循环流化床锅炉受热面磨损研究

针对循环流化床锅炉受高固体浓度不断冲刷而产生严重磨损的问题,分析循环流化床受热面磨损机理,从结构和运行两方面探讨循环流化床锅炉受热面磨损的具体原因,并提出控制循环流化床锅炉磨损方案,包括改进工艺、增强安全检查、优化热风控制,其中重点在于工艺改进。     

矩形电容层析成像传感器仿真模拟和实验测量

常规电容层析成像传感器为规则对称方形或圆形结构,其测量和成像算法已相对成熟.由于受循环流化床旋风分离器入口结构段的限制,上述传感器结构已不能应用在旋风分离器入口段的测量,因此为了研究大型化循环流化床多旋风分离器并联布置入口段固体颗粒浓度分布,提出和设计了一种矩形非常规电容传感器,该传感器为12电极结构,在每个入口段的短边布置2个电极,长边布置4个电极,成像敏感场仿真计算基于Ansoft-Maxwell软件.对此传感器进行了静态仿真模拟研究和静态实验测量,对不同激励电压和频率测量结果进行分析,并对测量结果进行误差分析,得到矩形不规则电容传感器最佳测量参数(激励电压和频率),并对循环流化床分离器入口段进行了动态测量.结果表明,这种矩形非常规电容传感器可以用于循环流化床冷态试验台的旋风分离器入口段的直接测量,测量结果对改进旋风分离器的布置方式有参考意义.     

循环流化床锅炉灰循环及浓度的探讨

阐述了循环流化床锅炉内、外灰循环的原理,根据循环流化床锅炉实际运行数据,对锅炉内、外灰循环灰量的量化问题进行了分析．并对内外灰循环作用的区别和关系进行了探讨,还结合锅炉灰循环倍率及浓度的设计以及在运行中的调整等情况提出循环流化床锅炉能否稳定运行的相关结论。     

循环流化床颗粒团多参数的光散射测量方法

针对循环流化床床内颗粒团动态参数和行为特性的测量问题,提出了基于光散射原理的颗粒团运动速度、高度与浓度等多参数同时在线测量方法,利用该方法对二维冷态循环流化床试验台开展颗粒团参数测量,获得了颗粒经测量区造成的光强衰减信号,通过对上下测量单元光强信号进行互相关分析可获得颗粒团运动速度参数;对信号进行低通滤波,根据低频信号极值点时间差及运动速度测量结果,得到颗粒团高度参数;同时根据光强衰减程度计算颗粒团的浓度参数。由此实现了基于光散射原理的循环流化床床内颗粒团运动速度、高度与浓度多参数同时在线测量,测量结果显示,在典型工况下,提升管中心区域颗粒团运动速度较为稳定,平均速度为3.81 m/s,近壁面区域颗粒团运动速度有较大波动且出现负值,平均速度为0.65 m/s;中心区域颗粒浓度较近壁面区域小;中心区域颗粒团高度主要分布在20～40 mm区间,近壁面区域颗粒团高度主要分布在30～60 mm区间。这为循环流化床内颗粒团的形成、结构及其运动研究提供了一种有效的测量手段。     

固液旋流泵固体颗粒分布的数值模拟研究

对围液旋流泵内部流场进行了全流道三维数值模拟.计算网络采用分块非结构化网格,湍流计算模型采用标准中k-ε模型,算珐采用SIMPLEC算法.对固体颗粒的分布情况进行了详细分析,结果表明,固体颗粒在长叶片工作面上分布较多,并随着颗粒直径的增大分布逐渐增多,在短叶片及空腔中颗粒分布较少,从长叶片的工作边到非工作边固体颗粒分布适渐减小.泵的磨损主要发生在长叶片工作面的转弯处,短叶片上磨损较小.     

循环湍动流化床的研究进展

循环湍动流化床是将循环流化床和湍动流化床的优点综合为一体的新型流化床反应器,使床层在操作过程中不仅能在较高的颗粒循环速率下操作,处理能力大,且床层混合充分,气固之间传质传热性能好。对循环流化床、湍动流化床和循环湍动流化床三种装置图进行了简单的对比,并介绍了近年来一些学者在该领域的研究现状和进展,探讨了操作条件对循环湍动流化床反应器内流动特性的影响规律,并指出了今后循环湍动流化床研究的方向,为加快循环湍动流化床的工业应用提供参考。     

循环流化床锅炉的磨损分析及解决

循环流化床锅炉中金属部件的磨损是造成其运行事故的主要原因之一。因此,循环流化床锅炉中金属部件的防磨措施,直接影响循环流化床锅炉机组的经济运行和安全运行。为此,本文分析了循环流化床锅炉产生磨损的原因,并针对炉膛内的磨损提出了防磨措施。     

基于和声优化模糊控制器的循环流化床床温控制设计与实现

循环流化床床温由于非线性、大时延和时变性,采用传统PID难以控制。文章提出了一种基于二进制和声优化算法的模糊控制器,并将其应用于循环流化床床温的控制。仿真结果表明,该控制器控制性能相对于传统的PID控制有了较大地改进,具有较强的鲁棒性。     

基于BPSO-SVR的循环流化床锅炉燃烧系统建模

由于循环流化床锅炉燃烧系统预测模型的各输入变量具有较强关联性、耦合性,经典的锅炉NOx排放量建模方法中的模型参数调节难度较大,导致对NOx排放量浓度的预测精度不高.针对这一问题,提出支持向量回归(SVR)与双态粒子群算法(BPSO)相结合的BPSO-SVR建模方法.以一台循环流化床锅炉为研究对象,首先对用于建模的数据进行预处理后得到样本数据,然后利用BPSO-SVR训练出锅炉NOx排放量浓度模型.在Matlab平台上将此建模方法与PSO-SVR建模方法、SVR建模方法、BP神经网络建模方法进行仿真对比,仿真结果表明该方法具有更高预测精度和更强的泛化能力.     

循环流化床反应器二氧化碳捕集研究

采用固体吸收剂对二氧化碳进行捕集是一种简单有效的方法。基于双流体模型,采用考虑颗粒聚团结构影响的能量最小多尺度曳力模型(Energy minimization multi-scale method,EMMS)计算气固相间曳力作用。以碳酸钾作为固体吸收剂,结合化学反应动力学理论,建立碳酸钾吸收二氧化碳过程的化学反应模型。以YI等的流化床试验台为模拟对象,对循环流化床二氧化碳吸收器内二氧化碳捕集过程进行模拟研究。模拟得到不同曳力模型对二氧化碳去除率的影响,发现采用EMMS曳力模型更接近试验数据。模拟给出颗粒体积分数、二氧化碳组分质量分数及固体温度分布特性。分析水蒸气质量分数、反应器高度以及操作压力对二氧化碳去除率的影响。结果表明,随着水蒸气质量分数及反应器高度的增加,二氧化碳去除率得到明显提高;而操作压力的增加使得二氧化碳的去除率有所降低。     

Electrical capacitance tomography for gas–solids flow measurement for circulating fluidized beds

Gas–solids flows in the risers of circulating fluidised beds (CFBs) and cyclones exhibit complex physical behaviour, such as local backflow and recirculation. The difficulties in accurate measurement of gas–solids flows stem from various flow regimes, which exist in multi-phase flows in pipelines and vessels. It is necessary to investigate the solids’ fraction profile, flow regime identification, image reconstruction, flow acceleration and flow velocity. Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is regarded to be a successful technology for imaging industrial processes containing dielectric materials. ECT would help understanding of gas–particle interaction, particle–boundary interaction and the influence of gas on the solids’ flow turbulence.The first part of this paper covers some new developments in ECT, i.e., algorithms for 3D image presentation and on-line iterative image reconstruction. The second part presents a novel non-intrusive technique for measuring axial and angular velocities. Theoretical and experimental studies, carried out using cross-correlation techniques in a cyclone separator dipleg, confirm the feasibility of on-line velocity measurement. Experimental results from various gas–solids flow facilities, CFB and cyclone, are presented.     

3D ECT reconstruction by an improved Landweber iteration algorithm

Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a relatively mature non-invasive imaging technique that attempts to map dielectric permittivity of materials. Recently, 3D ECT has gained interest because of its potential to generate volumetric images. The study of a fast and accurate image reconstruction algorithm is a challenge task, especially for 3D reconstruction. In this paper, we propose an improved Landweber iteration algorithm. We incorporate an additional acceleration term into the cost function and apply an adaptive threshold operation to the image obtained in each iteration for reducing artefacts. The algorithm proposed is tested by the noise-free and noise-contaminated capacitance data. Sensitivity matrixes and capacitance data of a 3D ECT sensor are obtained by using the finite element (FE) method. Extensive simulations in 3D reconstruction are carried out. The results verify the effectiveness of these improvements. Both the reconstruction time and the artefacts in the reconstructed image are reduced obviously. The experimental results of 3D reconstruction of objects in the shape of letters U and L confirm the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm further.     

ITS Reconstruction Tool-Suite: An inverse algorithm package for industrial process tomography

Electrical resistance tomography (ERT) and electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) are two established process tomography techniques that can be applied into various indsutries. ERT can monitor the electrical conductivity changes in the process whereas ECT can detect the electrical dielectric materials. Due to their high-speed and low cost features, they are particularly attractive to industrial applications which require real time conditional monitoring. For the past decades, 2D linear back projection (LBP) has been the standard technique for both commercialised ERT and ECT systems because of its simplicity and fast reconstruction speed. In this paper, ITS Plc has released a 'Reconstruction Tool-Suite' software that allows industrial users to utilise different reconstruction algorithms to further understand their processes. Different algorithms are integrated into this software package including the single step Tikhonov method and the iterative Landweber method. In the latest version of the software, the full-field 3D tomography reconstruction scheme is also included, which allows the users to perform 3D reconstruction for their processes. A series of experiments are conducted to validate the pros and cons of different methods.     

Image reconstruction of electrical capacitance tomography based on optimal simulated annealing algorithm using orthogonal test method

Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a visualization measurement method for two-phase flow. Imaging permittivity distributions using electrical capacitance tomography has always been one of the most significant issues studied by scholars, and the algorithm will have a great impact on the accuracy of image reconstruction result. This paper applies simulated annealing (SA) algorithm to image reconstruction in ECT. However, some parameters of SA algorithm need to be optimized in order to obtain better reconstructed images in ECT. The influence of different parameter values in SA algorithm for image reconstruction in ECT is studied, and a set of optimal parameters of the SA algorithm is obtained based on the orthogonal experimental design method in this paper. At the same time, simulation and static experiments are conducted. Reconstructed images by SA algorithm with optimized parameter are compared with the linear back projection (LBP) and Landweber iterative algorithms. The results show that better images can be obtained for typical oil-gas two-phase flow using SA algorithm. The quality and shape fidelity of reconstructed image for the central object are obviously improved.     

流化床物料密度分布可视化研究

文中针对流化床物料密度分布的特点和要求,分析了电容层析成像（ECT）系统多层电容极板的性能,传感器阵列的各结构参数进行选取,最后给出流化床密度分布三维成像结果及误差。     

Three-dimensional volume reconstruction of extracellular matrix proteins in uveal melanoma from fluorescent confocal laser scanning microscope images

The distribution of looping patterns of laminin in uveal melanomas and other tumours has been associated with adverse outcome. Moreover, these patterns are generated by highly invasive tumour cells through the process of vasculogenic mimicry and are not therefore blood vessels. Nevertheless, these extravascular matrix patterns conduct plasma. The three‐dimensional (3D) configuration of these laminin‐rich patterns compared with blood vessels has been the subject of speculation and intensive investigation. We have developed a method for the 3D reconstruction of volume for these extravascular matrix proteins from serial paraffin sections cut at 4 µm thicknesses and stained with a fluorescently labelled antibody to laminin ( Maniotis et al., 2002 ). Each section was examined via confocal laser‐scanning focal microscopy (CLSM) and 13 images were recorded in the Z‐dimension for each slide. The input CLSM imagery is composed of a set of 3D subvolumes (stacks of 2D images) acquired at multiple confocal depths, from a sequence of consecutive slides. Steps for automated reconstruction included (1) unsupervised methods for selecting an image frame from a subvolume based on entropy and contrast criteria, (2) a fully automated registration technique for image alignment and (3) an improved histogram equalization method that compensates for spatially varying image intensities in CLSM imagery due to photo‐bleaching. We compared image alignment accuracy of a fully automated method with registration accuracy achieved by human subjects using a manual method. Automated 3D volume reconstruction was found to provide significant improvement in accuracy, consistency of results and performance time for CLSM images acquired from serial paraffin sections.     

基于改进ECT的隔热材料胶层无损检测研究

电容层析成像(ECT)技术是能显示被测物场的二维或三维介质分布图像的实时检测技术,基于平面阵列传感器的ECT系统为陶瓷多孔隔热材料缺陷检测提供一种新的技术途径。本文针对陶瓷多孔隔热材料粘结胶层的缺陷无损检测问题,提出了一种基于改进的电容层析成像方法。首先在分析平面阵列传感器ECT检测系统模型及成像原理的基础上,提出了一种改进初值的Landwebe迭代图像重建算法;进一步将该算法应用到基材表层与隔热材料之间的粘结胶层的缺陷检测领域,并通过实验验证了采用基于改进ECT的无损检测方法在陶瓷多孔隔热材料粘结胶层缺陷检测中应用的有效性;同时与采用传统ECT成像算法的检测实验进行比较。结果表明本文提出的改进ECT算法对胶层缺陷图像重建质量具有较大幅度的提高。     

基于MCMC方法的电容成像图像重构算法

研究基于概率统计的电容成像图像重构算法,以马尔科夫随机场的方式给出介电常数分布的先验概率,利用电容成像(electrical capacitance tomography,ECT)线性模型得到似然函数,通过马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗(Markov chain Monte Carlo,MCMC)方法对介电常数分布的后验概率密度进行采样,马尔科夫链的转移核利用Metropolis-Hastings方法得到,结合嵌套迭代提高计算效率。仿真结果表明,嵌套迭代-MCMC方法在正则化参数设置合适的条件下,可以得到较好的图像质量,基于MCMC方法图像重构算法为解决ECT图像重构问题提供一种新思路。     

三维内部构造显微镜设计

通过连续切片获取生物体二维断层图像然后进行三维重建日益成为生物医学中研究生物体内部三维立体结构的主要途径.在对显微镜用薄片切片机结构及三维重建技术的研究的基础上,本文提出了三维内部构造显微镜的设计方案,解决了生物切片过程中的样品定位、样品切削、断层图像采集、系统控制诸多问题.以本系统获得的二维断层图像为原始数据,利用自行设计三维重建软件,得到了真彩的表面重建和任意切面重建结果.     

Sparsity-inspired image reconstruction for electrical capacitance tomography

We present a new image reconstruction method for Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT). ECT image reconstruction is generally ill-posed because the number of measurements is small whereas the image dimensions are large. Here, we present a sparsity-inspired approach to achieve better ECT image reconstruction from the small number of measurements. Our approach for ECT image reconstruction is based on Total Variation (TV) regularization. We apply an efficient Split-Bregman Iteration (SBI) approach to solve the problem. We also propose three metrics to evaluate image reconstruction performance, i.e., a joint metric of positive reconstruction rate (PRR) and false reconstruction rate (FRR), correlation coefficient, and a shape and location metric. The results on both synthetic and real data show that the proposed TV-SBI method can better preserve the edges of images and better resolve different objects within reconstructed images, as compared to a representative state-of-the-art ECT image reconstruction algorithm, Projected Landweber Iteration with Linear Back Projection initialization (LBP-PLI).