度涂层热残余应力

涂层中的残余应力严重影响着涂层零件的机械完整性与操作可靠性。对于功能梯度涂层,由于各界面位移协调条件的限制,很难得到涂层内部残余应力的闭合解。基于传统的悬臂梁理论,获得了功能梯度涂层热残余应力的闭合解;这一分析模型的优点是残余应力的闭合解与涂层层数无关。讨论了采用传统的近似解所带来的误差, 针对含不同层数的ZrO2/NiCoCrAlY功能梯度涂层内部的残余应力进行了计算。另外,对应力诱导的涂层失效模型也进行了分析。     

Dynamic propagation of a weak-discontinuous interface crack between two dissimilar functionally graded layers under anti-plane shear

The dynamic propagation of an interface crack between two functionally graded material (FGM) layers under anti-plane shear is analyzed using the integral transform method. The properties of the FGM layers vary continuously along their thicknesses. The properties of the two FGM layers vary and the two layers are connected weak-discontinuously. A constant velocity Yoffe-type moving crack is considered. The Fourier transform is used to reduce the problem to a dual integral equation, which is then expressed to a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. Numerical values on the dynamic energy release rate (DERR) are presented for the FGM to show the effect of the gradient of material properties, crack moving velocity, and thickness of FGM layers. The following are helpful to increase resistance to interface crack propagation in FGMs: a) increasing the gradient of material properties, b) an increase of shear modulus and density from the interface to the upper and lower free surface, and c) increasing the thickness of the FGM layer. The DERR increases or decreases with increase of the crack moving velocity.     

热处理对激光增材In718/316L功能梯度材料组织和性能的影响

研究1 080 ℃ (HT1)和980 ℃ (HT2)固溶温度的固溶双时效处理对激光定向能量沉积(Laser directed energy deposition, LDED)的In718/316L功能梯度材料(Functionally gradient material, FGM)微观组织的影响，以揭示热处理诱导的微观组织演变对In718/316L FGM硬度和拉伸性能的影响机理。结果表明，随着In718粉末含量的增加，In718/316L FGM的微观组织沿增材方向呈现由等轴晶向柱状晶的转化，固溶双时效热处理后，In718/316L FGM中的铁素体含量降低，同时在靠近In718的区域析出大量的γ′、γ″和δ强化相。HT2试样的晶粒比HT1试样的更细。随着In718粉末含量的增加，In718/316L FGM的硬度呈现出先减后增的趋势，热处理后，随着γ′和γ″等强化相的析出，In718/316L FGM的整体显微硬度、抗拉强度和塑性得到显著提高。热处理前后试样都以韧性断裂为主，但热处理后韧性特征更为显著。相比之下，HT2热处理后In718/316L FGM的强塑性配比更佳。