基于FAST/FBS/TRIZ/FMEA的产品创新流程研究与应用

阐述了FAST、FBS、TRIZ和FMEA之间的理论关系,提出了一种基于"目的明确-方案求解-问题优化-可靠验证"的产品创新流程策略,利用FAST图分析转化产品用户需求,应用FBS概念设计实现产品功能到结构的映射,以TRIZ为工具对结构中存在的问题进行优化处理,应用FMEA分析工具对所得的结构进行风险评估,提高产品的可靠性,实现产品的创新设计。并以振动筛设计为例验证了该理论的可行性。     

基于用户需求导向的智能座舱柔性试验台概念设计集成方法

为解决传统座舱试验台结构同质化及模块化设计不足等问题,采用亲和图法整理了汽车故障及用户初始需求;采用模糊Kano模型进行需求指标权重计算,并结合质量特性要素进行用户核心需求汇总;通过功能分析系统技术(Function Analysis System Technique, FAST)黑箱模型将用户需求转化为功能需求,并引入公理设计(Axiomatic Design, AD)理论与功能-行为-结构(Function-Behavior-Structure, FBS)模型进行逐级映射,最终确定智能座舱柔性试验台的结构设计要素。该设计过程以用户核心需求为导向,通过FAST-AD-FBS集成方法的应用,克服了传统产品概念设计中用户需求与产品功能结构设计间存在矛盾的问题,为提高产品创新设计的完整性及准确性提供了理论参考。     

基于FBS模型和基元理论的货物牵引车设计研究

为解决机场货物牵引车人工装卸效率和卫生防护问题，基于功能-行为-结构(Function-Behaviour-Structure, FBS)模型和基元理论，通过对概念产品功能的层次形式化综合，提出以功能创新为导向的机械化产品设计映射方法。采用层次分析法获取关键需求要素并转化为关键需要；对得到的关键需要和现有功能性行为、非功能性行为进行事元建模，经可拓变换后得到机械化产品的基本功能、辅助功能和附加功能；以FBS模型为设计框架，完成货物牵引车从功能—行为—结构的映射，确定产品各结构模块，从而得到货物牵引车的最终设计方案。结果表明：基于FBS模型和基元理论重新设计的机械化货物牵引车，减少了人为参与，机械化结构模块提升了装卸效率，为相关产品机械化设计提供设计理论基础。     

基于FAST法及KANO模型的产品设计方法研究

为优化产品设计流程,验证FAST法和KANO模型在产品设计中的可行性。通过对KANO模型应用于用户需求的分析研究,将KANO模型应用于婴儿车体功能设计的前期用户需求分析中。通过设置问卷调查来搜集用户需求信息,然后将用户需求进行分类建立KANO二维功能属性模型。采用FAST法来建立功能树来弥补KANO模型在用户使用场景分析和产品机械结构方面的不足之处。以婴儿手推车的功能设计为例来检验该方法在产品设计中的有效性。结果表明:运用该产品设计方法可以有效地挖掘用户的真实需求,优化了产品设计流程,使得设计出来的产品更加符合用户的期望。     

意象驱动基于功能-行为-结构的产品造型设计研究

为建立产品功能和结构与产品造型之间的有效连接,引入功能-行为-结构（Function-Behavior-Structure,FBS）模型分析产品要素组成,以意象为约束驱动产品功能到造型的转化。建立基于FBS的产品意象造型递进式映射策略,以功能和结构相似度为约束选择产品造型模块,利用逼近理想解排序法（Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution,TOPSIS）从功能、结构与产品意象三方面实现对产品造型模块的选择排序,从而有助于实现产品功能模块布局与用户对造型意象感知的合理结合。最后,以煤矿钻机的意象造型设计为例验证了方法的有效性。     

基于功构单元的产品族规划方法

为更好地支持面向客户的产品多样化设计,提出了一种基于功构单元的产品族规划方法。该方法中,针对聚类细分的产品族客户需求,对其基本功能、扩展功能展开FBS(功能-行为-结构)进行功构分解,建立不同层次的功构单元;通过质量功能配置方法确定产品族及其功构单元的特征参数及其取值范围;采用功能流和IDEF0相结合的方法建立产品族FBS功构分解的底层功构单元的功能模型;基于该功能模型,通过谱系聚类建立产品族的不同层次的功构模块,确定基本功构模块、扩展功构模块;并由此通过功构单元结构及其特征参数的综合而建立基本模块族、扩展模块族,从而实现产品族规划。该方法应用于堆垛机的产品族规划,建立了堆垛机的功构模块及其产品族结构模型,从而验证了其可行性和有效性。
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基于QFD的五金工具设计研究

为进一步提升五金工具使用过程的用户体验,将质量功能展开法(Quality Function Deployment,QFD)引入迭代设计研究中。运用问卷法、访谈法及KJ法获取用户需求,采用层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)对用户需求重要度进行排序并确定竞争优先级,再运用质量功能展开法构建五金工具设计质量屋,实现从用户需求到产品设计要素的有效映射,以此确定产品设计方向,为该类产品的创新提供参考。     

融合A-Kano与FAST的童车创新设计方法

为促进国内童车发展，改善产品同质化的现象，提出一种融合A-Kano与FAST的产品创新设计方法。以用户核心需求为导向，通过市场调研与用户访谈获取需求，采用A-Kano模型获取用户需求类别，以建立功能需求层级塔；运用FAST法将用户需求转化为产品功能，建立FAST功能树，得到儿童滑板车涉及的设计因素；依据功能树建立造型矩阵，通过设计分析得出最佳方案；以儿童滑板车为例进行应用，以验证其可行性。A-Kano和FAST结合能形成一种需求—功能—造型的设计过程，实现从需求分析到功能设计的精准映射，强化需求与功能间的联系，从而有效提升用户对产品的使用体验，为产品创新设计提供新思路。     

基于DA/AHP/QFD的航空EC座椅设计

基于民航座椅行业现状,提出了基于DA/AHP/QFD的需求转换集成模型.以某款民航EC座椅产品设计为例,通过网络爬虫收集民航座椅业界权威文本数据,使用数据分析工具进行文本分析得出需求关键词,结合AHP理论确定并验证权重分配合理性,结合相关专业知识,将多边需求通过质量屋转换为设计特性再转为零件或功能载体特性,最后将结果应用到产品设计中.     

基于功构单元的产品族规划方法

为更好地支持面向客户的产品多样化设计,提出了一种基于功构单元的产品族规划方法。该方法中,针对聚类细分的产品族客户需求,对其基本功能、扩展功能展开FBS(功能-行为-结构)进行功构分解,建立不同层次的功构单元;通过质量功能配置方法确定产品族及其功构单元的特征参数及其取值范围;采用功能流和IDEF0相结合的方法建立产品族FBS功构分解的底层功构单元的功能模型;基于该功能模型,通过谱系聚类建立产品族的不同层次的功构模块,确定基本功构模块、扩展功构模块;并由此通过功构单元结构及其特征参数的综合而建立基本模块族、扩展模块族,从而实现产品族规划。该方法应用于堆垛机的产品族规划,建立了堆垛机的功构模块及其产品族结构模型,从而验证了其可行性和有效性。     

Electron and light microscopy studies on the domain structures of Zn3B7O13Cl, Zn3B7O13Br and Zn3B7O13I ferroic boracites

The domain structures of Zn₃B₇O₁₃Cl, Zn₃B₇O₁₃Br and Zn₃B₇O₁₃I boracite single crystals were studied by means of polarized light in conjunction with electron microscopy. Single crystals of the three compositions were grown by chemical transport reactions in closed quartz ampoules, at a temperature of 900 °C and were examined by polarizing optical microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For both PLM and SEM, the same as‐grown samples were used without having to resort to metallization of the crystal faces. For TEM the single crystals were crushed and mounted on holey carbon films. Comparative electron microscope images were useful for revealing the domain structure of these ferroelectric/ferroelastic materials previously observed between the crossed polars of an optical microscope. X‐ray diffraction analysis of the pulverized crystals was performed for this triad of halogen boracites containing zinc as a common metal.     

Cylindrical specimens for KIC of rocks

Stress intensity factors for pairs of diametrically opposite radial cracks on the inside of a jacketed pressurized hole in a thick cylinder have been calculated by using finite element technique. Burst tests on thick cylinder rock samples under above conditions have been performed and the K_IC values for Antrim Shale and Limestone determined. The method is very convenient for rocks whose samples are often available in form of cylindrical bars drawn as cores from underground drilling.     

GT/CAD/CAPP/PDM/ERP系统集成研究

研究ETO生产方式下以成组技术为基础的CAD/CAPP/PDM/ERP的集成方法,包括面向CAD/CAPP/PDM/ERP的集成的成组信息编码,基于成组编码的CAD/PDM集成、CAPP/PDM集成和PDM/ERP集成.提出了基于成组技术的CAD/CAPP/PDM/ERP集成框架,研究了贯穿于CAD、CAPP、PDM与ERP系统的统一的成组编码方案和信息编码方案.     

基于太赫兹光谱的人参和西洋参鉴别

为了快速区分人参和西洋参，依据两者所含的人参皂苷在太赫兹波段具有不同指纹光谱，提出了一种基于人参皂苷的太赫兹光谱鉴别人参和西洋参的方法。采用MATLAB软件识别人参和西洋参的太赫兹光谱，同时根据太赫兹光谱特征并通过标准的主成分分析(PCA)区分出人参、西洋参。实验结果表明，基于太赫兹光谱的主成分分析可精确区分出人参、西洋参，并且还可以应用于其他类似物质的区分中。     

Analysis of the Rk surface roughness parameter proposals

European manufacturers have proposed a set of surface roughness parameters based on an examination of the variation in slope of the bearing ratio curve of a surface profile. It is shown, that the proposed procedure provides no useful information, and indeed is misleading, since the bearing ratio curve of even a normally-distributed random surface profile exhibits the expected variation in slope when plotted on rectangular coordinates. On the other hand, the desired information is readily obtained by a similar examination of the cumulative height distribution of a surface profile (the unity complement of the bearing ratio) when it is plotted on normal probability coordinates.     

Characterization of cast Al86Mn3Be11 alloy

An Al₈₆Mn₃Be₁₁ alloy cast into copper mould was subjected to metallographic investigation. The as-cast microstructure consisted of a quasicrystalline icosahedral phase (i-phase), Be₄AlMn phase and, occasionally, a hexagonal phase. Al-rich solid solution represented the dominant phase. The chemical compositions of phases were determined using AES. The composition of the Be₄AlMn slightly deviated from the stoichiometric composition, whereas the composition of the i-phase was approximately Al₅₂Mn₁₈Be₃₀, containing an appreciable amount of Be. The average composition of the hexagonal phase was Al₆₆Mn₂₁Be₁₃. Deep etching and particle extraction provided a deep insight into the three-dimensional morphology of the i-phase and the hexagonal phase, whereas Be₄AlMn was slightly attacked by the etchant. The i-phase was present predominantly in the form of dendrites and a rodlike eutectic phase. The hexagonal phase was primarily in the form of hexagonal platelets, whereas Be₄AlMn was rather irregular in shape. The morphology of the i-phase can be explained by predominant growth in 3-fold directions and the lowest energy of the 5-fold planes, leading to the faceting and adopting a pentagonal dodecahedron shape. The brightnesses of phases in the backscattered electron images were rationalized by determining their backscattering coefficients. TEM investigation showed considerable phason strain in the i-phase, and the polycrystalline nature of the Be₄AlMn phase.     

永磁同步电机积分滑模观测器控制

对永磁同步电机观测器控制进行研究,针对传统滑模观测器存在控制精度低、系统抖振较大的不足,设计了一种永磁同步电机积分滑模观测器控制。积分滑模控制具有控制精度高、系统抖振小的特点。积分滑模观测器可以有效提高电机控制精度,增强控制系统抗干扰能力。采用饱和函数代替符号函数进行滑模控制律设计,降低控制系统固有抖振,使滑模控制动态性能提高。通过仿真验证了积分滑模观测器控制策略的可行性。     

Investigation on the impact behavior of Al2O3-SiC-MgO nanoceramic/metal laminated composite

Lightweight laminated composites containing a ceramic front layer and a metallic backing layer were used in order to protect people, moving equipment, and mobile vehicles from high velocity impact and the increased mobility of mobile vehicles. In this study, by adding10 vol% SiC and 500 ppm MgO nanoscale particles on the microstructure of Al ₂ O ₃ matrix and applying optimum sintering conditions, ceramic performance against high-speed projectile impact was improved. To perform this investigation, a number of target samples with two different types of front layers (alumina and Al ₂ O ₃-SiC-MgO nanocomposite ceramic) were produced. Impact tests were conducted on these samples using 7.62 mm projectiles with a velocity of 820 ± 15 m/s. The amount of bulge and bending of the backing layer caused by impact tests was measured. The results of the impact tests on the samples made of Al ₂ O ₃-SiC-MgO nanocomposite ceramics and alumina were also compared and analyzed. The results indicate that the substitution of Al ₂ O ₃-SiC-MgO ceramic layer — which is proffered in this paper — instead of pure alumina ceramic layer, decreases the areal-density of the samples by at least 30% and improves mechanical properties by about a 60% increase in flexural strength and 100% growth of the energy distribution factor, which impressively increases impact energy absorption.     

Near-field second harmonic imaging of the c/a/c/a polydomain structure of epitaxial PbZrxTi1–xO3 thin films

Near-field optical second harmonic microscopy has been applied to imaging of the c/a/c/a polydomain structure of epitaxial PbZr _x Ti_{1– x} O₃ thin films in the 0 <  x  < 0.4 range. Comparison of the near-field optical images and the results of atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction studies show that an optical resolution of the order of 100 nm is achieved. Symmetry properties of the near-field second harmonic signal allow us to obtain good optical contrast between the local second harmonic generation in c- and a-domains. Experimentally measured near-field second harmonic images have been compared with the results of theoretical calculations. Good agreement between theory and experiment is demonstrated.     

Electron microscopy of crack/particle interactions in Al2O3/SiC nanocomposites

Crack/particle interactions in alumina/silicon carbide nanocomposites have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, with cracks induced by Vickers microindentation. Intergranular cracks are frequently deflected into grains by SiC particles on grain boundaries inclined to the average direction of crack propagation. This mechanism is proposed to explain the change in the fracture mode from intergranular fracture for monolithic alumina to predominantly transgranular fracture for the nanocomposites. Neither stress-induced microcracking around SiC particles nor significant crack deflection by intragranular particles was found to occur in the nanocomposites. It is argued that an addition of nanoparticles may not be a promising approach for increasing the toughness of alumina.