锥形多刃刮齿刀具切削成形过程仿真分析

数控强力刮齿加工是一种全新的高效齿轮加工方法。针对强力刮齿技术中存在的单刃型刀具使用寿命短的问题,提出一种更为高效的新型锥形多刃刮齿刀具。根据空间交错轴啮合理论和刮齿加工齿面形成过程,建立强力刮齿加工运动模型和锥形多刃刀具切削模型。基于仿真加工软件提出一种用于分析多刃刮齿刀具切削成形过程的模拟方法,给出了仿真模型设置、仿真切削加工步骤,并通过对比仿真切削加工结果,分析了多刃型刮齿刀具和单刃型刮齿刀具在切削成形过程中的异同,验证了锥形多刃刮齿刀具的可行性。为研究圆柱齿轮的多刃高效展成成形机理和研制新型锥形多刃刮齿刀具提供理论依据。     

谐波齿轮大变位柔轮滚齿成形机理及误差分析

文中基于滚齿仿真计算研究大变位齿轮成形机理,分析柔轮齿面理论加工误差值及产生原因,为滚齿工艺参数选择提供指导,以改善大变位柔轮滚齿精度。建立滚刀系列切削刃参数化方程,并结合滚齿参数及滚齿时滚刀和工件相互运动关系建立变位齿轮滚切成形数学模型,基于滚齿多刃切削成形特征建立齿面理论加工误差评价模型进行滚齿加工误差仿真计算,还进行了滚齿加工试验验证仿真计算的正确性。对大变位柔轮滚齿成形过程及产生的齿面拓扑误差、齿形和齿向误差进行仿真计算发现：增大滚刀长度可有效减小因齿顶处切削不足而产生的加工误差,计算得到完全切削的滚刀最小长度;减小滚刀轴向进给量可显著减小齿面误差,计算得出齿向误差最大值与滚刀轴向进给量的关系曲线。     

圆柱齿轮滚切倒棱刀具设计

针对实际生产中圆柱齿轮的高速齿廓倒棱需求,提出了连续切削的滚切倒棱新方法,完成了滚切倒棱刀具廓形设计。首先参考圆柱齿轮滚齿加工运动,建立刀具与齿轮的初始位置关系及刀具安装位姿坐标系,并通过倒棱参数与所建的安装位姿坐标系计算刀具安装位姿参数;其次根据倒棱运动及刀具安装位姿,建立空间运动坐标系并推导坐标系间的变换关系,通过连续求解刀具前刀面与齿轮倒棱目标廓形的接触点,提出刀具廓形计算方法;最后选取某型号的圆柱斜齿轮为倒棱对象,利用切削仿真软件完成齿轮及滚切倒棱刀具的三维建模,通过编写仿真运动程序实现倒棱切削仿真,在此基础上利用倒棱机床进行加工实验。仿真及实验结果表明,所设计的倒棱刀具能够满足圆柱齿轮的高效齿廓倒棱需求,也验证了刀具廓形计算方法的正确性。     

谐波齿轮大变位柔轮滚齿误差分析及滚刀设计

基于滚齿仿真计算研究大变位柔轮成形机制,分析其齿面理论加工误差值及产生原因,重新设计滚刀以提高大变位柔轮滚齿精度。建立滚刀系列切削刃参数方程,根据滚刀与工件的几何参数及加工参数确定滚刀与工件相互位置和空间运动关系,进行滚齿切削仿真;根据滚刀多刃切削的成形特点,建立齿面理论加工误差评价模型,对滚齿误差进行仿真计算;基于滚齿加工时滚刀与齿轮法向基节相等原理,重新设计滚刀以减小滚齿齿面偏差。研究发现,标准滚刀加工齿数较多的大变位柔轮时,会因滚刀切削刃数不足而在齿顶处出现欠切削,致使加工误差大;模数、压力角不同于标准滚刀的新滚刀仅需较少切削刃即可实现大变位柔轮的完全切削,且齿面加工误差比标准滚刀完全切削齿面时产生的加工误差略小。研究结果可为大变位柔轮滚齿精度控制研究及滚刀参数选择等提供重要参考。     

高速干式滚齿切削热力耦合与工艺参数分析

为了方便优化高速干式切削工艺,对高速干式滚齿机切削进行热力耦合和工艺参数影响分析。首先结合高速干式滚齿加工的技术特点,对干式滚齿中切削力和切削温度场进行了理论建模。在此基础上,对滚刀单个刀齿的切削温度场进行有限元仿真分析,以获得滚刀前刀面的切削温度分布情况,实现仿真研究滚齿切削的可能性。然后以最高切削温度为研究目标,分析进给量、滚刀转速等工艺参数对滚齿加工过程的影响。最后在滚齿机上展开了干式滚齿切削实验。结果表明:随着滚刀转速的提升机床切削温度快速升高后慢慢降低并趋于稳定,且高转速有利于节约能耗;研究结果可对切削工艺的优化策略提供指导,为滚齿机的设计制造提供理论基础。     

圆柱齿轮滚切力可视化及切削参数对滚切力的影响研究

滚齿是重要的齿轮加工工艺之一,其加工成形过程复杂,并且涉及较多切削参数.为了量化切削参数对滚切力的影响,研究了一种基于三维几何仿真的滚齿切削力预测方法.根据滚刀和工件的几何参数以及切削参数确定加工过程中滚刀和工件的相对位置和运动关系,在CAD环境中实现滚齿运动过程的三维仿真,并得到未变形切屑的三维模型;根据选定的切削力...     

基于AutoLisp的滚齿仿真及误差分析

滚齿仿真常用的方法为迭代法，计算方法复杂且难度较大，无法模拟实际滚齿误差，并且滚齿加工有不可逆转特性，因此滚齿误差严重影响工件质量及生产进度。基于AutoLisp仿真平台，采用模拟实际加工状态及加工参数的方法实现滚齿仿真，通过更改计算过程中刀具或工件参数达到模拟加工中各种误差的目的，并通过实际加工检测证明该方法的正确性与仿真模型的精确性。结果证明，使用该方法指导生产加工可以提高齿轮加工精度和生产效率。     

基于CATIA的高精度滚齿加工仿真与精度验证

现有滚齿加工仿真方法难以遵循实际加工参数,且未对仿真所获模型进行有效的齿面精度测量,因此无法为实际滚齿加工作出有效指导,为此提出一种高精度的滚齿加工仿真与精度验证方法.基于Catia设计平台,通过Catia内平移、旋转、布尔运算等命令结合二次开发功能,经提取包含主运动与展成运动特征的初步齿槽模型,后将初步齿槽模型与齿坯进行垂直进给运动的模拟切削,完成了高精度的滚齿加工仿真.通过建立标准齿面点集对仿真模型齿面进行精度测量,得到了仿真齿面的误差分布,且所得仿真模型中最高齿面精度误差在1μm以下,验证了滚齿加工仿真方法的正确性与仿真模型精确性.     

车齿工艺过程切屑几何数值仿真与分析

由于车齿工艺运动关系和刀具几何关系复杂,车齿刀具切削深度在切削过程中不断变化,且在切削刃不同点上的切削深度不均,导致被切材料几何呈现出非规则的特点,对切削力、切削热具有重要影响.首先基于车齿工艺原理和坐标变换方法建立其运动学模型,根据其运动学原理对车齿工艺切削过程进行仿真,运用数值计算方法计算切削过程中产生的切屑的法向厚度,最后分析切削参数进给量以及刀具设计前角和螺旋角对切屑厚度的影响.结果 表明:较小的进给量以及较大的刀具螺旋角使切屑厚度更均匀,更有利于刀具参与切削,并且该分析结果可以为切削参数选择以及刀具结构优化提供理论支撑.     

车齿工艺切削温度预测与工艺参数优化

车齿工艺具有加工效率高、适用齿轮类型广等优点,近年来受到越来越多的关注。车齿加工切削温度预测与工艺参数优化对提高刀具寿命、改善加工质量、降低残余应力等具有重要意义。首先,根据车齿工艺运动学原理,构建了车齿刀具和齿轮工件的实体模型,基于Deform有限元仿真获得单刀齿切削过程的前刀面温度云图;其次,针对切削速度、进给量和刀具与工件轴交角等工艺参数对前刀面最高温度的影响,采用响应曲面法建立了多元参数作用下的切削温度预测模型;最后,提出了以切削温度约束下加工效率最高为目标的工艺参数优化方法,并结合3组工艺参数优化实例,对比了最优参数下切削温度的预测值和仿真结果之间的误差,验证了所提出预测优化模型的有效性。结果表明,单参数下,轴交角对切削温度影响最大;多元参数下,切削速度-轴交角对切削温度影响最大;并且,优化后的预测值与仿真结果误差在合理范围内。研究结果为提高车齿工艺加工质量与刀具寿命等提供了方法支撑。     

高速干切滚齿工艺系统切削热全过程传递模型

高速干切滚齿工艺消除了切削油/液的使用,是一种绿色高效的齿轮制造工艺。切削热伴随着高速干切滚齿工艺全过程且区别于传统湿式滚切工艺,是造成干切滚刀磨损和机床热变形的重要因素,直接影响制造成本和加工精度。根据干切滚刀周期性断续传热特性,综合考虑切削热在切屑、工件、干切滚刀、冷却介质以及滚齿机床加工空间的传递规律,提出将高速干切滚齿工艺系统切削热的发生与传递全过程划分为三个阶段的研究思想,从关系模型和热传递方程两个层面建立了高速干切滚齿工艺系统切削热全过程传热模型,包括切削接触界面热传递、切削区域热传递和机床加工空间热传递三个阶段的模型,然后基于工艺仿真试验对所建模型进行了应用研究,揭示了高速干切滚齿工艺系统的切削热在工件、干切滚刀、切屑中的动态变化规律,最后通过试验验证了模型的有效性。     

Reproducing wear mechanisms in gear hobbing—Evaluation of a single insert milling test

Gear hobbing is a widely used method in industrial gear manufacturing. The most common type of hob is made of homogenous HSS and protected by a PVD coating. In order to increase the reliability and tool life of these milling tools, further developments of the tool surfaces and cutting edges are necessary.A single tooth milling test, using a HSS insert in a conventional milling machine, has been developed with the aim to reproduce the wear mechanisms seen on real HSS gear hobbing teeth. The benefits of such a test, compared to actual gear hobbing tests, are primarily accessibility and reduced costs for both design and production of test specimens (inserts).The main goal of this study was to verify that the wear mechanisms in the developed test correspond with the wear mechanisms obtained in real gear hobbing. Once this was verified, the influence of surfaces roughness on the performance of TiAlN coated HSS inserts was evaluated by using the tool as delivered or after polishing the tool surfaces. Parameters considered were tool wear, cutting forces and the quality of machined surfaces. The polished inserts, yielded less adhered work material and reduced flank wear but no significant difference in cutting forces as compared to the unpolished inserts.     

非圆齿轮滚切最简数学模型及其图形仿真

推导非圆齿轮滚切加工的最简数学模型并作图形仿真验证。以切削点处工件和刀具的切向速度相等 (即滚刀节曲线和非圆齿轮节曲线保持相互纯滚动 )为基本依据 ,推导出坐标轴联动控制的一组方程式。对该组方程式进一步简化便获得滚切加工的最简数学模型 ,它是一个 3坐标联动的结构。根据最简数学模型 ,利用计算机图形仿真的方法 ,动态地演示出齿形的形成过程及结果。利用图形仿真的结果 ,可以初步分析判断所加工齿轮齿形的各种特征 ,从而为设计和制造的顺利进行提供了有力的支持。     

圆柱齿轮滚切多刃断续切削空间成形模型及应用

滚切加工作为当前圆柱齿轮制造应用最为广泛的工艺具有高效但成形过程复杂的特点。基于展成原理,由规则分布在滚刀基本蜗杆螺旋面上的一系列切削刃相继从圆柱齿坯上切除材料,最终包络形成渐开线齿面。研究其成形原理可以为提升该工艺性能提供有效指导。针对齿轮滚切工艺过程多刃切削成形特征,建立圆柱齿轮滚切的空间成形模型。基于滚刀几何结构参数的理论约束关系,建立滚刀切削刃序列的参数方程;根据滚刀和工件的几何参数以及切削参数确定滚切过程中滚刀与工件的空间位置和运动关系,并基于空间运动学方法推导求得滚刀刀刃序列形成的空间成形曲面参数模型;采用离散数值方法获得滚切过程中的切屑几何形态及切屑厚度,并根据切屑几何计算各刀刃去除材料时的瞬时主切削力。该模型可以为滚切工艺参数优化、滚刀几何设计等研究提供支撑。     

An adaptive parameter optimization model and system for sustainable gear dry hobbing in batch production

Gear hobbing technology is one of the most widely used forming processes of gear teeth. And the development of dry hobbing technology provides a solution for realizing productive, economical, and ecological gear production. Since there is no cutting oil for cooling and lubrication in dry hobbing process, the hob tool life, thermal deformation errors of machine tool, and quality of workpiece are sensitive to the cutting parameters, especially the cutting speed and tip chip thickness. Considering this situation, a dry hobbing parameters optimization model with the hobbing efficiency as our objective, and the hobbing cost per piece, gear quality, tact time as constraints was established, in which the cutting speed and tip chip thickness were considered as optimal variables and the material of workpiece, coating of hob, and feed rate were considered comprehensively. An iterative test method is proposed to solve this model. And for the application in automated production line, an online adaptive application system was also developed based on SINUMERIK 840D NC system. The parameters of five different kinds of material gear were optimized by applying this model and system, and the result showed the model and the system were practical.

     

高速干切滚齿工艺切屑形变规律及其对刀具的损伤行为

针对高速干切滚齿过程中切屑的形变规律及切屑挤压行为,基于DEFORM-3D建立了高速干切滚齿工艺仿真实验模型,通过对不同工艺参数下高速干切滚齿工艺实验仿真,实现了高速干切滚齿过程中齿轮材料去除过程的可视化,获得了高速干切滚齿过程中切屑的形变规律以及干切滚刀的磨损状态。结合实际高速干切滚齿加工实验,对比切屑形貌及干切滚刀损伤情况,进一步验证了切屑在生成及流动过程中的形变规律以及切屑对干切滚刀的挤压损伤行为。研究结果可为高速干切滚齿工艺参数优化以及高速干切滚刀的寿命延长和性能控制提供参考。     

CAD-based simulation of the hobbing process for the manufacturing of spur and helical gears

Targeting an accurate and realistic simulation of the gear hobbing process, we present an effective and factual approximation based on three-dimensional computer-aided design. Hobbing kinematics is directly applied in one gear gap. Each generating position formulates a spatial surface path which bounds its penetrating volume into the workpiece. The three-dimensional surface paths generated from the combination of the relative rotations and displacements of hob and work gear are used to split the subjected volume, creating concurrently the chip and the remaining work gear solid geometries. The developed software program HOB3D simulates accurately the manufacturing of spur and helical gears, exploiting the modeling and graphics capabilities of a commercial CAD software package. The resulting three-dimensional solid geometrical data, chips and gears provide the whole geometrical information needed for further research, such as prediction of the cutting forces, tool stresses and wear development as well as the optimization of the gear hobbing process.     

STUDY ON THE CUTTING TEMPERATURE IN GEAR HOBBING

０ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＧｅａｒｈｏｂｂｉｎｇｉｓａｍａｉｎｐｒｏｃｅｄｕｒｅｍｅｔｈｏｄｆｏｒｔｈｅｒｏｕｇｈｉｎｇｃｕｔｏｆａｕｔｏｍｏｂｉｌｅｇｅａｒｓ．Ｈｏｗｔｏｒａｉｓｅｔｈｅｌｉｆｅｏｆｇｅａｒｈｏｂｓａｎｄｔｈｅｅｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙｏｆ...     

An investigation of cutting edge failure due to chip crush in carbide dry hobbing using the finite element method

The aim of this research is to investigate a type of failure of dry carbide hobbing that occurs when the generated chips are pinched and crushed between the hob cutting edge and the work gear tooth flank by utilizing the finite element method. This problem is of great importance because gear hobbing is extensively used in the manufacturing industry. Many machine tool manufacturers have so far developed dry hobbing techniques using carbide hobs as there is a growing acknowledgment that it is necessary to employ carbide hobbing for higher productivity and pollution free gear cutting. To meet the increasing needs of cost reduction and environmentally friendly methods, dry hobbing being employed for gear mass production has completely eliminated the need of tool cooling. However, carbide hobbing has not come into wide use due to the high cost of carbide hobs, and mainly due to the unexpected chipping of the brittle carbide material, making it difficult to control the tool service life. Dry hobbing often causes problems such as chipping of the carbide hob tooth and/or damage of the surface finishing when the generated chips are pinched and crushed between the hob cutting edge and the work gear tooth flank. A manufacturing case of helical gears is taken as a case study, and it was simulated using a coupled thermomechanical rigid viscoplastic FEM analysis. Simulations have successfully identified a chip crush between four adjacent generating positions and thus, a definite mechanism that cause chip crush is revealed. Furthermore, valuable insights during chip formation, i.e., stress, strain, strain rate, temperature gradients, etc., are also provided.