单弯管下游超声流量计的安装和测量性能研究

对大管径多声道超声流量计在单弯管下游流场中的安装和测量性能进行了数值仿真研究,分析了超声流量计在0.1 m、1 m和10 m口径下不同流速、声道数、旋转角以及前直管段长度时测量误差的变化规律。仿真结果表明,交叉声道布置形式对弯管产生的二次流所引入的横向测量误差有很好地抑制作用;对于大口径弯管下游流量测量,采用交叉4声道且将超声流量计安装在弯管下游5D位置可以获得1%的精度,且随着声道数的增多测量误差有减小的趋势;相同雷诺数时的测量误差基本相同。研究结果可为大管径多声道超声流量计的实际安装和使用提供一定的参考。     

基于CFD的超声波流量计最优声道位置研究

时差法超声波流量计圆形管道内不同声道位置上流体平均流速与管道截面平均流速的关系已被广泛研究,但是对于非圆形测量管体尚缺乏相应报道.本文针对某种方形管道,采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法获得管道内的流场分布,进而通过数值计算得到时差法超声波流量计不同声道上K系数(即超声波传播路径上流体平均流速与管道截面流体平均流速之比)随雷诺数的变化关系,并选取K系数随雷诺数变化最小的声道作为最优声道,研究结果有利于简化流量补偿计算.     

非线性最小二乘法在多声道超声波流量计测量非理想流动中的应用

针对多声道超声波流量计在流量计算过程中应用的数值积分方法只适用于理想的充分发展流动的问题,提出在测量非理想流动时应用非线性二乘法计算最小的流速误差的平方和,流速误差平方和最小时计算得到的权重系数即为多声道超声波流量计在测量非理想流动时的最优权重系数,提高了流量计在测量非理想流动时的精度。应用计算流体力学仿真软件FLUENT对单弯管和异面双弯管下游5D和10D处的流速测量进行仿真验证,应用优化后的权重系数进行流速计算可以使测量误差减小到±0.5%以内。     

超声波气体流量计的管道模型仿真和误差分析

为满足不断发展的超声波气体流量计测量精度的需要,改进传感器的设计精度和有效降低安装测试及样机调试成本,针对制约超声波气体流量计测量精度主要误差源之一的管道流场分析问题,结合计算机建模数值仿真技术及实验技术对其流场设计参数以及弯管安装条件等对超声波测量误差产生原因进行定量分析.理论研究和仿真实验结果表明,可以量化分析气体超声波流量计流场误差产生的原因、范围,并通过限定流场修止系数更有效地降低其测量误差,这项研究对该超声波气体流量计的优化设计和工程应用具有一定的指导意义.     

上游弯管对超声波流量计精度影响及整流设计

针对上游弯管流场变化对超声波流量计测量精度的影响,利用CFD对测量管道内部流场进行数值仿真模拟,并设计整流器改善由弯管导致的明显的二次流和涡流等情况,以减小超声波流量计测量误差。研究对象为基于时差法的DN15超声波液体流量计,流量范围在0.1～1.5 m~3/h内,上游弯管与流量计之间测试直管段距离为2～20D。对比超声波流量计加装整流器前后测量误差,通过实验结果验证,未整流时流量计随着直管段越短测量误差越大,安装的整流器可以改善管道内流场的速度分布,将直管段长度缩短为10D,提升超声波流量计测量误差满足在±1.5%以内,验证了数值模拟的正确性,对工程实际应用具有一定指导意义。     

多声道气体超声流量测量动态数据提取与分析

气体超声波流量计研制中，准确定位每个声道正程和逆程收到的回波信号特征点，是精确测量得到该方向传播时间以及通过计算各声道时间差精确得到气体流量值的关键。提出了提取与分析气体超声流量计动态调试数据的方法，获取了回波信号各峰的归一化幅值数据；比较其归一化系数差值，得出最大差值所在的相邻峰为特征峰，两特征峰之间的上升过零点为到达时间阈值点，根据确定的阈值点得到精确的传播时间值。通过Python完成对原始数据的提取和分离并整理到Excel文件中，通过Excel将归一化幅值数据转换为散点图并加以分析，从而快速准确地获取阈值点，进而定位回波信号特征点。通过该方法设定阈值参数的DN50型双声道气体超声流量计，实验证明，所研究的DN50型双声道气体超声流量计能满足气体超声流量计检定规程中对1.0级仪表精度的要求。     

超声波流量计反射声道测量精度的数值模拟

为找到天然气输送过程中超声波流量计的误差来源，从气体流速分布角度分析超声波流量计反射声道的测量精度影响，根据工艺流程，建立管道模型，利用计算流体力学方法，获得管道内流场分布，分析了90°弯头和三通下游流速分布情况，以速度分布校正系数（k系数）的变化随雷诺数变化越小的声道测量精度越高作为衡量声道测量精度的方法，在90°弯头下游40D处分析了反射声道类型、声道分布方式以及声道入射角度对声道测量精度的影响。研究结果表明：（1）单反射和三反射的k系数稳定性优于双反射；（2）反射声道分布方式中k系数的稳定性，单反射2、4优于单反射1、3，双反射3优于双反射2、4优于双反射1，三反射2优于三反射1;(3)声道入射角度对单反射2、4和双反射1及三反射2的k系数稳定性几乎无影响，而对双反射2、4影响较明显。结论认为，该研究结果可为反射型超声波流量计的声道提供更合理的选择。     

斜插式超声流量计探头插入深度影响实验研究

研究了DN500和DN1000口径斜插式超声流量计探头安装位置影响误差,针对凸出、相切和凹陷3种探头安装位置分别进行了实验研究.得到了不同探头安装位置对流量计流量测量引入的误差,分析了探头影响误差的来源,深入剖析了流量计表体大小及声道数与探头安装位置引入误差的关系.通过分析给出按照相切位置安装探头的流量计不需进行探头位置影响误差修正,按照凸出位置安装的流量计可以使用修正公式进行修正,修正后流量误差接近于零.凹陷探头修正声道范围影响误差后,流量测量误差变为正值,其探头流场扰动影响需要积累较多数据后根据经验进行修正.     

超声波流量计整流器优化设计

气体超声波流量计的测量精度由飞行时间的测量精度和流量计自身的流场适应性决定,流量计的流场适应性又由流量计的声道布置和整流器的性能决定。文章设计了一种内嵌于流量计的整流器,详细阐述了该整流器的结构、各模块的功能。介绍了整流器性能优化的理论依据、过程以及整流器性能优劣的判别准则。该整流器性能优化主要取决于起旋器的优化,文章给出了装有8片起旋器和装有10片起旋器的整流器在直管、单弯管下的性能参数对比,试验结果显示装有10片起旋器的整流器有着更好的流场适应性：重复性满足国标要求,直管示值误差与弯管示值误差的差值<0.3%。文章的创新点在于给出气体超声波流量计整流器设计和优化的理论依据和一整套流程,对于设计气体超声波流量计整流器的科研人员有借鉴意义。     

含内套管的弯管流量测量装置特性研究

为对一种含内套管的弯管流量测量装置的特性进行研究,采用数值建模的计算方式,对内套管在不同安装位置下的流动状态进行数值分析,结果表明流道发生一定变化未对流量系数可靠性产生影响;运用涡轮流量计标定试验对其流动阻力与流量系数进行研究,得出了不同流量下的流量系数,并由此得出该弯管的流量系数经验公式。结论表明该特殊弯管流量测量装置性能稳定,流量系数误差小,可以满足多数工业现场流量测量要求。     

New measurement method for very low liquid flow rates using ultrasound

A very small ultrasonic flowmeter for liquids with measuring pipe diameter down to 0.5 mm was developed using disk ultrasonic transducers. The transducer has a hole in the center and the measuring pipe passes through the hole. The vibration mode in the radial direction of the transducer was used, and ultrasound was transmitted and received from outside the pipe wall. The flowmeter can measure a liquid flow rate below 1 ml/min, which corresponds to a Reynolds number of about 40 based on the measuring pipe diameter. The standard deviation of flow rate measurement was 0.01 ml/min (1%) at the flow rate of 1 ml/min.     

Flow disturbance compensation calculated with flow simulations for ultrasonic clamp-on flowmeters with optimized path arrangement

Ultrasonic clamp-on flowmeters (USCF) are popular among measurement technologies due to the versatility of applications, increasing accuracy, and easy, non-intrusive mounting, with the sensors being mounted directly on the external surface of the pipe. In industrial applications, installation space is usually restricted and therefore, flowmeters must be mounted often directly downstream of flow disturbances (FD). A major issue of USCF is the long inlet run needed downstream of FD to achieve a measurement within the specified accuracy. A configuration of two V-paths is proposed, axially rotated 90° relative to each other, that compensates for the flow error introduced due to disturbed flow conditions, independent of the rotational position of the flowmeter. Flow disturbance compensation (FlowDC) is achieved, i.e., accurate measurements within the specification of 2% flow rate accuracy, when the flowmeter is mounted as close as 2 pipe diameters (D) downstream of a FD. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are employed to generate rotationally independent correction factors that compensate for the error introduced from disturbed inlet conditions. An automated simulation method is developed to generate correction factors for 90° bend, out-of-plane bend, expansion, and contraction, at mounting distances from 2D to 100D, several flow rates, and rotational positions 0°, 90°, 180°, 270°. This study would be practically impossible with non-automated simulations or solely with measurements. In-house experiments were performed with an industrial clamp-on device at selected distances from the FD with the aim of verifying the simulation results. An independent field-test is presented that showcases the value of FlowDC in USCF applications. The automated simulations have the capability to simulate further FDs on-demand, with the aim of creating a database for the needs of the respective application in industry.     

多声道超声流量计在弯管段安装的适应性研究

针对在不具备直管段安装条件时,如何合理地选取多声道超声流量计的声道数量、测量断面及安装角度,本文从数学建模、误差分析、数值计算仿真与试验分析等方面,对DN400多声道超声流量计在弯管中的适应性进行了综合研究.利用高斯-雅克比数值积分法,给出了试验数据处理与数值仿真的数学模型,并分析了模型误差及横流的影响,提出利用双断面测量可减小横流的影响,并在数值仿真和试验中得到了验证.通过对声道数量、测量断面、安装角度进行数值仿真和试验表明,安装角度对低流速测量影响显著,最佳安装角应为0°;高流速测量应选用双断面,可根据测量精度的要求选用8声道或18声道.仿真结果与试验结果得到了很好的吻合,为进一步指导试验奠定了理论基础.     

Measurement of velocity of sand-containing Oil–Water two-phase flow with super high water holdup in horizontal small pipe based on thermal tracers

When oil fields enter the last production period, the water holdup in the well is extremely high. Chemical flooding and horizontal well technology are often used to enhance oil recovery. These techniques result in a high downhole fluid viscosity and serious sand production, which leads to the failure of common velocity measurements because of sticking sand, and yields new logging difficulties. This paper presents a method of the velocity measurement of sand-containing oil–water two-phase flow in a super high water holdup pipe diameter based on thermal tracers. The measurement accuracy of the thermal tracer velocity method is related closely to parameters that affect its performance. Parameter optimization is required to improve the measurement accuracy. ANSYS Fluent was used for a numerical simulation of the heat-source shape and material, thermistor probe installation position and fluid heating power, and the method was verified experimentally. The optimal parameters of the thermal tracer flowmeter were obtained by numerical simulation, the heat source material was aluminum and the shape was rectangular. The thermistor probe was located 160–220 mm from the heat source, and the pulse heating power was 350 W. The experiment results show that the accuracy of the thermal tracer flowmeter was 4%, the repeatability was 2.6%, and the measurement accuracy of the flow velocity was unaffected by water holdup and sand.     

Development of side wall type permanent magnet flowmeter for sodium flow measurement in large pipes of SFRs

Sodium cooled Fast Reactors (SFR) require measurement of liquid sodium flow in its primary and secondary circuits. For the primary system of the pool type concept of SFR design, flowmeters have to be immersed in sodium pool and require flow sensors which can withstand high temperatures up to 550 °C, nuclear radiation and chemically reactive sodium environment. Secondary circuits and safety grade decay heat removal (SGDHR) circuits of SFR need flow measurement in stainless steel (SS) pipes of diameter varying from 15 mm to 800 mm. For small pipes, flowmeters with permanent magnet flowmeter with ALNICO-V magnet assembly is the unanimous choice. Conventional permanent magnet flowmeters (PMFM) for large pipelines become bulky, heavy and have installation problems. For sodium flow measurement in large pipelines a few other alternate methods are considered. In the case of Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR), which is at an advanced stage of construction at Kalpakkam, flow in the 800 mm diameter secondary main circuit is measured by means of a bypass flowmeter. Other sensors that could be deployed include eddy current flowmeters (ECFM), which are introduced into the pipe to measure flow velocity in the pipe, ultrasonic flowmeters and permanent magnet based side wall flowmeters. In permanent magnet based side wall flowmeter (SWFM), a permanent magnet block is mounted on one side of the large pipe and the magnetic field produced by the magnet penetrates through the pipe and interacts with the flowing sodium and induces an electro motive force (emf) proportional to the flow. This is a compact, cost effective and fairly accurate method for flow measurement in large pipelines of SFR circuits. SWFM is suitable for pipelines of 100 mm and above. In the present work a side wall flowmeter for 100 mm pipe is designed, manufactured, calibrated and tested in an existing sodium facility. Voltage signal developed in SWFM for different flowrates was simulated with three dimensional Finite Element Model (FEM) and validated with experimental results. Effect of asymmetric magnetic field on flowmeter voltage signal and dependence of flowmeter voltage signal on position of electrodes was also analyzed with model. The feasibility of use of this type of flowmeter for large pipelines of SFRs is demonstrated.     

温压补偿型超声气体质量流量计

对超声时差法进行算法改进后，结合气体密度公式推导出超声质量流量方程，据此设计出温压补偿型超声气体质量流量计，给出了流量计核心系统及温压补偿部分的硬件设计。将只用于流体体积流量测量的超声流量计推广到气体质量流量测量领域，使超声流量计趋向理想化。经实验证明此流量计在测量常压空气时精度可达1．42％。     

Particle image velocimetry flowmeter for natural gas applications

Ultrasonic flowmeters are currently used in the measurement of large natural gas flow. However, their high sensitivity to noise signals can cause measurement errors and direct economic losses. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurement technology has several advantages, including convenient installation and maintenance, and strong anti-interference ability, thereby presenting an innovative idea for its application in the field of flow measurement. In this paper, a cyclic integration method is proposed for the application of PIV technology in flow measurement of natural gas. The results show that PIV flowmeter and ultrasonic flowmeter are basically consistent, and the maximum deviation is about 2%. confirming the feasibility of the PIV flowmeter. Therefore, this study provides a theoretical and technical reference for the development of a PIV flowmeter for natural gas.     

基于物联网的高精度超声波气体流量监测系统设计

针对工业现场超声波流量计要求较高精度,简化现场布线,对安装现场进行监控预警又要远距离传输数据的需求,设计了一种基于物联网MQTT协议和ESP8266芯片的高精度超声波气体监控系统。使用DHT22测量温湿度、MQ-4测量甲烷浓度。为提高超声波流量计的精度,使用Z式探头安装法与MAX35104高精度气体测量芯片。采用STM32F103ZET6作为主控MCU,实现对外围电路的控制及数据处理。为实现远程控制与无线传输数据,采用ESP8266芯片通过网络传输数据。实验证明,该系统实现了测量现场的布线简化、危险环境监控和远程数据传输,可以进行气体流量测量,成本较低,可靠性高。