运用曲率模态技术的木梁损伤定量识别

为对木结构构件局部缺陷进行有效检测,结合试验模态分析和有限元模拟方法,对含不同位置、大小和数量孔洞缺陷的木梁进行研究,计算其第1阶位移模态振型和曲率模态,分析木梁损伤前后的曲率模态变化,探讨模态分析方法在木材缺陷检测中的适用性.研究结果表明:曲率模态是一个对木梁损伤比较敏感的参数,可用于对孔洞位置、大小及数量进行定量的估计;通过降低有限元模型局部单元的弹性模量能够较好地模拟木梁损伤,有限元模态分析和试验模态分析得到的位移模态振型及曲率模态吻合均较好,验证了模态分析对木梁无损检测是一种有效的方法.     

基于曲率模态的木梁损伤定量识别

为对木结构构件局部缺陷进行 有效检测,结合试验模态分析和有限元模拟方法,对含不同位置、大小和数量孔洞缺陷的木梁 进行研究,计算其第1阶位移模态振型和曲率模态,分析木梁损伤前后的曲率模态变化,探讨 模态分析方法在木材缺陷检测中的适用性。研究结果表明:曲率模态是一个对木梁损伤比较 敏感的参数,可用于对孔洞位置、大小及数量进行定量的估计;通过降低有限元模型局部单 元的弹性模量能够较好地模拟木梁损伤,有限元模态分析和试验模态分析得到的位移模态振 型及曲率模态吻合均较好,验证了模态分析对木梁无损检测是一种有效的方法。     

复合材料板分层损伤识别的曲率模态差法

以单侧固支的分层损伤复合材料层合板为研究对象,利用有限元分析软件ABAQUS得到层合板结构振型位移分析数据,针对分层损伤进行了曲率模态分析。分析结果表明,在层板内一个区域存在分层损伤的情况下,其振型与频率的变化非常小,难以用于判断损伤位置,但分层损伤区域的曲率模态差值变化显著,采用曲率模态差法可以对层合板结构分层损伤位置进行准确判定。     

基于模态参数敏感性分析的多层建筑损伤定位

将多高层房屋结构简化为周期剪切模型,运用周期结构原理和波导纳方法推导出当结构发生损伤时结构振型及其振型斜率和振型曲率的具体表达式,进而得到了周期结构模态参数的敏感性。分析表明这些振动参数的敏感性与结构参数无关,即不需要知道原始结构的物理参数就能确定敏感性系数,并以20层建筑结构为例说明了仅用一阶振型斜率和振型曲率就可以精确地进行损伤定位。     

AGS结构的损伤定位仿真

为了检测先进复合材料格栅结构(AG S)的损伤所在位置,提出了通过计算结构在损伤前、后模态曲率差的方法,来进行计算和分析。建立了格栅结构在有约束条件下的有限元模型,通过AN SY S中的模态分析得到模态振型位移值,计算了结构损伤前、后的模态曲率差,通过这一指标对结构的损伤进行辨识,并分析了采用多阶模态的计算效果。结果表明,通过第1阶模态振型模态曲率差的计算,可对单损伤状况做出有效的检测;对于多损伤工况,需使用前3阶模态的曲率差进行分析,才能有效检测损伤的位置。     

基于曲率模态的复合材料层合板分层损伤检测方法研究

基于振动信号应用曲率模态方法对复合材料层合板分层损伤进行损伤检测。首先由数值模拟所得不同状态下损伤以及未损伤层合板振动特性参数计算其振型曲率和均布载荷曲面值曲率;然后基于损伤与未损伤层合板曲率值的差分值建立损伤识别指标进行分层损伤检测。最后,为解决差分算法对结构未损伤模型参数的依赖性问题,引用曲面光滑算法和曲率模态变化率法直接对损伤结构进行损伤提取。结果表明,运用曲率参数差分法可以很好地识别各类损伤,且对于多层层合板来说损伤所处层的位置会影响损伤指标值的大小。曲面光滑算法和曲率模态变化率法均可不依赖于未损伤结构参数识别各类损伤,且曲面模态变化率法的检测效果优于曲面光滑算法。     

基于间隔平滑法的复合材料分层损伤识别研究

利用有限元分析软件ABAQUS建模计算,获得层合板结构的节点振型数据,然后计算得到结构的各阶模态曲率,利用间隔平滑法计算损伤指标,最终实现对分层损伤的识别。与大多数基于振动的损伤识别方法不同,间隔平滑法不需要结构完好状态时的数据或是数值计算结果作为基准,只依赖于损伤状态的振型数据就可以实现对损伤位置的准确识别,同时还能对损伤尺寸、损伤程度的相对大小做出判断。     

应变模态在框架结构节点损伤诊断中的应用研究

通过对某7层钢制框架结构节点损伤的数值模拟和模型试验，利用应变模态在结构损伤前后的相对变化进行框架结构节点损伤的诊断。结果表明，一阶应变振型对损伤及其位置敏感，高阶应变振型节点的存在使得依据高阶应变模态进行损伤诊断时容易造成误判。因此，利用一阶应变振型在损伤前后的相对变化可以对框架结构节点的损伤进行诊断。     

激励点优化和加速度信号的结构损伤识别

通过对激励点优化布置获取结构的响应信息,提出了一种以加速度信号差曲率函数作为损伤指标,直接利用输出信号快速判断结构损伤位置的方法.首先计算模态振型,以模态保证准则(MAC)矩阵非对角元素最小值作为适应度函数,采用改进粒子群算法(MPSO)优化激励点数量和位置,再运用平均加速度幅值和均方根评价准则选择较优的激励点布置方案;然后试验激励对应的位置,获取加速度信号后计算测点处损伤前后加速度差的平方的积分值,运用曲率指标函数确定损伤位置,并对加速度信号通过巴特沃斯滤波后作为改进多尺度样本熵(MMSE)的输入样本;最后根据MMSE均值的变化,判定各工况相对损伤程度变化.结果表明:利用结构响应的加速度信号差曲率函数适合作为损伤识别的判别指标,通过三维桁架振动台中螺栓连接的状态模拟损伤,可以对不同损伤工况进行损伤诊断.     

基于低秩与稀疏分解的层合板损伤定位

针对基于结构振型参数的损伤定位方法抗噪性差、对微小损伤不敏感以及对多损伤识别性能低等问题,基于振型低秩性与损伤分布稀疏性提出了一种复合材料层合板多损伤识别方法。首先,使用高斯?拉普拉斯算子（Laplacian of Gaussian,简称LoG）求解曲率模态;其次,利用鲁棒主成分分析提取曲率模态中损伤诱导产生的奇异值进行损伤定位;然后,提出了一个鲁棒损伤定位指标用于融合多个曲率模态的损伤信息;最后,使用带损伤复合材料层合板数值模拟与实验数据验证了方法的有效性。结果表明,该方法无需无损结构参考信息,便可准确地定位复合材料层合板中多个小面积损伤。     

Development of scanning damage index for the damage detection of plate structures using modal strain energy method

This work presents a novel approach of nondestructive detection of damage in plate structures by using experimental modal analysis (EMA) and modal strain energy method (MSEM). An aluminum alloy 6061 thin plate with a surface crack is investigated in this study. EMA is conducted on the plate to obtain the mode shapes before and after damage. The modal displacements of each mode shape are then used to compute the modal strain energy. For all measured mode shapes, a damage index is defined by using the ratio of modal strain energies of the plate before and after damage. In fact, small damage causes very little change in system response, but it is an essential early warning of structure damage. As the second-order derivatives, modal strain energy is much more sensitive to the small change of structural response than frequencies and mode shapes. It is therefore feasible to approach the small damage by using a damage index defined by fractional MSE of the structure before and after damage. In this study, a scanning damage index (SDI) is developed by moving damage indices obtained from the local area throughout the structure as if a scanning sensor is used to inspect the structure. The damage indices in overlap areas are added up and the summation may intensify the signals of damage in the plate. Limited by the numbers of measured point, a differential quadrature method is employed to calculate the partial differential terms in strain energy formula. Experimental results show that SDI well identifies a surface crack location by using only few measured mode shapes of the aluminum plate. This novel approach provides a flexible, cost-effective, and nondestructive damage evaluation in either local or global structure. Its applicability to different types of structures and different sizes of damage is to be experimentally validated in the future work.     

梁的破损对频率振型及振型曲率的影响

本文用欧拉梁振动理论，改变简支梁中某一小段的高度以模拟破损。仿真结果表明，破损对某些阶频率、振型的影响不大，对振型曲率的影响较大．用振型曲率监测简支梁的破损优于用频率或振型的监测方法。     

Conceptual damage-sensitive features for structural health monitoring: Laboratory and field demonstrations

The use of damage-sensitive features to evaluate structural condition or health is a very critical aspect of structural health monitoring. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential of two different damage-sensitive features for detecting damage. Different damage scenarios are simulated on a large-scale laboratory structure and a three-span highway bridge for demonstration. The features presented in this paper are the modal flexibility-based deflection and curvature both of which are obtained directly from dynamic properties. In the literature, flexibility associated with mode shapes and mode shapes curvatures have been mostly explored. In this study, multi-input–multi-output dynamic data are used to obtain modal flexibility, which is a close approximation to the actual flexibility. A main novelty is that the curvature is calculated from the deflected shapes using the modal flexibility as opposed to using modal vectors. In this paper, the theory of the methodology is explained and then experimental studies and results are presented. For the experimental studies, the laboratory specimen and the three-span bridge were gradually damaged. It is shown that both deflection and curvature are conceptual and physically meaningful features for damage detection and localization. The issues and the requirements for these features to perform successfully are also presented.     

利用光纤曲率传感器重建三维曲面结构

为了实现对弯曲结构的三维空间数据的测量与重建,建立了光纤曲率传感器的准分布式测量系统。对该系统中传感器的布置方式、空间弯曲曲率和扭转角的测量及三维结构重建方法进行了研究。首先,将光纤曲率传感器绕成环形,布置在柔性基底的两个对称表面,组成准分布式测量系统。根据线性叠加原理,同时测量出结构的弯曲和扭转变形。使用光纤曲率传感器提供的弯曲和扭转信息,采用微分几何的方法,建立由曲线切线和曲率确定的运动坐标系,在运动坐标系中根据空间结构的扭转角确定密切平面。然后,在密切平面中进行曲线的弯曲计算和运动坐标系的变换分析,并进行拟合过程的公式推导。最后,对该方法进行了试算验证,并利用准分布式测量系统对两支点间距为500 mm的简支梁进行了结构重建。结果显示,在相邻两检测点进行20点插值时,简支梁曲线的最大偏差为1.1 mm,表明设计的系统和重建方法能够较高精度地实现曲面结构的三维重建。     

激光干涉在蜂窝夹心层板振动模态测量中的应用

采用激光电子散斑干涉测量技术(electronic speckle pattern interferometry,简称ESPI)对悬臂矩形损伤蜂窝夹心复合板稳态振动下的振型进行了实验研究。通过完整试样的振型测量结果与有限元模拟均匀悬臂金属板结构振型的类比,验证了有关蜂窝夹心复合材料具有横观各向同性假设的观点,获得了悬臂矩形蜂窝夹心复合层板前14阶离面振动模态的振型图。实验结果表明,结构的损伤导致其局部刚度改变,使得共振频率减少,损伤对其高阶振型的形状改变较为明显,有时甚至是模态跃迁。     

Novel Laplacian scheme and multiresolution modal curvatures for structural damage identification

Modal curvature is more sensitive to structural damage than directly measured mode shape, and the standard Laplace operator is commonly used to acquire the modal curvatures from the mode shapes. However, the standard Laplace operator is very prone to noise, which often leads to the degraded modal curvatures incapable of identifying damage. To overcome this problem, a novel Laplacian scheme is proposed, from which an improved damage identification algorithm is developed. The proposed step-by-step procedures in the algorithm include: (1) By progressively upsampling the standard Laplace operator, a new Laplace operator is constructed, from which a Laplace operator array is formed; (2) by applying the Laplace operator array to the retrieved mode shape of a damaged structure, the multiresolution curvature mode shapes are produced, on which the damage trait, previously shadowed under the standard Laplace operator, can be revealed by a ridge of multiresolution modal curvatures; (3) a Gaussian filter is then incorporated into the new Laplace operator to produce a more versatile Laplace operator with properties of both the smoothness and differential capabilities, in which the damage feature is effectively strengthened; and (4) a smoothened nonlinear energy operator is introduced to further enhance the damage feature by eliminating the trend interference of the multiresolution modal curvatures, and it results in a significantly improved damage trait. The proposed algorithm is tested using the data generated by an analytical crack beam model, and its applicability is validated with an experimental program of a delaminated composite beam using scanning laser vibrometer (SLV) to acquire mode shapes. The results are compared in each step, showing increasing degree of improvement for damage effect. Numerical and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed novel Laplacian scheme provides a promising damage identification algorithm, which exhibits apparent advantages (e.g., high-noise insusceptibility, insightful in damage revealment, and visualized damage presentation) over the standard Laplace operator.     

基于模态扩展和曲率的形变混合重构

文中提出了一种基于模态扩展和曲率的形变混合重构方法,该方法在实物和有限元模型之间存在一定误差的情况下可以适当降低形变重构的误差。首先,通过模态实验在待重构的表面上均匀选取有限个测点来获取实验模态,接着用对应的有限元模态振型列表来平滑扩展这些实验模态,之后用平滑扩展的实验模态来重构大量的应变值,为了防止求取模态坐标时出现过拟合,此处引入了正则项。然后,将应变值转化为曲率,再通过切角递推公式求得相邻点的位移增量,随后耦合单元坐标增量便可获得全场的形变。最后,通过建立有限元模型进行仿真实验验证,并将此方法的重构结果与曲率法的结果进行对比以验证其有效性。     

基于摄动方法的受损薄板模态分析

将结构的损伤用δ函数进行表达，建立损伤条件下薄板的自由振动方程。利用一阶摄动方法给出摄动项的一般表达式，并结合δ函数的性质，求出受损薄板模态参数的解析表达式。以一个四边简支的受损薄板为数值算例，计算损伤条件下其模态参数的变化。最后分析损伤情况对模态参数的影响，为利用动力学特性对板的损伤监控和检测提供理论依据。     

Damage detection of damaged beam by constrained displacement curvature

Structural damage detection technique involves the problem of how to locate and detect damage that occurs in a structure by using the observed changes of its dynamic and static characteristics. The objective of this study is to present an analytical method for damage detection by utilizing displacement curvature and all static deflection data to be expanded from the measured deflection data. Utilizing the measured displacements as displacement constraints to describe a damaged beam, minimizing the change of the displacement vector between undamaged and damaged states, and neglecting the variation between the test data and the analytical results, the deflection shape and displacement curvature of the damaged beam can be estimated, and the damage can be detected by the curvature. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed method are illustrated through comparison with the experimental results of a simple cantilever beam test.     

Structural damage detectability using modal and ultrasonic approaches

An experimental and analytical study of the relation between local defect, in a steel structure, and its higher frequencies and higher modes is discussed. The structure is a plane steel frame, assembled of beams, joined together with bolted connections. Removing some bolts from a given connection simulates the damage. In the experiment, an impulse force induced structural vibrations. Effects of vibrations were shown by data from gages, measuring accelerations with a high accuracy. From the data, it could be observed, that mode shapes, for the healthy and damaged structures didn’t show any differences for low frequencies. Only modes around thirteen showed significant gap between picks of Frequency Response Functions, for healthy and damaged frame. Moreover, looking at mode shapes, it could be observed that structural configuration may have some influence on defects to be observable. This aspect is discussed in a separate section. The experiment performed on the whole structure allows finding the place where the defect is localized. However, it can’t give detailed information on the defect itself, here defect of a bolt. For finding it, an ultrasonic measurement of pre-tensioning forces in bolts was applied. It allowed not only to determine stresses in the bolt, but also to verify, if in the process of assembling the structure was not pre-stressed.