Fractional active disturbance rejection control

A fractional active disturbance rejection control (FADRC) scheme is proposed to improve the performance of commensurate linear fractional order systems (FOS) and the robust analysis shows that the controller is also applicable to incommensurate linear FOS control. In FADRC, the traditional extended states observer (ESO) is generalized to a fractional order extended states observer (FESO) by using the fractional calculus, and the tracking differentiator plus nonlinear state error feedback are replaced by a fractional proportional-derivative controller. To simplify controller tuning, the linear bandwidth-parameterization method has been adopted. The impacts of the observer bandwidth ω_o and controller bandwidth ω_c on system performance are then analyzed. Finally, the FADRC stability and frequency-domain characteristics for linear single-input single-output FOS are analyzed. Simulation results by FADRC and ADRC on typical FOS are compared to demonstrate the superiority and effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

State of charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries using fractional order sliding mode observer

This paper presents a state of charge (SOC) estimation method based on fractional order sliding mode observer (SMO) for lithium-ion batteries. A fractional order RC equivalent circuit model (FORCECM) is firstly constructed to describe the charging and discharging dynamic characteristics of the battery. Then, based on the differential equations of the FORCECM, fractional order SMOs for SOC, polarization voltage and terminal voltage estimation are designed. After that, convergence of the proposed observers is analyzed by Lyapunov’s stability theory method. The framework of the designed observer system is simple and easy to implement. The SMOs can overcome the uncertainties of parameters, modeling and measurement errors, and present good robustness. Simulation results show that the presented estimation method is effective, and the designed observers have good performance.     

A nonlinear updated gain observer for MIMO systems: Design,analysis and application to marine surface vessels

In this paper, the state estimation problem of a class of multi-input-multi-output nonlinear systems with measurement noise is studied. We develop an extended updated-gain high gain observer to make a tradeoff between reconstruction speed and measurement noise attenuation. The designed observer, whose gains are driven by nonlinear functions of the available output estimation errors, has the ability to reconstruct system states quickly and reduce the effect of measurement noise. We establish that, if there exists a state feedback law exponentially stabilizing the system with respect to an invariant set, the estimations and estimation errors are bounded. Besides, the trajectories of state- and output-feedback (based on the proposed observer) are sufficiently close, namely performance recovery. The observer performance is illustrated by various examples in marine control, including a case of transformation into the predefined structure.     

非线性裂纹转子密封混沌系统的状态观测器方法

随着旋转机械结构参数的提高,作用在转子上的气流激振力将显著增大.文中针对裂纹转子密封系统进行研究.应用Muszynska非线性密封力模型,建立在气流激振力作用下的裂纹转子系统耦合动力学方程.根据状态观测器理论,给出状态观测器控制对应算法.利用此方法对裂纹转子密封系统进行仿真研究,研究结果表明,基于状态观测器的混沌反馈控制方法具有很强的稳定控制能力,该方法适合于被控系统的混沌状态不可能全部直接测量,或状态反馈不可能物理实现的情况下,用重构状态代替真实状态组成状态反馈,将系统调整到正常的工作状态.为旋转机械的理论设计和故障动态监测提供理论依据,具有重要的实际工程应用价值.     

基于LADRC的电动舵机高动态控制方法

自抗扰控制(Active Disturbance Rejection Control,ADRC)继承了PID控制基于误差反馈的优点,在控制中不需要模型的先验知识,并结合了经典调节理论与现代控制理论各自的优点,因而在实际工程中得到了广泛应用。文中分析了电动舵机传统PID控制中存在的动态响应慢和抗扰能力弱的问题;建立了基于直接转矩控制的舵机系统数学模型;设计了线性扩张状态观测器,并给出了观测器参数的简便确定方法,通过观测器观测出的扰动将系统补偿为串联积分器的形式;采用不同的控制器对补偿后的系统进行稳定性分析,根据稳定性和实现难易程度,决定采用比例微分负反馈控制器。最后对设计的观测器和控制器进行了仿真,仿真结果表明,设计的观测器和控制器与传统PID控制相比在动态响应和抗扰能力上都具有巨大的优势。     

基于状态重构的铁路门式起重机状态反馈力控制吊重防摇系统的设计

为防止集装箱在目标位置和期望时间时摇摆,通过建立工程实用的起重机小车集装箱系统动力学方程,采用全状态反馈控制起重机小车驱动力从而控制状态变量。为了解决工程实际中摆角和摆角角速度难以测量的问题,设计了状态观测器,通过唯一测得的小车位置信息重构系统状态变量获得状态变量估计信息。用类似二阶系统性能分析方法推导出反馈控制器的调节参数公式和状态观测器的增益参数公式。仿真结果表明：状态观测器在0．6s时可以消除重构误差,重构精度高,观测过程明显较反馈调节过程快;状态反馈控制方法可行;摆角和小车位置等状态变量均有期望的动态响应,达到了集装箱防摇控制的目的。     

基于DSP和PWM技术的电磁悬浮隔振系统

考虑到电磁悬浮隔振系统中执行器的动态响应慢和非线性的特点，从随动系统的角度，提出了一种采用位移、速度和作用力反馈的多回路控制策略。理论分析表明，采用作用力闭环可以改善执行器的动态响应，而利用局部状态观测器可以处理执行器的非线性特性。最后，给出了一种基于数字信号处理器和脉宽调制技术的实现方案。     

基于并联RSO优化自抗扰的PMSM速度控制

为提高永磁同步电机调速系统的速度精度及抗干扰能力,提出一种并联降阶状态观测器优化线性自抗扰控制的方法.对传统线性扩张状态观测器进行改进,设计了降阶状态观测器.为了提升控制器在有限带宽内的抗扰动能力,设计并联型的降阶状态观测器.仿真结果表明,控制系统的速度精度和鲁棒性得到明显的提升.     

Development of a tool wear observer model for online tool condition monitoring and control in machining nickel-based alloys

Online monitoring and in-process control improves machining quality and efficiency in the drive towards intelligent machining. It is particularly significant in machining difficult-to-machine materials like super alloys. This paper attempts to develop a tool wear observer model for flank wear monitoring in machining nickel-based alloys. The model can be implemented in an online tool wear monitoring system which predicts the actual state of tool wear in real time by measuring the cutting force variations. The correlation between the cutting force components and the flank wear width has been established through experimental studies. It was used in an observer model, which uses control theory to reconstruct the flank wear development from the cutting force signal obtained through online measurements. The monitoring method can be implemented as an outer feedback control loop in an adaptive machining system.     

H∞ observer-based event-triggered sliding mode control for a class of discrete-time nonlinear networked systems with quantizations

This paper investigates the problem of H_∞ observer-based event-triggered sliding mode control (SMC) for a class of uncertain discrete-time Lipschitz nonlinear networked systems with quantizations occurring in both input and output channels. The event-triggered strategy is used to save the limited network bandwidth. Then, based on the zero-order-hold (ZOH) measurement, a state observer is designed to reconstruct the system state, which facilitates the design of the discrete-time sliding surface. Considering the effects of quantizations, networked-induced constraints and event-triggered scheme, the nonlinear state error dynamics and sliding mode dynamics are converted into a unified linear parameter varying (LPV) time-delay system with the aid of a reformulated Lipschitz property. By using the Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional and free weighting matrix, a new sufficient condition is derived to guarantee the robust asymptotic stability of the resulting closed-loop system with prescribed H_∞ performance. And then the observer gain, event-triggering parameter and sliding mode parameter are co-designed. Furthermore, a novel SMC law is synthesized to force the trajectories of the observer system onto a pre-specified sliding mode region in a finite time. Finally, a single-link flexible joint robot example is utilized to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于类洛伦茨系统的微弱信号检测及其电路实现

基于一种类洛伦茨(Lorenz)混沌系统,利用周期微扰的混沌控制方法,应用于微弱信号的检测。首先,构建一个受控的类Lorenz检测系统,通过调节系统两参数可将混沌系统控制可在所期望的周期轨道内。利用李雅普诺夫(Lyapunov)指数谱及分岔图分析,选择适当的两个参数值,将系统控制在混沌临界状态,当加入混有高斯白噪声的微弱信号时,系统发生相变,由混沌临界状态转变为周期三状态,从而检测出与外加激励信号同频率的微弱正弦信号。此方法不需要利用梅尔尼科夫(Melnikov)方法计算复杂的系统发生相变的激励信号幅值的精确解,实现方法简单易行,MATLAB仿真结果表明该系统可以实现极低的信噪比。在理论和数值分析的基础之上,该文设计了微弱信号检测电路,仿真和实验结果表明,该方法能够有效实现微弱正弦信号的检测。     

Adaptive sliding mode control of a piezo-actuated bilateral teleoperated micromanipulation system

Piezoelectric actuators are widely used in micro manipulation applications. However, hysteresis nonlinearity limits the accuracy of these actuators. This paper presents a novel approach for utilizing a piezoelectric nano-stage as the slave manipulator of a teleoperation system based on a sliding mode controller. The Prandtl-Ishlinskii (PI) model is used to model actuator hysteresis in feedforward scheme to cancel out this nonlinearity. The presented approach requires full state and force measurements at both the master and slave sides. Such a system is costly and also difficult to implement. Therefore, sliding mode unknown input observer (UIO) is proposed for full state and force estimations. Furthermore, the effects of uncertainties in the constant parameters on the estimated external forces should be eliminated. So, a robust adaptive controller is proposed and its stability is guaranteed through the Lyapunov criterion. Performance of the proposed control architecture is verified through experiments.     

Force estimation and failure detection based on disturbance observer for an ear surgical device

The disturbance observer is one of the useful tools for estimating the contact force between the subject body and the environment in robotic and mechatronic systems. This paper introduced a novel automatic office-based ear surgical device for the treatment of Otitis Media with Effusion (OME) under the guidance of force sensing information. Since the force sensing information must be reliable so as to ensure the safety of the device, a contact force estimation method based on the disturbance observer is proposed. The system model is built and a control strategy is proposed and developed. In the control strategy, a composite motion controller for an ultrasonic motor (USM) stage is presented, and then the design and the stability analysis of an advanced disturbance observer is given. Furthermore, a contact estimator and a failure detector, aiming to enhance the safety and reliability enhancement, are designed. Finally, the proposed control strategy is studied with both simulation and experiment. The experimental results show that the advanced disturbance observer can estimate the actual contact force correctly and precisely, and the disturbance observer based force estimation and failure detection method is feasible which can be used in force sensing, contact detection and fault diagnosis.     

Fault tolerant system based on non-integers order observers: Application in a heat exchanger

This work presents a fault-tolerant (FT) scheme based on the application of non-integer order observers also called fractional observers, the case of study is a double pipe countercurrent heat exchanger (HE). The aim of the FT is to detect sensors faults as soon as possible, and to provide a healthy signal in order to replace the faulty sensor signal by the fractional observer estimation. To develop the FT scheme a bank of high gain fractional order observers (HGFOO) is proposed. The Riemann-Liouville (RL) fractional derivative definition is used to solve each fractional observer. Experimental measures from a HE were used to test the performance of the fractional observers and the control scheme. The results show the robustness of the proposed observers.     

考虑负载扰动的电液转向系统控制研究

针对农机的电液伺服转向系统,为了克服转向力对系统的影响,提高在各种路况下的跟踪精度,设计了一种基于负载力观测器的前馈和最优状态反馈控制复合控制策略。先采用Luenberger观测器对负载力进行在线估计,然后用线性二次型调节器（LQR）得到系统线性最优反馈控制律,最后把观测到的负载力前馈到系统输入来消除负载力的影响,提高伺服系统精度。仿真和试验结果表明,所设计的负载力观测器能迅速地跟踪实际值,基于观测器的前馈和最优状态反馈复合控制策略具有较高的跟踪精度和抗负载干扰能力。     

Composite disturbance rejection control based on generalized extended state observer

Traditional extended state observer (ESO) design method does not focus on analysis of system reconstruction strategy. The prior information of the controlled system cannot be used for ESO implementation to improve the control accuracy. In this paper, composite disturbance rejection control strategy is proposed based on generalized ESO. First, the disturbance rejection performance of traditional ESO is analyzed to show the essence of the reconstruction strategy. Then, the system is reconstructed based on the equivalent disturbance model. The generalized ESO is proposed based on the reconstructed model, while convergence of the proposed ESO is analyzed along with the outer loop feedback controller. Simulation results on a second order mechanical system show that the proposed generalized ESO can deal with the external disturbance with known model successfully. Experiment of attitude tracking task on an aircraft is also carried out to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于优化自适应阈值的非线性机电系统传感器 故障检测和主动容错控制

针对具有参数不确定性和传感器故障的非线性机电系统,提出一种基于优化自适应阈值和故障重构策略的主动容错控制方法。首先,利用线性分式变换理论对存在参数不确定性的非线性机电系统进行建模,并提出基于粒子群优化算法的优化自适应阈值以提高参数不确定条件下的故障检测性能。其次,通过解析冗余关系推导出系统的动力学方程,并提出一种基于递归终端滑模的跟踪控制策略,以实现系统健康状态下的负载位置跟踪。当系统发生故障时,构建自适应滑模观测器进行传感器故障重构,根据重构结果设计自适应主动容错控制律,并利用故障检测结果进行控制律的实时切换。实验结果表明,所提出的故障检测和主动容错控制方法能在0.06 s内准确的实现传感器故障检测和容错控制,验证了该方法的可行性。     

Modal space vibration control of a beam by using the feedforward and feedback control loops

This paper introduces a vibration control method for a flexible beam subjected to arbitrary, unmeasurable disturbance forces. The concept of independent modal space control is adopted. Here, we choose the modal filters as the state estimator to obtain the modal coordinates and modal velocities for the modal space control. Because of the existence of the disturbance forces, applying only the state feedback to suppress the vibration usually cannot achieve the desired control performance. The modal space feedforward control is then introduced to cancel out the disturbance forces. In this paper, the feedforward and feedback control method is implemented to reduce the beam vibration. The disturbance force observer is established to observe the disturbance modal forces for the feedforward control. The control gains are derived from the extended optimal control algorithm, where the disturbance modal forces are treated as exogenous state variables. By combining the feedback, feedforward control laws and the disturbance force observer together, the vibration control performances are discussed.     

Generalized Discrete-time nonlinear disturbance observer based fuzzy model predictive control for boiler–turbine systems

The boiler–turbine system (BTS) is usually subject to the tight input constraint, the strong nonlinearity and the complex disturbance, which makes the control a challenging task To this end, a disturbance observer based fuzzy model predictive control (DOBFMPC) scheme is proposed for the BTS in this paper. The generalized discrete-time nonlinear disturbance observer (GDNDO) is first developed to estimate the higher-order disturbance by systematically extending the conventional nonlinear disturbance observer. The GDNDO exhibits a series structure of the internal states, and can precisely estimate the disturbance if its order is equal to or greater than that of the disturbance In addition, a baseline fuzzy model predictive control (FMPC) law is synthesized on the fuzzy model. With FMPC, the asymptotic stability is guaranteed, and meanwhile the input constraints are satisfied by both the free control variables and the future control inputs in the form of the state feedback law. At last, the disturbance estimate and the FMPC are applied to constitute the DOBFMPC law. With the proper design of the disturbance compensation gain, the disturbance influence is removed from the output channels by the composite DOBFMPC law at the steady state. Simulations for a 300 MW subcritical BTS well demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.     

基于扩张观测器的液压驱动单元位置抗扰控制

机器人在运动过程中, 较大的外干扰力会降低机器人关节控制器的精度, 进而影响机器人的控制性能。以足式机器人的关节驱动器--液压驱动单元为研究对象, 建立了非对称缸液压驱动单元位置控制系统的数学模型, 推导了其状态空间表达式;将系统的总扰动扩张为一个新的状态变量, 从而建立了液压驱动单元位置控制系统的扩张状态观测器, 并通过带宽确定扩张状态观测器增益参数;设计了控制系统的控制律, 并对设计的扩张状态观测器的有效性进行了实验验证。实验表明:设计的扩张状态观测器对控制系统扰动有一定的抑制作用, 增强了系统稳定性, 提高了系统受外界干扰时的控制精度。