基于时域同步平均与LabVIEW的行星齿轮箱信号预处理方法

行星齿轮传动相对于定轴齿轮传动,结构更加复杂,由太阳轮、行星轮、行星架和内齿圈构成。其结构特点致使其振动信号的信噪较小,对振动故障特征提取带来困扰。以行星齿轮箱实验平台为测试对象,采集了行星轮断齿故障的振动信号,通过时域同步平均的算法处理后的信号与原始信号对比,结合LabVIEW软件平台,验证了时域同步平均算法在行星轮断齿故障状态下的可行性。     

基于扭振信号加窗RMS时域同步平均的行星齿轮箱裂纹故障诊断

行星齿轮箱具有结构紧凑、传动效率高、运行平稳等优点,被广泛应用于关键机械装备中.由于恶劣的工作环境,行星齿轮箱易产生齿根裂纹故障损伤且不易被识别,易造成安全隐患.扭转振动信号理论上不受行星架旋转引入的路径调制影响,相比于传统研究中的横向振动信号具有很大的优越性,频率成分简单,易于提取故障特征.为此,以扭振信号为分析对象,提出了一种加窗RMS(Root meam square)时域同步平均技术,实现行星齿轮箱的早期齿根裂纹故障诊断;并搭建故障模拟试验台,验证了该方法的有效性.     

浮动式齿圈行星齿轮箱齿轮故障振动频谱模型

齿轮箱振动信号频谱结构的深入研究,对齿轮箱的故障诊断有很大帮助。但是到目前为止,还没有对齿圈浮动的行星齿轮箱频谱结构的相关研究。针对浮动式齿圈行星齿轮箱传动结构的特点,研究了振动信号传递路径对频谱结构的影响,得到了浮动式齿圈行星齿轮箱齿轮故障振动信号的频谱模型。利用包络谱对故障信号的幅值调制进行分析,简化了故障诊断工作。最后,运用所提频谱模型进行了故障诊断试验,准确发现了变速箱中的故障。     

基于离散随机分离的齿轮箱复合故障分析法

齿轮箱复合故障中,较弱的故障特征往往被较强的故障信号所淹没,传统方法较难实现对较弱故障特征的提取。为解决上述问题,提出一种基于离散随机分离的齿轮箱复合故障振动分析法。该方法首先使用快速谱峭度算法获取对齿轮箱振动信号的共振带参数,依据该共振带参数设计带通滤波器及结合Hilbert变换实现对振动信号包络提取;之后应用角域重采样将时域包络信号转换到角域以消除转速波动影响;再应用离散随机分离对角域包络信号进行分离,分别得到齿轮故障和轴承故障对应的角域包络信号;最后,分别对角域包络信号进行包络谱分析获得齿轮、轴承故障的特征频率信息。试验结果表明,该方法可实现齿轮箱齿轮及轴承复合故障特征的有效提取。     

基于时变零相位滤波的变转速滚动轴承故障诊断

针对变转速下齿轮箱中滚动轴承故障调制特征的提取与分离,提出了基于时变零相位滤波的变转速滚动轴承故障诊断方法。该方法先用线调频小波路径追踪(CPP)算法从齿轮箱滚动轴承故障振动信号中估计出齿轮啮合频率,由啮合频率除以齿数得到齿轮箱的转速,同时,采用Hilbert包络解调方法获取轴承故障振动信号的包络信号;然后根据获取的转速信息设计各阶时变零相位滤波器;再采用各时变零相位滤波器对包络信号进行分析,获取各调制信号;最后,利用转速信号对求取的各调制信号进行阶次分析,并根据各阶次谱来诊断滚动轴承故障。算法仿真和应用实例分析表明,该方法可有效提取和分离变速齿轮箱中滚动轴承的各阶故障调制特征。     

基于时域同步平均法的行星齿轮振动信号分离技术

基于某个特定的行星齿轮转过最小圈数后回到起始点这一特性,提出一种基于时域同步平均法的振动信号分离技术。由于实验采样时间较短,为了更快获取数据,根据行星齿轮啮合信号形状和齿宽,以及能量泄露小的特点,提出选择合适的窗函数—Tukeywin函数对信号进行加窗截取。选取窗宽为行星齿信号的一个齿宽,利用时域同步平均法对加窗信号进行相加平均,可提取到完整的行星齿轮信号。实验结果与对比分析表明,该方法简单且行之有效。     

考虑传递路径效应的行星齿轮箱断齿故障仿真研究

断齿是行星齿轮箱常见的一种故障形式。当行星齿轮箱发生断齿故障时,传感器采集到的振动信号由于传递路径的影响会变得复杂,给故障诊断带来困难。为了研究行星齿轮箱发生断齿故障时传递路径对频谱结构的影响,在Adams仿真平台中分别建立行星齿轮箱无故障、太阳轮断齿故障、行星轮断齿故障及齿圈断齿故障的刚柔耦合模型并进行仿真,提取分析了系统不同状态下箱体的振动仿真信号。结果表明,在时域波形中,路径的变化会对箱体固定位置测量点处的振动信号产生明显的调幅作用;在频谱图中,啮合频率的两侧也会产生由不同频率组合的边带成分。该研究可为后续行星齿轮箱的故障诊断提供依据和参考。     

基于扭转振动信号的行星齿轮箱齿根裂纹故障动力学仿真

基于振动的分析方法在行星齿轮箱齿根裂纹故障诊断中得到了广泛的应用.与传统的横向振动信号相比,扭转振动信号理论上不受时变传递路径的调制影响;其频率成分简单,易于提取故障特征.对动力学模型中提取的扭转振动信号进行分析,实现了齿根裂纹故障诊断.建立了健康行星齿轮箱的刚柔耦合模型并进行了验证;基于健康行星齿轮箱的模型,建立了3种构件的裂纹故障模型,提取了故障行星齿轮箱的动态响应信号;通过分析横向振动信号和扭转振动信号来诊断齿根裂纹故障.结果表明,采用扭转振动信号诊断行星齿轮箱轮齿裂纹故障是可行的,其相比传统的横向振动信号更具优越性.     

变速行星齿轮系统故障诊断方法

针对风力发电机行星齿轮系统变速非平稳工况,且故障信号耦合调制严重、传递路径复杂、噪声污染严重等特点,提出了基于阶次包络分析的故障诊断方法,详细阐述了方法原理和实现流程。通过对变速工况下的仿真加速度信号进行阶次包络分析,对比行星轮、太阳轮以及齿圈出现故障后与正常齿轮系统的阶次包络谱结构特性,总结了不同部件故障的特征阶次。在此基础上,通过对变速行星齿轮系统试验信号的分析表明:阶次包络分析方法能较好地抑制噪声干扰,反映故障特征清楚,且故障特征能作为变转速时行星齿轮系统故障诊断和定位的依据。     

行星轮系中太阳轮断齿故障特性分析

行星齿轮箱的诸多传动优点使其越来越广泛地被应用于诸多机械设备中,其振动响应比定轴齿轮箱更为复杂,相应的动力学模型建立及故障诊断成为近年来的研究难点和热点。目前对行星减速轮系的建模分析大多都是建立在正常状态下,缺乏对故障状态下的行星轮系建模研究;对行星轮系进行故障特性分析时,缺乏振动机理方面的研究。针对现有研究的不足,建立了考虑振动传递路径时变效应的行星齿轮系统动力学模型;推导了太阳轮断齿故障下的时变啮合刚度表达式,通过对行星齿轮系统动力学模型的求解,分析得到了太阳轮断齿时系统的频谱响应特性;最后通过试验信号的对比,验证了动力学模型分析结果的准确性。     

Vibration condition monitoring of planetary gearbox under varying external load

The paper shows that for condition monitoring of planetary gearboxes it is important to identify the external varying load condition. In the paper, systematic consideration has been taken of the influence of many factors on the vibration signals generated by a system in which a planetary gearbox is included. These considerations give the basis for vibration signal interpretation, development of the means of condition monitoring, and for the scenario of the degradation of the planetary gearbox. Real measured vibration signals obtained in the industrial environment are processed. The signals are recorded during normal operation of the diagnosed objects, namely planetary gearboxes, which are a part of the driving system used in a bucket wheel excavator, used in lignite mines. It is found that a planetary gearbox in bad condition is more susceptible to load than a gearbox in good condition. The estimated load time traces obtained by a demodulation process of the vibration acceleration signal for a planetary gearbox in good and bad conditions are given. It has been found that the most important factor of the proper planetary gearbox condition is connected with perturbation of arm rotation, where an arm rotation gives rise to a specific vibration signal whose properties are depicted by a short-time Fourier transform (STFT) and Wigner-Ville distribution presented as a time–frequency map. The paper gives evidence that there are two dominant low-frequency causes that influence vibration signal modulation, i.e. the varying load, which comes from the nature of the bucket wheel digging process, and the arm/carrier rotation. These two causes determine the condition of the planetary gearboxes considered. Typical local faults such as cracking or breakage of a gear tooth, or local faults in rolling element bearings, have not been found in the cases considered. In real practice, local faults of planetary gearboxes have not occurred, but heavy destruction of planetary gearboxes have been noticed, which are caused by a prolonged run of a planetary gearbox at the condition of the arm run perturbation. It may be stated that the paper gives a new approach to the condition monitoring of planetary gearboxes. It has been shown that only a root cause analysis based on factors having an influence on the vibration solves the problem of planetary gearbox condition monitoring.     

基于EEMD的行星齿轮箱齿轮裂纹损伤定位

针对行星齿轮式变速箱的齿轮裂纹损伤难以提取特征频率和定位的问题,提出基于总体平均经验模式分解(ensemble empirical mode decomposition,简称EEMD)的齿轮局部损伤频率解调分析方法。该方法在建立的齿轮局部损伤振动信号模型的基础上,分别对太阳轮、齿圈、行星轮的裂纹损伤信号进行EEMD分解和频率解调分析,通过频谱图提取齿轮的局部损伤特征频率,从而识别变速箱中裂纹损伤齿轮的位置。综合仿真分析和试验结果表明,基于EEMD的齿轮局部损伤频率解调分析方法可以有效地提取太阳轮、齿圈和行星轮的裂纹损伤特征频率,实现行星齿轮式变速箱中齿轮裂纹损伤的定位。     

Health condition identification of planetary gearboxes based on variational mode decomposition and generalized composite multi-scale symbolic dynamic entropy

This paper proposes a novel fault diagnosis method based on variational mode decomposition (VMD) and generalized composite multi-scale symbol dynamic entropy (GCMSDE) to identify the different health conditions of planetary gearboxes. First, VMD is adopted to remove the noises and highlight the fault symptoms. Second, GCMSDE is utilized to extract the fault features from the denoised vibration signals. Third, the Laplacian score (LS) approach is employed to refine the fault features. Finally, the new features are fed into Softmax regression to identify the health conditions of planetary gearboxes. The proposed method is numerically and experimentally demonstrated to be able to differentiate seven localized fault types on the sun gear, planet gear and ring gear of planetary gearboxes.     

高速列车转向架区气动噪声分离研究

提出了一种基于快速路径优化的自适应短时傅里叶变换时频分析方法，并将该方法用于行星齿轮箱的故障诊断。该时频分析方法通过使用快速路径优化获得瞬时频率变化规律，在短时傅里叶变换过程中自适应的改变时窗长度，从而获得更恰当的时频分辨率。针对行星齿轮箱运行状态不稳定的特点，通过使用笔者提出的时频分析方法可以有效地提取出行星齿轮箱的转速信息，利用参考转速对故障信号角度域重采样和阶次分析，从而实现变转速情况下的行星齿轮箱故障诊断。仿真分析表明，与传统短时傅里叶变换相比基于快速路径优化的自适应短时傅里叶变换得到的时频分布能量更加集中；试验分析证明了基于快速路径优化的自适应短时傅里叶变换方法在行星齿轮箱故障诊断中的有效性。     

基于自混合干涉的齿轮箱故障诊断技术

将激光自混合干涉（SMI）技术用于齿轮箱的故障检测,设计出一种新的齿轮箱故障检测传感器。采用QL65D5SA型半导体激光自混合传感器、冯哈勃2342l012CR空心杯减速电机自带的行星齿轮箱,搭建了行星齿轮箱故障SMI检测系统,并对行星轮Z1做断齿故障实验。通过对时域波形的分析,可以找到额定转频下的12个冲击点;通过对齿轮箱故障信号傅里叶频谱的分析,发现故障齿轮的啮合频率周围出现与故障齿轮特征频率和行星架转频呈整数倍关系的边带,且啮合频率处的波形幅值明显增大,这些都与齿轮副的理论振动模型相符合。     

行星齿轮典型断齿故障的动力学仿真

基于一种改进的行星齿轮箱集总参数模型,将断齿故障等效到时变啮合刚度中,建立了直齿行星齿轮的太阳轮断齿故障、行星轮断齿故障和内齿圈断齿故障的动力学模型。以某单级行星齿轮为研究对象,考虑扭转方向外部激励,对其正常和各断齿故障状态下的动力学模型进行求解,对内齿圈垂直振动加速度信号进行分析。研究结果表明:只考虑扭转方向的外部激励时,正常状态下内齿圈最高点处的垂直振动加速度信号频谱中幅值最高的共振峰与模态能量分布相关;在各断齿故障状态下,内齿圈垂直振动加速度的有效值均大于正常值,时域波形中可看到不同形式的冲击,包络谱中可看到对应的故障特征频率及其倍频成分。     

面向故障诊断的行星齿轮扭振信号测量与分析

行星齿轮箱的运行状态对直升机飞行安全非常重要。行星齿轮箱常工作在恶劣的条件下,容易出现磨损或疲劳裂纹等故障。为实现基于扭振信号的行星齿轮传动故障诊断,采用基于增量式编码器的扭振信号测量方法,分别测量了输入轴和输出轴的扭振信号,并分析对比了信号对齿轮故障的敏感性,结果表明,输入轴信号较输出轴信号能更准确地诊断故障。分析比较了负载对信号的影响,认为在重载情况下输出轴扭振信号比输入轴扭振信号对故障特征更加敏感。     

Vibration signal modeling of a planetary gear set with transmission path effect analysis

For a planetary gear set, the transducer-perceived vibration signal contains vibration information from multiple sources including the sun gear, planet gears, and the ring gear. All these vibration sources are subject to corresponding transmission path effects. In this paper, a comprehensive vibration signal model for a planetary gear set is proposed considering all the vibration sources and transmission path effects. Vibration sources were generated with a nonlinear two-dimensional lumped-parameter dynamic model. Transmission path effects are modeled as two parts: the part inside the gearbox to the casing and the other part along the casing to the transducer position. Given the gear sizes, the transmission path effect modeling parameters are estimated. Then the influences of different transmission paths on resultant vibration signals are analyzed. Some vibration characteristics are revealed for one healthy planetary gear set. These vibration characteristics are validated with lab experimental data in both time domain and frequency domain.     

Gearbox fault diagnosis using adaptive zero phase time-varying filter based on multi-scale chirplet sparse signal decomposition

When used for separating multi-component non-stationary signals, the adaptive time-varying filter(ATF) based on multi-scale chirplet sparse signal decomposition(MCSSD) generates phase shift and signal distortion. To overcome this drawback, the zero phase filter is introduced to the mentioned filter, and a fault diagnosis method for speed-changing gearbox is proposed. Firstly, the gear meshing frequency of each gearbox is estimated by chirplet path pursuit. Then, according to the estimated gear meshing frequencies, an adaptive zero phase time-varying filter(AZPTF) is designed to filter the original signal. Finally, the basis for fault diagnosis is acquired by the envelope order analysis to the filtered signal. The signal consisting of two time-varying amplitude modulation and frequency modulation(AM-FM) signals is respectively analyzed by ATF and AZPTF based on MCSSD. The simulation results show the variances between the original signals and the filtered signals yielded by AZPTF based on MCSSD are 13.67 and 41.14, which are far less than variances (323.45 and 482.86) between the original signals and the filtered signals obtained by ATF based on MCSSD. The experiment results on the vibration signals of gearboxes indicate that the vibration signals of the two speed-changing gearboxes installed on one foundation bed can be separated by AZPTF effectively. Based on the demodulation information of the vibration signal of each gearbox, the fault diagnosis can be implemented. Both simulation and experiment examples prove that the proposed filter can extract a mono-component time-varying AM-FM signal from the multi-component time-varying AM-FM signal without distortion.     

行星齿轮传动系统刚柔耦合建模及故障特性仿真研究

针对某型坦克行星变速箱的K3行星排,为了研究故障齿轮对行星传动系统的动态特性影响,运用SolidWorks、Adams及ANSYS软件,建立其刚柔耦合动力学模型并进行联合仿真分析,验证了刚柔耦合模型相对于纯刚体模型在时域、频域上的振动响应;通过分析危险节点应力变化曲线,得到应力极大值时刻等效应力分布云图;阐明了轮齿剥落故障产生原因并模拟故障运行,与正常状态下的接触力、加速度仿真信号对比分析,得到了轮齿剥落故障的时域、频域响应特征。仿真结果可为行星变速箱的故障机理、故障诊断技术研究提供基础依据与理论支撑。