引入滑模观测器的GPS/INS组合导航滤波方法

由低成本器件组成的卫星/惯性(GPS/INS)组合导航系统中,存在较大的非线性与不确定性,为改善这一问题,本文提出一种引入滑模观测器(SMO)的滤波方法。首先,该方法建立了组合导航系统模型,介绍了扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)计算过程并分析存在的不足。然后,介绍了滑模观测器的基本原理,根据系统构建观测器。最后,说明了引入滑模观测器的EKF组合导航算法实现流程,滑模观测器将模型误差、状态估计以及均值方差融入EKF算法,修正系统输出。通过轨迹仿真实验与车载实验验证了所提方法优于传统EKF算法,具有更高的滤波精度。在车载实验中,卫星信号失锁15 s情况下,与EKF方法相比,所提方法的东向位置误差降低了53%,北向位置误差降低了37%,证明该方法能够有效抑制GPS/INS组合导航误差发散,为以后工程实践提供一定的参考价值。     

Novel hybrid of strong tracking Kalman filter and wavelet neural network for GPS/INS during GPS outages

Aiming to improve positioning precision of the GPS/INS integrated navigation system during GPS outages, a novel model combined with strong tracking Kalman filter (STKF) and wavelet neural network (WNN) algorithms for INS errors compensation is proposed and tested. STKF is used to estimate INS errors as a replacement of Kalman filter (KF), and WNN is applied to establish a highly accurate model based on STKF when GPS works well and to predict INS errors during GPS outages. Performance of the proposed model has been experimentally verified using GPS and INS data collected in a land vehicle navigation test. The comparison results indicate that the proposed model combined with STKF/WNN algorithms can effectively provide high accurate corrections to the standalone INS during GPS outages.     

应用RB无迹卡尔曼滤波组合导航提高GPS重获信号后的导航精度

针对微机电-船舶惯性导航/全球定位(MEMS-SINS/GPS)组合导航系统在GPS信号中断时造成的强非线性误差及重获信号后精度变差的问题,设计了基于Rao-Blackwellised无迹卡尔曼滤波(RB-UKF)的组合导航算法。首先,基于捷联平台欧拉失准角定义了姿态误差,建立了捷联惯导系统的非线性误差传播方程。然后,针对组合导航的状态方程为非线性而量测方程呈线性的特点,设计了RB-UKF算法,在保证精度的同时降低了计算量。最后,设计了滤波算法总体结构,分别给出了GPS信号正常时和中断时组合导航滤波计算的流程。将提出的算法用于跑车实验,结果表明:在GPS失锁20s和40s再重获信号之后,使用RB-UKF算法的组合导航系统位置精度分别优于6m和7.5m,比扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)算法精度提高了1.5倍以上,误差收敛速度提高了1.88~16.5倍,计算量比UKF量测更新的计算量减小了41.7%。实验显示该方法显著提升了组合导航系统GPS信号中断再恢复后的滤波精度,且易于工程实现。     

单轴旋转惯导系统中陀螺漂移的精确校准

基于惯导系统的误差传播特性和轴向陀螺对经纬度误差的影响规律,提出了精确校准轴向陀螺漂移的方法以解决在单轴旋转惯导系统中单轴旋转只能自动补偿与转轴垂直的陀螺漂移,不能补偿轴向陀螺漂移的问题.首先,介绍了单轴旋转惯导系统自动补偿的基本原理.然后,在静基座的条件下分析了轴向陀螺漂移、初始方位和姿态角误差、初始速度误差等对经纬度的影响规律.提出了一种利用经纬度误差作为观测量,采用最小二乘法对轴向陀螺漂移进行精确校准的新方法.最后,利用激光陀螺单轴旋转惯导系统进行了静态导航试验和跑车试验.实验结果显示,该方法对轴向陀螺漂移的辨识精度达到o.000 5(°)/h,系统的定位精度优于1 nm/72 h.该方法能够有效地辨识轴向陀螺漂移,使系统达到较高的导航精度,具有很强的工程实用价值.     

GPS/INS组合导航系统的研究

讨论了飞机惯性导航系统(INS)与全球卫星导航系统(GPS)的利与弊以及卡尔曼滤波方法在组合定位中的应用情况,进一步提出了基于神经网络数据融合方法的GPS/INS组合导航系统.系统神经网络结构采用单隐层的三层神经网络,输入输出神经元数目是4个,基于256个训练样本由经验公式求得隐层神经元数目为8个,同时还建立了惯导系统的数学模型和数据融合的数学模型.给出了利用MATLAB编制的神经网络训练程序并对这一神经网络进行了训练和仿真.实验表明,组合导航系统经度误差可达9m,纬度误差可达8m,与单独GPS定位和INS定位相比精度得到了提高.     

Vision coupled GPS/INS scheme for helicopter navigation

This paper presents a framework for a GPS/INS/vision-based helicopter navigation system. The conventional GPS/INS algorithm has weak points such as GPS blockage and jamming, while the helicopter is a speedy and highly dynamic vehicle that may easily lose a GPS signal. A vision sensor is not affected by signal jamming, and the navigation error of such a system does not accumulate. Hence, a GPS/INS/vision-aided navigation scheme was implemented to provide the robust localization suitable for helicopter operations in various environments. The core algorithm is the vision-based SLAM (simultaneous localization and mapping) technique. Flight tests were performed to verify the SLAM-aided vision navigation algorithm. During the tests, it was confirmed that the developed system is sufficiently robust under GPS blockage conditions. The system design, software algorithm, and flight test results are described in this paper.     

平面连杆机构运动精度可靠性及灵敏度分析

针对平面连杆机构传动路线长,存在较大的积累误差,对机构的运动精度产生的影响不容忽视的问题,提出了加工误差、结构变形、装配间隙及铰链磨损多因素耦合作用下运动机构精度可靠性分析的建模方法及求解流程。用动量交换法建立铰链间隙的碰撞模型后对机构进行动力学分析,基于动力学分析结果,利用胡克定律及有限元法分析部件变形,利用Archard磨损模型分析铰链的磨损量。在此基础上,给出了加工误差与部件变形影响下杆长的分布参数以及装配间隙与铰链磨损影响下铰链间隙的分布参数,然后将铰链间隙用无质量连杆模型替换,建立并求解机构的运动方程。通过对飞机舱门收放机构的算例分析,得到了该机构在不同收放次数下的运动精度可靠度及对应的可靠性灵敏度,并给出了制造维护建议,证明了方法的可行性。     

机械传动系统运动精度优化分配新方法

为对机械传动系统的运动精度进行合理分配,结合元动作理论,提出了一种机械传动系统运动精度优化分配新方法.首先利用"功能运动动作"结构化分解树对机械系统进行结构化分解,得到基本的元动作和元动作链;然后以元动作链为研究对象,分析运动精度形成机理,建立运动误差传递模型;考虑成本因素和运动误差灵敏度因素,建立了成本函数和鲁棒性函...     

A method for correcting discharge of boat-mounted ADCP measurements

GPS data are usually used to measure boat velocity during boat-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements when bottom tracking is biased by moving bed. GPS cannot provide consistently accurate boat velocity reference because of multipath errors, satellite signal reception problems, and heading errors. In addition, the computation of water velocity from an ADCP mounted onto a moving boat is a vector-algebra problem, thus the discharge calculation is subject to the compass error when GPS is used for boat velocity reference. This paper proposes a method for correcting discharge based on the idea that the discharge calculation is independent of the boat path. The processing of two sets of boat-mounted ADCP measurements integrated with differential GPS and non-differential GPS was simulated to verify the method. The results show that the proposed method performs well in both differential and non-differential GPS conditions. The relative errors range from 0.1% to 1.5% for all measurements with the mean relative errors of 0.7%. Analytical assessment of the GPS errors shows the proposed method is insensitive to the positioning accuracy of GPS, but positioning error of non-differential GPS may induce relative discharge error of more than 1% when the river or stream is narrow. On the contrary, a relatively small compass or heading error can cause a significant error in water velocity and discharge when using GPS as the boat velocity reference. Therefore, integrating a differential GPS and maintaining a slow boat speed are best practices for discharge measurement, especially for narrow streams or short boat paths.     

Design of a Two-Step Calibration Method of Kinematic Parameters for Serial Robots

Serial robots are used to handle workpieces with large dimensions, and calibrating kinematic parameters is one of the most efficient ways to upgrade their accuracy. Many models are set up to investigate how many kinematic parameters can be identified to meet the minimal principle,but the base frame and the kinematic parameter are indistinctly calibrated in a one-step way. A two-step method of calibrating kinematic parameters is proposed to improve the accuracy of the robot's base frame and kinematic parameters.The forward kinematics described with respect to the measuring coordinate frame are established based on the productof-exponential(POE) formula. In the first step the robot's base coordinate frame is calibrated by the unit quaternion form. The errors of both the robot's reference configuration and the base coordinate frame's pose are equivalently transformed to the zero-position errors of the robot's joints. The simplified model of the robot's positioning error is established in second-power explicit expressions. Then the identification model is finished by the least square method, requiring measuring position coordinates only. The complete subtasks of calibrating the robot's 39 kinematic parameters are finished in the second step. It's proved by a group of calibration experiments that by the proposed two-step calibration method the average absolute accuracy of industrial robots is updated to 0.23 mm. This paper presents that the robot's base frame should be calibrated before its kinematic parameters in order to upgrade its absolute positioning accuracy.     

Plane kinematic calibration method for industrial robot based on dynamic measurement of double ball bar

A new calibration method is proposed to improve the circular plane kinematic accuracy of industrial robot by using dynamic measurement of double ball bar (DBB). The kinematic model of robot is established by the MDH (Modified Denavit-Hartenberg) method. The error mapping relationship between the motion error of end-effector and the kinematic parameter error of each axis is calculated through the Jacobian iterative method. In order to identify the validity of the MDH parameter errors, distance errors and angle errors of each joint axis were simulated by three orders of magnitude respectively. After multiple iterations, the average value of kinematic error modulus of end-effector was reduced to nanometer range. Experiments were conducted on an industrial robot (EPSON C4 A901) in the working space of 180 mm × 490 mm. Due to the measuring radius of DBB, the working space was divided into 30 sub-planes to measure the roundness error before and after compensation. The average roundness error calibrated by the proposed method at multi-planes decreased about 21.4%, from 0.4637 mm to 0.3644 mm, while the standard deviation of roundness error was reduced from 0.0720 mm to 0.0656 mm. In addition, by comparing the results of positioning error measured by the laser interferometer before and after calibration, the range values of motion errors of end-effector were decreasing by 0.1033 mm and 0.0730 mm on the X and Y axes, respectively.     

Kinematic calibration of gantry hybrid machine tool based on estimation error and local measurement information

This paper presents the kinematic calibration of a four degrees-of-freedom (DOF) hybrid machine tool based on a novel planar 3-DOFs parallel mechanism and a long movement of the worktable. Closed-form solutions are developed for both the inverse and direct kinematics about the parallel mechanism. The error model is built and the mechanism accuracy is investigated. Two types of kinematic calibration method are proposed by a simple measurement device. The first type of calibration method is based on estimation error, and can easy improve the machine tool accuracy quickly by estimating the error trends. The second type of kinematic calibration method is based on local measurement information, which includes the position errors and does not include the pose errors of the machine tool. The calibration tests showed the effectiveness of the calibration methods, which can be useful for the similar types of parallel machine tool.     

Polynomials,radial basis functions and multilayer perceptron neural network methods in local geoid determination with GPS/levelling

The means for determining reference surfaces when using satellite-based positioning techniques differs from the way they are determined using classical terrestrial positioning techniques. The height of any point on earth, as determined by a global positioning system (GPS), is based on the World Geodetic System of 1984 datum, but when using classical terrestrial measurements this height is based on the geoid. However, GPS-derived ellipsoidal heights must initially be transformed into orthometric heights for practical applications. We use geoid models developed with geoid heights for the height transformation, because orthometric height determination methods using classical techniques require time and manpower. In this study, the performances of polynomials, radial basis functions (RBFs) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network algorithms used in local geoid surface modelling were evaluated in the study area. Upon analysis of statistical results, the artificial neural network method was observed to give better results than the other two methods.     

基于激光测距的机载光电成像系统目标定位

针对小型机载光电平台无法准确获取视轴指向问题,设计了一种基于激光测距的目标定位算法。利用机载光电侦察平台锁定跟踪目标的特性,对同一目标多次测量,采用激光测距装置获取目标与载机间的距离信息。根据WGS-84定义的地球椭球模型建立系统的测量方程。考虑到测量方程的非线性,利用扩展卡尔曼滤波对目标位置进行估计。该定位方法精度只受到GPS接收机定位精度和激光测距机测量精度的影响,目标定位误差与机载光电侦察设备视轴指向测量无关。采用蒙特卡洛法仿真分析载机位置测量误差及激光测距系统位置误差对目标定位的影响,结果显示该算法定位精度较高。采用飞行试验数据验证了该目标定位算法的有效性,在飞行高度8 000 m时,目标定位精度优于8 m。相比于传统定位算法,该方法可将定位精度明显提高。同时此定位方法易于部署,可操作性强,具有较大的应用价值。     

水下潜航器的惯导/超短基线/多普勒测速信息融合及容错验证

针对水下潜航器惯导系统的定位误差积累和容错性差等问题,分析了水声超短基线的相位差定位方法,推导了基于惯导提供实时位置、姿态误差角信息的惯导/超短基线(INS/USBL)导航解算过程及其坐标转换。结合惯导/多普勒测速(INS/DVL)滤波器,给出INS/USBL/DVL组合导航联邦滤波在3种信息融合算法下的应用。通过MATLAB仿真对导航算法进行了验证,结果表明该导航算法能够抑制惯导系统误差随时间发散的问题,能充分利用了3种导航系统提供的参数信息,且状态维数低,滤波收敛速度快,其中基于精度因子信息分配方法的导航系统误差最小。容错性验证结果显示,当超短基线出现故障时,重构后的组合导航系统在较高航速情况下依旧能提供有效的导航参数。所提出的INS/USBL/DVL组合导航联邦滤波方法能够精确地提供水下潜航器的各位导航参数信息,且具有较高的容错性和稳定性。     

Variable speed compensation method of errors of probes for CNC machine tools

Systematic errors of kinematic touch-trigger probes for CNC machine tools may exceed errors of the machine tool itself. As a result, the machining accuracy is strongly dependent on the probe's accuracy. Numerical correction of probes’ systematic errors can be used. However, it requires executing calculations by the CNC machine tool controller. To avoid this troublesome requirement, a new method of errors compensation is proposed. In this approach, a modification of the probe's pre-travel in a given direction is achieved by modification of measurement speed in this direction. Because all measurement speeds can be calculated offline, the controller does not have to do any calculations. The proposed method has been tested for sample kinematic probes and the error reduction was at least 10-fold.     

A multilevel calibration technique for an industrial robot with parallelogram mechanism

This paper presents a multilevel calibration technique for improving the absolute accuracy of an industrial robot with a parallelogram mechanism (ABB IRB2400). The parallelogram structural error is firstly modeled based on the partial differential of the position function of a general four-bar linkage and the linearization of the position constraints of the parallelogram mechanism, the model coefficients are fitted from experimental data. Secondly, an absolute kinematic calibration model is established and resolved as a linear function of all the kinematic parameters, as well as the base frame parameters and tool parameters. Finally, contrary to most other similar works, the robot joint space (rather than Cartesian space) is divided into a sequence of fan-shaped cells in order to compensate the non-geometric errors, the positioning errors on the grid points are measured and stored for the error compensation on the target points. After the multilevel calibration, the maximum/mean point positioning errors on 284 tested configurations (evenly distributed in the robot common workspace) are reduced from 1.583/0.420 mm to 0.172/0.066 mm respectively, which is almost the same level as the robot bidirectional repeatability.     

运载火箭上面级惯性与天文组合导航系统设计

针对运载火箭上面级惯性导航随时间累积而误差增大以至不能满足长时间工作要求的问题,对采用星敏感器和地球敏感器修正惯性导航误差的方案进行了研究。首先,导出了上面级常用坐标系定义和姿态转换矩阵。然后,根据惯性导航的误差传播特性、星敏感器测量方程和地球敏感器的模拟测量方程,给出了组合导航的状态方程和观测方程。最后,设计了基于Matlab/dSpace仿真平台的星敏感器在导航回路中的半物理仿真实验。实验结果表明,组合导航使惯性导航位置误差矢量和从1.1719×104m减小到1.0367×103m,速度误差矢量和从11.2827m/s减小到3.6626m/s,姿态误差从0.1°减小到5′,说明了该组合导航方案能够有效修正惯性导航时间累积误差,半实物仿真实验验证了惯性/天文组合导航方案的可行性与正确性。     

Kinematic errors identification of three-axis machine tools based on machined work pieces

Evaluating machine tool performance under machining conditions is generally used as the final test in machine tool industry. The seventh part of ISO-10791 describes a machining test using the accuracy of a finished work piece to determine the accuracy of three-axis machine tools. However the kinematic errors cannot be distinguished from each other by means of these test pieces. In this paper a new method to identify the kinematic errors of three-axis machine tool is proposed. A set of test pieces are designed where the kinematic errors of a machine tool can be measured separately along X, Y and Z directions. A volumetric error model is also presented based on the measured errors. This method is initially evaluated in virtual environment and then with some test pieces designed for this purpose. The results are compared with the laser interferometry measurements. It is shown that the measured positioning and straightness errors are consistent with the laser interferometry results. Angular errors measured by the test pieces are also complied with the laser interferometry results as long as the angular error magnitudes are large enough.     

Delta并联机构精度标定方法研究

以Delta并联机构为对象,研究一类含平行四边形支链的3自由度并联机构误差建模技术,所建模型可有效分离出影响末端姿态误差的几何误差源。在此基础上提出一种精度标定方法,该方法利用并联机构操作空间与关节空间非线性映射的性质,仅需检测末端沿z向的位置误差、以及在初始位形下的姿态误差便可识别出几何参数,并可通过修改系统输入实现末端位置误差补偿。给出算例以验证该方法的有效性。