Mathematical Modeling of a Compact Three-Component Azimuth Fluxgate Sensor

Problems of determining the spatial orientation parameters of solids are considered. Known results of mathematical modeling of a three-component azimuth fluxgate sensor are analyzed. Mathematical models of a similar azimuth sensor with arbitrarily oriented fluxgates are developed and analyzed.     

三轴磁通门磁梯度仪转向差校正方法研究

三轴磁通门传感器应用广泛,但其自身固有的零偏误差、灵敏度误差以及三轴非正交误差对其磁场测量精度有着较大的影响。针对磁通门梯度仪中磁传感器自身的性能参数和摆放方位不一致问题,提出了转向差的校正方法:分别建立了磁通门传感器误差的自校准和互校准数学模型,并采用神经网络算法和最小二乘算法对模型参数进行求解。仿真和试验结果表明,整个校正过程简单可行,在不需要三轴无磁转台以及恒定磁场标准装置等复杂试验设备情况下,利用磁通门梯度仪在稳定的地磁场环境下采集多组磁场数据,能有效降低磁梯度仪转向差引起的测量误差。     

一阶数控球形反馈磁张量梯度仪动态特性研究

磁通门张量探头在非零的地磁场环境下存在稳定性差、非线性误差大等不足。为克服此类缺陷,需采用磁补偿技术使磁通门工作在零磁场环境。以提高磁通门张量探头的探测精度为目的,采用球形线圈及对应的驱动模块作为磁补偿装置,利用一阶数字控制系统的方法建立磁补偿装置的数学模型,并对其进行参数优化实现最优控制。实验结果显示,当带有球形反馈线圈磁通门张量探头的稳态误差在52.56 nT之内时,系统的带宽将扩展至4.75 Hz,该结果能够同时满足磁张量梯度仪的探测精度及带宽要求,提高了其在航空地球物理探测中的应用价值。     

三分量磁通门梯度仪校准算法研究

针对三轴磁通门传感器非正交、灵敏度不一致、零偏以及构成梯度仪的两个磁通门传感器位置不一致引起的测量误差问题,建立了误差模型;基于地磁矢量模值短时不变原理,采用线性化最小二乘算法进行一个磁通门传感器参数的辨识;基于校准后三分量差值F范数最小原理,采用多元线性回归的方法进行另一个磁通门传感器参数以及两个磁通门传感器相对位置关系参数的辨识。实验结果表明,该方法能够将两个磁通门中最大总场误差从1 194.4 n T降低到30.0 n T,将三分量梯度仪最大输出误差从529.1 n T降低到13.4 n T,有效地改善了梯度仪性能。     

Unshielded fetal magnetocardiography system using two-dimensional gradiometers

We developed a fetal magnetocardiography (fMCG) system that uses a pair of two-dimensional gradiometers to achieve high signal-to-noise ratio. The gradiometer, which is based on a low-Tc superconducting quantum interference device, detects the gradient of a magnetic field in two orthogonal directions. Gradiometer position is easy to adjust by operating the gantry to drive the cryostat in both the swinging and axial directions. As a result, a fMCG waveform for 25 weeks' gestation was measured under an unshielded environment in real time. Moreover, the P and T waves for 25 and 34 weeks' gestation, respectively, were obtained by averaging. These results indicate that this two-dimensional gradiometer is one of the most promising techniques for measuring fetal heart rate and diagnosing fetal arrhythmia.     

Mathematical models of inclination parameter converters based on double-axis accelerometers

Various aspects of mathematical modeling of the inclination parameter converter based on two double-axis accelerometers in a single integrated design are considered. Possible variants of design patterns of such a converter are presented. Additional turns of the accelerometer sensors mounted in the converter body are considered. Generalized static mathematical models for two double-axis accelerometers as part of the inclination parameter converter are obtained, which ensure accurate determination of the spatial orientation angles of an object: zenith and sighting (apsidal) angles.     

基于FLANN和最小二乘的磁梯度计误差校正

在基于偶极子磁场分量梯度的水下磁异常定位方法中,三轴磁力计自身误差及两磁场坐标系配准误差等是限制水下定位精度的主要因素,因此有必要对其进行校正,补偿磁场分量梯度计测量值。建立了磁场分量梯度计的测量误差模型,提出了基于函数链接型神经网络(functional link artificial neural network,FLANN)和最小二乘法的磁场分量梯度计误差校正方法,给出了误差参数辨识及校正算法,数值仿真和实测数据证明了校正算法具有良好的收敛性,能显著地抑制磁场分量梯度测量误差,该校正方法为提高磁场分量梯度计性能提供了一种可行途径。     

基于磁通门技术的方位传感器设计

磁通门技术是一种非电量磁测法，它利用由高磁导率、低矫顽力的软磁材料作成的铁芯在激磁作用下，感应线圈出现随环境磁场强度而变的偶次谐波分量电势的特征，然后通过高性能的滤波器测量偶次谐波分量。文中介绍了以磁通门技术为工作原理的方位传感器设计，主要包括磁通门的工作原理、铁芯的热处理工艺、二轴磁通门传感器的结构设计及电路原理。     

Three-dimensional fuzzy influence analysis of fitting algorithms on integrated chip topographic modeling

In inspecting the detailed performance results of surface precision modeling in different external parameter conditions, the integrated chip surfaces should be evaluated and assessed during topographic spatial modeling processes. The application of surface-fitting algorithms exerts a considerable influence on topographic mathematical features. The influence mechanisms caused by different surface-fitting algorithms on the integrated chip surface facilitate the quantitative analysis of different external parameter conditions. By extracting the coordinate information from the selected physical control points and using a set of precise spatial coordinate measuring apparatus, several typical surface-fitting algorithms are used for constructing micro-topographic models with the obtained point cloud. In computing for the newly proposed mathematical features on surface models, we construct the fuzzy evaluating data sequence and present a new three-dimensional fuzzy quantitative evaluating method. Through this method, the value variation tendencies of topographic features can be clearly quantified. The fuzzy influence discipline among different surface-fitting algorithms, topography spatial features, and the external science parameter conditions can be analyzed quantitatively and in detail. In addition, quantitative analysis can provide final conclusions on the inherent influence mechanism and internal mathematical relation in the performance results of different surface-fitting algorithms, topographic spatial features, and their scientific parameter conditions in the case of surface micro modeling. The performance inspection of surface precision modeling will be facilitated and optimized as a new research idea for micro-surface reconstruction that will be monitored in a modeling process.     

Analysis and comparison of the performance of MEMS fluxgate sensors with permalloy magnetic cores of different structures

This paper presents four MEMS fluxgate sensors which were fabricated with same processes but with magnetic cores of different structures. Thick photoresist-based UV lithography and electroplating were adopted in the fabrication of the fluxgate sensors. Solenoid coils used as excitation and sensing elements were made of copper, whereas the magnetic core material was permalloy. Polyimide was used to support the structures of the sensors. An electronic testing system based on the second harmonic principle was established to characterize the fabricated devices. Each sensor was tested with the excitation coils being excited by a sine waveform current whose frequency was 100 kHz. From these experiments we can obtain some information about how the magnetic core structures affecting the magnetic field measuring performance of the fluxgate sensors, which might make some contribution to the performance improvement and miniaturization of fluxgate sensors.     

单绕组单磁芯磁通门的原理及设计

本文介绍了一种新型的单绕组单磁芯磁通门元件，定量地分析了它的工作原理，测磁灵敏度及设计方法。最后，简单地讨论了这种新型磁通门元件在弱磁检测中的一个应用实例。     

A Sensor for Tuning Highly Homogeneous Magnetic Fields

The information on the spatial distribution of a magnetic field in a rather large volume is needed, for example, in magnetic-resonance tomography, when it is important to have a uniform magnetic field in the working region of a tomograph. The stages of the optimization of a magnetic-field sensor, which is used to adjust the magnetic-field homogeneity, are described. These stages are aimed at a decrease in the measurement errors that are associated with the parallel registration of several harmonics, which constitute the magnetic field. The results of calculations on the mathematical modeling of various configurations of the magnetic- field-uniformity sensor and the practical implementation of the chosen variant are presented.     

十字形磁梯度张量系统的误差校正

针对十字形磁梯度张量系统中的单磁力仪误差(三轴灵敏度偏差、非正交误差和零点漂移误差)以及磁力仪之间存在的不对正误差,提出了十字形磁梯度张量系统的误差校正方法。首先,建立单磁力仪误差模型,采用基于椭球约束的最小二乘拟合算法对磁力仪的测量数据进行拟合从而得到椭球拟合参数;然后,接着利用Cholesky分解得到单磁力仪误差校正矩阵;最后在单磁力仪误差校正的基础上,利用正交Procrustes方法对不同磁力仪间的测量数据进行拟合从而得到磁力仪间的不对正误差校正矩阵。对提出的方法进行仿真与实测实验验证,实验结果表明:经过校正,磁梯度张量各分量的最大波动量由10 049nT/m降到52nT/m。提出的校正方法可以基本消除十字形磁梯度张量系统的误差,提高测量结果的准确度,且方法操作简单,不需要高精度的三轴无磁转台等设备,具有较高的实用价值。     

SQUID二阶磁梯度计标定系统的空间位置优化

超导量子干涉器件(SQUID)是利用磁通量子化与约瑟夫森效应这两种特性而形成的超导器件,可以分辨极微弱磁场变化,在磁信号灵敏探测方面应用广泛。因此,为确保其输出映射的准确性与使用质量,对使用过程中其进行定期校准至关重要。本文针对SQUID二阶磁梯度计在使用过程中的标定系统优化问题展开讨论,以标定线圈圆心为中心点建立笛卡尔坐标系,固定Y轴方向的相对位置,首先从Z轴方向移动标定线圈找到电流灵敏度最大位置范围,之后进一步精确标定位置,在X轴方向找到对Z轴方向移动最不敏感的相对位置,为标定中可能出现的人为误差提供更大的容错范围。并通过解析模型与有限元仿真模型相互验证,为后续实验提供了理论依据与先行性。利用解析模型与有限元模型及实测数据确定SQUID二阶磁梯度计在使用中的校准系数均为1.107,并对所提出的标定方法所产生的不确定度进行分析,为梯度计在低噪声环境条件下进行标定提供了更大的鲁棒性。     

Note: Unshielded bilateral magnetoencephalography system using two-dimensional gradiometers

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) noninvasively measures neuronal activity with high temporal resolution. The aim of this study was to develop a new type of MEG system that can measure bilateral MEG waveforms without a magnetically shielded room, which is an obstacle to reducing both the cost and size of an MEG system. An unshielded bilateral MEG system was developed using four two-dimensional (2D) gradiometers and two symmetric cryostats. The 2D gradiometer, which is based on a low-T(c) superconducting quantum interference device and wire-wound pickup coil detects a magnetic-field gradient in two orthogonal directions, or ?/?x(?(2)B(z)/?z(2)), and reduces environmental magnetic-field noise by more than 50 dB. The cryostats can be symmetrically positioned in three directions: vertical, horizontal, and rotational. This makes it possible to detect bilateral neuronal activity in the cerebral cortex simultaneously. Bilateral auditory-evoked fields (AEF) of 18 elderly subjects were measured in an unshielded hospital environment using the MEG system. As a result, both the ipsilateral and the contralateral AEF component N100m, which is the magnetic counterpart of electric N100 in electroencephalography and appears about 100 ms after the onset of an auditory stimulus, were successfully detected for all the subjects. Moreover, the ipsilateral P50m and the contralateral P50m were also detected for 12 (67%) and 16 (89%) subjects, respectively. Experimental results demonstrate that the unshielded bilateral MEG system can detect MEG waveforms, which are associated with brain dysfunction such as epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and Down syndrome.     

电流输出型磁通门传感器的灵敏度

研究了电流输出型磁通门传感器的灵敏度，一般磁通门的灵敏度随次级线圈匝数增加而增加，导致了灵敏度磁通门体积大，闭环工作时动态性能差，通过理论推导得出，忽略线圈的铜电阻和耦合电容的容抗时，电流型磁通门的灵敏度与次数线圈匝数成反比，因而可在小体积下获得高灵敏度和优越的动态性能。研制了6只次级线圈匝数不等双铁心电流输出型磁通门进行试验，用最小二乘法对实验数据进行了分析，结果表明理论推导与试验结果基本一致，分析还表明，若考虑次数线圈的铜电阻和耦合电容的容抗，用次数线圈匝数的倒数及其二次项表示电流输出型磁通门的灵敏度具有更高的精度。     

A multifunction magnetometric turbine flowmeter

Investigation results of interactions of magnetometric flux-gate gradiometers with a rotation body of the flowmeter as an axial turbine are presented. New characteristics, design and circuit solutions, performance capabilities, and application areas of the magnetometric turbine flowmeters are given.     

高温超导DC—SQUID平面式梯度计

在10×10mm     

直流叠加脉冲电流波形宽频带电流传感器

提出了一种用于测量直流叠加脉冲电流波形的电流传感器。该传感器由两个磁芯组成,一个工作于磁通门状态,另一个基于罗氏线圈原理。为了将磁通门与罗氏线圈检测技术集成在一起,引入了一个反馈绕组,有效克服了脉冲磁场与直流磁场对磁芯工作状态的影响。基于理论分析制作了样机。实验结果表明,所提出的电流传感器能有效测量直流叠加脉冲电流波形:有效测量频带为340 k Hz,直流分量的测量误差为0.6%;低频段与高频段交点处的测量误差最大,最大测量误差为1.5%。     

Parallel algorithms for large applied problems: Issues and technologies

Topical issues of parallelizing computational methods and technologies for implementing the main mathematical modeling stages in solving a wide range of large applied problems are considered. Computation-information process models, classification of the main types of algorithms, and principles of their efficient mapping onto the distributed-and shared-memory computer architecture are described.