多瓦可倾瓦径向滑动轴承热润滑性能分析

考虑变黏度、密度的情况,建立多瓦可倾瓦径向滑动轴承的数学模型,用有限差分法求解其热流体动力润滑(THD)模型,分别计算12块瓦可倾瓦径向滑动轴承的最小油膜、压力分布和三维温度场分布,分析不同载荷、不同转速、不同润滑油黏度等对轴承各瓦的热润滑性能影响。结果显示,建立的模型及其计算程序能计算分析多瓦可倾瓦径向滑动轴承的热润滑问题。润滑油黏度和转子转速对多瓦可倾瓦径向滑动轴承的热润滑性能有较大的影响;瓦块绕支点的倾斜以及瓦块所处的角度位置会影响部分瓦块的热润滑性能,出现与普通圆形径向滑动轴承不一致的润滑性能变化。     

Rotordynamic Characteristics of Flexure-Pivot Tilting-Pad Journal Bearings

Many of today's modern turbomachines, especially those running at high speeds and high power ratings, require the superior stability characteristics of tilting-pad journal bearings to prevent rotor-dynamic instabilities. Until now, the design complexity of tilting-pad bearings has precluded their use in many small, high-volume applications where cost and size are important. This paper introduces a new one-piece journal bearing design, the flexure-pivot bearing, that offers many of the beneficial rotodynamic advantages of tilting-pad bearings, without the complexities of a multi-piece design. Performance data for a flexure-pivot bearing is shown for an application requiring a highly stable design, illustrating the effectiveness of the flexure-pivot bearing in offering rotordynamic stability approaching that of a tilting-pad bearing.     

TEHD Analysis for Tilting-Pad Journal Bearings Using Upwind Finite Element Method

A general approach for incorporating heat transfer and elastic deformation effects into a tilting-pad journal bearing simulation model is presented. A global analysis method is used, which includes variable viscosity and heat transfer effects in the fluid film, elastic deformation and heat conduction effects in the pads, and elastic deformation effect in the pivots. The two-dimensional variable viscosity. Reynolds equation produces pressure distributions in the axial and circumferential directions. The energy equation is two-dimensional, assuming that the temperature variation in the axial direction is negligible. The elasticity and heat conduction models are also two-dimensional, being in the midline cross-section of the bearing, including the circumferential and cross-film directions. An upwind technique is used in the finite element formulation of the energy equation to remove numerical instability due to the convective term. Simulation results are compared with the test and predicted values of previous researchers.     

Spring and Damping Coefficients for the Tilting-Pad Journal Bearing

A method for calculating spring and damping coefficients for the tilting-pad journal bearing is presented. The analysis includes the effect of pad inertia. Numerical results are given in form of design curves for the centrally pivoted 4-shoe, 5-shoe, 6-shoe, and 12-shoe journal bearing. A comparison with test results is included.

This paper deals with the effects of lubricant compressibility on the pressure profile and total load capacity in a partial journal bearing; pivot pressure as a measure of shoe load capacity; shoe friction characteristics; and optimum shoe clearance ratios for various speeds. The parameter λ is used as an indicator of the compressibility effect of gas in the bearing clearance.     

支点弹性、阻尼可倾瓦轴承动力特性数值仿真及试验研究

依据考虑瓦块摆动和沿几何预载荷方向微幅振动的可倾瓦轴承完全动力特性的解析模型及其对应的八参数简化动力模型,设计制备了支点弹性、阻尼特性可倾瓦轴承。该轴承通过在瓦块支点与轴承体之间设置弹性垫片,使瓦块支点支撑在弹性垫片上,弹性垫片与轴承体之间存在微小间隙并与轴颈润滑系统共享油路以实现局部挤压油膜效应。根据不同加工工艺,制备了两种形式的新型支点弹性、阻尼轴承,并通过理论计算模拟与试验分析对两种新型轴承的动力特性进行研究。结果表明,支点弹性、阻尼可倾瓦轴承能够增大转子的一临界阻尼,有效提高转子系统稳定性。     

可倾瓦气体动压轴承承载能力的数值分析

应用MATLAB的偏微分方程工具箱,采用有限元法求解气体润滑Reynolds方程,通过完全装配分析法计算了可倾瓦动压气体轴承的承载能力,研究了轴承偏心和瓦块预负荷对可倾瓦轴承的承载能力、最小气膜厚度和最大气膜压力以及瓦块摆角的影响。计算结果表明,随轴承偏心或瓦块预负荷增大,各瓦块的承载能力和摆角发生明显变化,轴承的最小气膜厚度减小,最大气膜压力增大,承载能力增大。从理论上解释了可倾瓦轴承的承载能力与轴承偏心和瓦块预负荷的密切相关性。     

Frequency Effects in Tilting-Pad Journal Bearing Dynamic Coefficients

This paper examines the effects of damped vibrational frequencies on the linear reduced dynamical stiffness and damping coefficients of tilting-pad journal bearings. The frequency ratio (damped frequency/running speed) can be used to judge the accuracy of employing synchronously reduced linear coefficients in rotordynamic stability analyses. The use of these coefficients can result in simpler formulations of the system dynamical equations of motion and solution techniques as well as reduced computational and analysis time. Results presented here indicate that synchronously reduced bearing dynamical coefficients are generally adequate for stability analyses with positively preloaded tilting-pad bearings. Plots of dynamic coefficients are included for a five-pad bearing.     

Influence of Pad Pivot Friction on Tilting-Pad Journal Bearing Measurements—Part II: Dynamic Coefficients©

This paper presents measured results for the dynamic stiffness and damping force coefficients for two tilting-pad journal bearings. Comparison between a bearing with spherical seated ball and socket pad pivots and one with line contact rocker-back pad pivots is made. The bearings tested were preloaded five pad designs with load directed on the pivots. The bearings have length to diameter ratios of 0.75, offset ratios of 0.50, preloads of about 0.320, a journal diameter of 70 mm, and radial machined pad clearances of 113.0 μm. Measurements were made for a range of speedload conditions encompassing a Sommerfeld number range of 0.1 to 2.0. Comparison of the principal stiffness and damping coefficients for the two bearings show the same trends. Nearly zero cross-coupled stiffness coefficients were measured for the bearing with rocker-back pad pivots. For the bearing with spherical seated pad pivots, non-dimensional cross-coupled stiffness coefficients for K_xy ranged from -1.2 to -0.9 and for K_yx ranged from -3.8 to 0.8. A hypothesis for increased pad pivot friction in the ball and socket is presented to explain the variation in cross-coupled stiffness coefficients between the two bearings.     

Performance Experiments with a 200 mm,Offset Pivot Journal Pad Bearing

Journal bearings are an important design option, particularly appropriate for high-speed rotating machinery applications. This paper presents results from an extensive program of experimental work with a 200 mm, five-shoe, tilting-pad bearing of this type. The tilting pads were fitted with offset pivots; this is in contrast to most previous work which has concentrated on bearings with pads which have centrally mounted pivots. The new results obtained for the offset pivot pad bearing are compared with recently published, equivalent results for the same bearing filled with center pivot pads. A substantial temperature reduction in bearing temperature is revealed for the offset pivot case.     

瞬变载荷作用下滑动轴承轴心轨迹计算仿真

为了研究动压滑动轴承在瞬变载荷作用下的润滑状况,在考虑轴颈惯性力和非线性油膜力的基础上,建立了滑动轴承轴心轨迹的运动方程,提出了采用欧拉法求解有限长滑动轴承瞬时轴心轨迹的数值方法。分别计算了在阶跃、矩形脉冲和正弦脉冲瞬变载荷作用下轴心轨迹、最大油膜压力及最小油膜厚度的变化规律。分析结果表明,在瞬变载荷作用时,轴心轨迹、最大油膜压力及最小油膜厚度都有较大的变化并呈现出一定的振荡过程。由于脉冲载荷的作用时间有限,随着其消失,轴心乃收敛于原平衡位置,而阶跃载荷则使轴心收敛于新的平衡位置。     

Dynamic stiffness and damping coefficients of aerodynamic tilting-pad journal bearings

The dynamic gas–film forces of aerodynamic bearing often can be characterized by eight linear stiffness and damping coefficients. How to theoretically predict these coefficients is a very difficult issue for tilting-pad gas bearing design because of its structural complexity. The current study presents a novel and universal theoretical analysis method for calculating the dynamic stiffness and damping coefficients of aerodynamic tilting-pad bearing. The gas–film pressure within the bearing is expressed in the form of dimensionless compressible gas-lubricated Reynolds equation, which is solved by means of the finite element method. With the assumption that the journal and the pads are disturbed with the same frequency, the dynamic coefficients of tilting-pad gas bearing are computed by using the partial derivative method and the equivalent coefficient method. Finally, the investigations are conducted about the effects of bearing number, perturbation frequency of the journal and the pads, eccentricity ratios, preload and length-to-diameter ratio of the bearing on the dynamic coefficients of aerodynamic tilting-pad journal bearing. The numerical results indicate that the dynamic stiffness and damping coefficients of tilting-pad gas bearing are closely related with these factors. The proposed analytical method provides a valuable means of predicting dynamic performances of tilting-pad gas bearing. The solution can be used for the purpose of prediction of dynamic behavior of the rotor systems supported by aerodynamic tilting-pad bearings.     

Steady state characteristics of a tilting pad journal bearing with controllable lubrication: Comparison between theoretical and experimental results

This paper is aimed at presenting results regarding the static and thermal behavior of a tilting-pad journal bearing operating under controllable regime. The bearing is rendered controllable by injecting high pressure oil into the clearance using holes drilled across the bearing pads in the radial direction. The modification of the injection pressure enables to modify the bearing static and dynamic properties according to the operational needs. The results presented are obtained using a theoretical model, which considers all the effects that determine the bearing behavior (controllable elastothermohydrodynamic lubrication regime), as well as using a test rig designed and built to this effect. The comparison between experimental and theoretical results provides solid ground to determine the accuracy of the available model for the the prediction of the steady-state behavior of the tilting-pad bearing with controllable lubrication. Among the parameters considered for the study are: oil film temperature field, resulting forces over rotor and pads, and rotor equilibrium position. The results obtained show good agreement between theory and experiment, as long as the assumptions on which the model is based are respected. Also, it is shown that some improvements are possible when it comes to model the steady-state behavior of the controllable bearing with the injection system turned off.     

Comparison between three turbulent models - application to thermohydrodynamic performances of tilting-pad journal bearings

The influence of the flow regime on tilting-pad journal bearing performance is presented. Three turbulent models are studied. The results show that for high rotational speeds the effect of non-laminar flow on the predicted performance is not negligible. At high speeds, lower temperatures and greater power losses are obtained. Isotherms determined with laminar and turbulent models help to explain this phenomenon.     

氨压缩机径向可倾瓦轴承性能的试验研究

在倒置式轴承试验台上，对某氨压缩机组径向可倾瓦轴承进行了试验研究，成功地测出了轴承的功耗、流量及最小膜厚等参数。结果表明，在给定工况下、控制进油温度、压力与轴承间隙，可显著改善试验轴承的性能，为该轴承的改良提供了依据。     

Degradation of High Temperature Lubricants and Metals by Fluoroelastomers

This paper compares and analyzes the influence of lubricant supply temperature on the performance of a tilting-pad, equalizing thrust bearing. The paper presents experimental data for a 267-mm (10 ½-in OD) bearing, operating at shaft speeds up to 13 000 rpm with loads ranging up to 3.45 MPa (500 psi). The data presented demonstrate the relative effect that changes in lubricant supply temperature have on bearing power loss and babbitt temperature. Some conclusions are drawn based upon the trend in relative performance for each lubricant supply temperature tested.     

径向可倾瓦轴承的热弹流润滑分析

用Newton-Raphson法一次性求出了所有瓦块的压力分布和轴心的位置,用步进扫描法对轴承进行了三维温度场分析,用20节点有限元法构造了瓦块的压力变形矩阵和热变形矩阵。     

湍流润滑动静压气体径向滑动轴承性能研究

以动静压气体径向滑动轴承为研究对象，考虑湍流润滑，基于有限差分方法求解引入湍流因子改良的可压缩雷诺润滑方程，计算湍流润滑动静压气体径向滑动轴承的压力分布，获得轴承承载力、静态刚度、交叉刚度、主刚度、交叉阻尼和主阻尼等表征动静压轴承静动态特性的基本参数，并分析偏心率、槽深、槽数、长径比等结构参数及轴颈转速和供气压力等工况对轴承静动态性能的影响规律。结果表明：连续性狭缝湍流润滑动静压气体径向滑动轴承的静态特性优于非连续性狭缝；轴承承载力随着偏心率、长期径比的增大而增大，随着槽区长度、槽深的增大而减小，槽数对承载力影响不大；轴承静态刚度随着偏心率的增大先增大后减小，随着长径比、槽深、槽数的增大而增大，随着槽区长度的增大而减小；较大的转速和供气压力有助于提升轴承的承载力和静态刚度；随着偏心率的增大，交叉刚度逐渐增大，主刚度先增大而减小，而交叉阻尼和主阻尼均增大。     

Experimental Investigation on the Film Pressure Measurement in Microgap Water-Lubricated Hybrid Journal Bearing

The film pressure of a microgap water-lubricated hybrid journal bearing (HJB) was investigated in this article. The pressure transmission system (PTS) formed by the flow exchange from clearance to the membrane of the sensor was also studied. Three static loads, five rotational speeds, and five water supply pressures were used in this study. The pressure was obtained from a microgap water-lubricated HJB test rig. The experimental results showed that the variation trend of the film pressure agreed with the theoretical results except that the pressure values were lower than the theoretical data. The experimental results should be corrected by the PTS to reflect the real film pressure. The influence of PTS should be considered to improve the precision of experimental results of microgap HJBs.     

考虑轴颈偏斜的双层径向波箔轴承静特性分析

考虑了轴颈偏斜的影响,建立了双层径向波箔轴承的理论模型。用有限差分法对控制方程进行求解得出静特性参数,分析了轴承数、偏心率、轴承柔性、长径比和轴颈偏斜对双层波箔轴承静特性的影响。结果表明,双层波箔轴承比单层波箔轴承具有更大的承载能力,比刚性表面动压轴承对轴颈偏斜具有更好的适应性。     

Thermally-Induced Failures in Railroad Tapered Roller Bearings

An Association of American Railroads (AAR) class F (6 1/2 × 12) tapered-roller bearing assembly is modeled, using finite elements, to examine thermally-induced failures observed in the laboratory when the bearing is operating at relatively high speeds. It is hypothesized that this failure is caused by an unstable thermal expansion/internal bearing load feedback process. Sequentially-coupled, transient thermal and static structural models are used to obtain the thermal-mechanical transient time response as a function of speed, seal type, and lubricant starvation at the rib contact. The model assumes no external loads and zero initial preload (zero end-play). Therefore, the loads developed in the bearing are thermally-induced and self-equilibrated. Two train speeds, viz. 80 and 100 mph, are considered. Simulation results indicate that at axle rotational speeds equivalent to a train speed of 100 mph, a combination of grease starvation and heat flux from the contact seals cause high rib temperature and subsequent unstable load growth which will lead to failure. At rotational speeds equivalent to train speeds of 80 mph or for bearing assemblies that utilize special design seals, the rib temperature is relatively low and no operational instabilities were observed for the model used.