高应变率下Cu-P/M摩擦材料正向和反向应变率效应

研究了冲击载荷下铜基粉末冶金(Cu P/M)摩擦材料不同的应变率效应。试验在分离式Hopkinson压杆 (SHPB)上完成。应变率范围为:102/s～103/s。通过试验得到了该材料的动态应力应变曲线,发现该材料在应变率 1000/s以下,表现为应变率强化效应;在应变率1000/s以上,表现为应变率弱化效应。也就是说,应变率1000/s是 该材料的临界应变率。为了与静态时的情况比较,在MTS试验机上又做了10-4/s～10-3/s应变率范围内的准静态 实验。比较动静态试验结果,发现动态时的屈服极限大于静态的;而屈服后的应变硬化率是静态大于动态的。通过 对样品进行微观组织分析,发现在压制烧结时有硬质颗粒破碎。在冲击载荷下材料内部的损伤演化形成大范围的 多源裂纹及孔洞分布群导致裂纹迅速扩展,同时伴随硬质颗粒破碎。     

铜基粉末冶金(Cu-PM)摩擦材料冲击破坏机理研究

研究了铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料在准一维应变和一维应变下的冲击破坏机理 ,对该材料在被动围压准一维应变和一维应变情况在分离式Hopkinson压杆 (SHPB)上做了 1 0 2 ～ 1 0 3 /s应变率范围内的冲击试验 ,试样尺寸为 :1 2× 6 ,弹速范围为 4～ 1 6m/s,通过试验得到了该材料的两种动态应力应变曲线 ,发现一维应变时 :(1 )该材料有应变率弱化效应。通过对试验后的样品进行微观组织分析 ,在冲击载荷下材料在短时间内大量吸能使承载能力下降 ,同时伴随硬质颗粒破碎 ,但没发现绝热剪切现象。 (2 )材料的初始裂纹和孔隙在冲击时形成大范围的多源裂纹及孔洞分布群并迅速扩展 ;失效模式为冲击脆性破坏。在准一维应变时 ,同样应变率下 ,该材料有应变率强化效应 ,反映出良好的金属合金性能 ,与静态下有相似之处。从电镜扫描图片看 ,材料在准一维应变下的密实性提高 ,裂纹的扩展缓慢。     

铜基粉末冶金多孔材料在高应变率下的力学性能及本构关系

通过实验得出铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料在高应变率下的应力应变曲线，建立该材料的本构模型。在分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)上进行了该材料在10^2/s-10^3/s应变率范围内的冲击试验，弹速范围为4m／s-15m／s，在透射杆上采用半导体应变计技术；在MTS实验机上做了该材料在10^-4s/10^-3/s应变率范围内的准静态实验，分别在应变为0．005、0．01、0．02、0．035时卸载再加载，以验证该材料的粘弹塑性特征。通过分析动态和静态实验曲线，发现该材料在应变率300/s和准静态时有应变硬化效应，但在500/s以上却反映出应变软化效应，得出该材料为含损伤非线性粘弹塑性材料，故提出用适应于脆性材料的粘弹塑性模型和粘塑性项的组合本构模型来拟合该材料应变弱化段的本构方程。所得结果可推广应用于类似烧结合金的材料。     

粉末冶金摩擦材料冲击和被动围压动态性能比较

比较了粉末冶金摩擦材料冲击和被动围压的动态性能，实验在分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)上进行，应变率范围为10^2～10^3／s，通过试验得到了该材料在2种工况下的动态应力应变曲线。结果发现：1)没有围压时该材料有应变率弱化效应，但没发现绝热剪切现象；2)没有围压时材料的初始裂纹和孔隙在受到冲击时形成大范围的多源裂纹及孔洞分布群迅速扩展，材料的破坏模式为冲击脆性破坏；3)在被动围压下，同等应变率作用下只有微裂纹出现，在基体上出现了大量孪晶。     

铜基粉末冶金材料/铬青铜摩擦副中的电弧侵蚀机制

以铜基粉末冶金材料/铬青铜为摩擦副,在销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机上进行载流摩擦学特性研究。在多种条件下试验,探讨载流条件下铜基粉末冶金/铬青铜摩擦副中的电弧侵蚀机制。结果表明:载流摩擦下销试样磨损形式主要以机械磨损、电流和机械综合作用下的磨损、电弧侵蚀为主;电弧对铜基粉末冶金材料的侵蚀主要是熔融材料的黏着磨损、磨粒磨损,电弧作用下材料表层的疏松化、材料的蒸发与转移、材料的熔融积瘤。     

不同晶型SiC_p对铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用加压烧结法制备含有不同晶型SiCp的铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料,研究不同晶型SiCp对铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明:不同晶型SiCp对铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料的摩擦磨损性能的影响不同。摩擦材料的摩擦因数随着β-SiCp加入量的增加而升高,当β-SiCp的质量分数超过6%时,在摩擦过程中材料和对偶发生严重磨损;α-SiCp含量对铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料的摩擦磨损性能影响不显著;当SiC颗粒的质量分数为2%~6%时,β-SiCp相比α-SiCp更适合作为摩擦组元用于铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料中。     

高速制动工况下Cu基粉末冶金闸片材料的摩擦磨损性能

采用粉末冶金工艺,制得铜基摩擦材料;利用MM 1000Ⅱ型摩擦磨损试验机模拟列车实际工况条件,测试其摩擦磨损性能;用扫描电镜观察铜基摩擦材料表面磨痕,并分析其磨损机制。结果表明：一定制动压力下,铜基摩擦材料摩擦因数和磨损率均随着制动速度的增加先升高后降低,150 km/h时制动性能最好,250~300 km/h时制动性能最为稳定;制动速度一定时,随着制动压力的增加,摩擦因数先升高后降低,磨损率增大并趋于稳定,04 MPa时摩擦因数最大,08~10 MPa时制动性能比较稳定;铜基摩擦材料在高速制动工况下的磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损。     

风电制动片材料冲击性能及摩擦性能分析

基于对风力发电机制动片现用摩擦材料的分析,研制了纤维增强复合材料,并利用分离式霍普金森压杆试验装置和MM-1000磨粒磨损试验机,研究制动片摩擦材料的冲击性能和耐磨性能.通过对铜基粉末冶金、颗粒增强复合材料、纤维增强复合材料的应力-应变和摩擦性能比较和分析,得出纤维增强复合材料具有较好的耐冲击性能和良好的塑性性能,并且其摩擦性能高于其他两种材料,故可以取代其他两种材料成为风电制动片材料.     

铜-二硫化钼粉末冶金材料的载流摩擦磨损性能研究

将MoS2粉末与铜粉、镍粉、铁粉、铅粉均匀混合后冷压并经880℃烧结,制备了Cu-10%MoS2和Cu-20%MoS22种销试样。以铬青铜QCr0.5为盘试样,采用自制的载流摩擦磨损试验机,研究了铜-二硫化钼粉末冶金材料的载流摩擦磨损性能。研究结果表明:在有电流条件下,加入MoS2可显著降低铜基粉末冶金/铬青铜配副的摩擦因数和铜基粉末冶金材料磨损率,10%和20%MoS2含量的粉末冶金试样的磨损率相差不显著,20%MoS2含量的摩擦因数在高速时有所增加。     

B_4C含量对铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

为了提高和稳定铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料的摩擦因数和耐磨性,以B_4C为摩擦组元,采用粉末冶金方法制备铜基摩擦材料,研究B_4C的添加量对材料的摩擦磨损性能的影响规律。结果表明:随着B_4C质量分数增加,铜基摩擦材料的密度降低,硬度增加;B_4C颗粒能提高铜基摩擦材料的摩擦因数,同时随着B_4C质量分数的增加,铜基摩擦材料的磨损量先减小后增大,B_4C质量分数为6%时材料的耐磨性能最好;B_4C颗粒的强化作用提高材料的变形抗力,烧结材料的硬度得到明显提高;B_4C颗粒在摩擦过程中起到抵抗对磨偶件的表面犁削作用,提高了材料的耐磨性。     

Strain rate effect on the failure properties of tendons

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of strain rate on the failure properties of tendons. Seventy-five chicken flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendons were tensile tested at 15 strain rates, ranging from 0.05 to 150 per cent/s. Results showed that strain rate had little effect on the shape of the stress-strain curve. No significant change was observed in the toe region, while the slope of the linear region increased with the increase in strain rate. Generally, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elastic modulus increased significantly as strain rate increased (p < 0.01), while no significant change in strain at UTS (p > 0.01) was observed. It was found the change in failure properties of tendons was not significant, with small change in strain rate.     

Compressive mechanical properties of bovine cortical bone under varied loading rates

Bone tissue functions in varied mechanical systems of the body under static and dynamic conditions. Therefore, it is essential to understand the mechanical responses of bone at varied loading rates, especially those at fast loading rates. This study has investigated the effect of loading rate on the compressive mechanical properties of bovine cortical bone. Bone specimens of 3.85 mm in diameter and 7.7 mm in length were compressed longitudinally with the loading rates of 2 to 2000 mm/s (corresponding strain rates of 0.26 to 260 s(-1)). As a result, bovine cortical bone showed high linear elasticity when the loading rate was slow, and exhibited three definite regions of linear elasticity, plastic deformation, and densification at faster loading rates. The elastic modulus showed no dependency on the loading rate. Compressive strength, strain at fracture, and toughness increased as the loading rate increased under the condition that the loading rates were slower than each critical loading rate of 1000, 100, and 1500 mm/s, respectively. However, all showed no significant changes when the loading rates were faster than the corresponding critical loading rates. In conclusion, as the loading rate increased, changes in the compressive mechanical parameters were different depending on the parameter and the loading rate range. Compressive mechanical behaviour of bovine cortical bone showed a brittle nature under high strain rates (strain rates > 13 s(-1)). These findings should be reflected in the biomimetic simulation of biomaterials for bone tissue repair and engineering.     

Failure behavior / characteristics of fabric reinforced polymer matrix composite and aluminum6061 on dynamic tensile loading

Composite materials are composed of multiple types of materials as reinforcement and matrix. Among them, CFRP (Carbon fiber reinforced polymer) is widely used materials in automotive and defense industry. Carbon fibers are used as a reinforcement, of which Young's modulus is in a prepreg form. In automotive industry, especially, high strain rate test is needed to measure dynamic properties, used in dynamic analysis like high inertia included simulation as a car crash. In this paper, a SHTB (Split Hopkinson tensile bar) machine is employed for estimating stress-strain curve under dynamic load condition on aluminum 6061 and CFRP. The strain rate range is about from 100 /s to 1000 /s and the number of prepreg layers of composite specimen is total eight plies which are stacked symmetrically to structure CFRP. As a result, stress / strain point data are obtained and used for simulation into stacked composites.     

Chaotic behavior of an elastoplastic bar in tensile test over a wide range of strain rate: a numerical investigation

Numerical tensile tests of an elastoplastic cylindrical bar at various high strain rates are performed by the use of a dynamic explicit FEM code (DYNA3D, a public domain version). The effects of mass (inertia) of the body, strain rate and strainrate sensitivity exponent (m-value) on the deformation pattern and the load curve are investigated. As for the material, strain-dependent nth power work hardening property is given by where is strain rate. The range of the prescribed average strain rate is 50–1000/s where the tensile tests with constant average strain rate and with constant tensile velocity are performed. Materials with higher density exert a greater influence on deformation mode at a high strain rate. Even if the tensile speed is less than that of plastic wave propagation, the deformation becomes non-uniform remarkably due to mass effect. It is unexpected that double necking occurs at certain computational conditions. The strain at maximum load point predicted by the numerical simulation does not coincide with the analytically predicted one. Maximum rate of decrease in cross sectional area within the straight portion of the bar is compared with Hart's instability criterion based on the imperfection in the cross section. In high-rate tension over , deformation behavior is chaotic in the sense that it varies very sensitively with a trivial change in material properties and/or in the prescribed strain rate.     

复合材料率相关本构模型的研究

在不同温度环境下,利用ＭＴＳ材料试验机,在中等应变速率（１／ｓ）下,对玻璃布－环氧层板的动态力学性能进行了实验研究,获得了杨氏模量、拉伸强度和泊松比等力学参数;对该层板材料在不同温度、不同应变速率下的应力应变曲线和破坏过程进行了分析讨论。根据实验数据,拟合了玻璃布－环氧层板材料的本构关系     

纯铁高温高应变率下的动态本构关系试验研究

利用带有加热装置和同步组装系统的分离式Hopkinson压杆装置对纯铁进行宽温度范围(293～1073K)、高应变速率(2000～8500s-1)下的动态力学性能测试试验,获得材料在不同温度和应变率耦合作用下的应力—应变曲线,从中探讨温度和应变率对纯铁塑性流动应力的影响机制。研究表明,纯铁具有明显的热软化效应、应变率强化效应和应变强化效应,流变应力随温度的降低和应变率的增加而提高;利用所测的应力—应变曲线拟合的Johnson-Cook本构模型可以较好地预测纯铁的塑性流变应力。     

Study on the dynamic and static softening phenomena in Al–6Mg alloy during two-stage deformation through interrupted hot compression test

The dynamic and static softening phenomena in Al–6Mg alloy were studied through interrupted two-stage hot compression test performed isothermally at 480 °C and strain rate range of 0.001–0.1 s⁻¹. The interruptions of 29 and 90 s were considered when the true strain reached 0.5. It was concluded that the effect of static softening on the flow stress was not highlighted by extending the interruption at a constant strain rate. Also, it was exhibited that softening rate highly enhanced with the strain rate decrement at a constant time. Moreover, the static and dynamic recrystallization was revealed as the dominant softening mechanisms at low and high strain rates, respectively.     

Experimental study on rate dependence of macroscopic domain and stress hysteresis in NiTi shape memory alloy strips

NiTi polycrystalline shape memory alloys, when stretched, can deform through the formation and growth of localized macroscopic martensite domains. In this paper, we study the effects of stretching rate on the stress-induced domains and stress hysteresis in NiTi strips. Synchronized measurements of the nominal stress–strain curve, macroscopic domain pattern and the associated temperature field were conducted in the strain rate range of 10⁻⁴–10⁻¹/s. It was found that the nominal stress–strain curve changed from the near-isothermal plateau-type with distinct stress drops at the very low strain rate to the near-adiabatic smooth hardening-type in the high strain-rate region. The corresponding deformation mode changed from the nucleation propagation mode with a few parallelepiped martensite domains to the near-homogeneous multiple-nucleation mode with many fine alternating austenite–martensite stripes. The number of the domains (domain spacing) increased (decreased) monotonically with the strain rate and followed a power law scaling, while the stress hysteresis (or material damping capacity) changed non-monotonically with the strain rate, reaching a peak at strain rate of 2.0×10⁻³/s. We show that, though the rate dependence of both pattern and hysteresis originates from the transfer of the released/absorbed heat and the thermo-mechanical coupling, the domain spacing in the test of static air is mainly controlled by heat conduction and the hysteresis change is mainly controlled by the heat convection with the ambient.     

PBT拉伸断口形貌分析

本文研究了加载速率v对PBT拉伸断口形貌的影响,结果表明,随v的增大,试样断裂过程中裂纹扩展特征不同,断面形貌表现出由韧性断裂特征向脆性断裂特征的转变;断面平坦区比例参数AP/A0随v的增加先急剧增大,当v增大到1 000 mm/min以上时,AP/A0增加缓慢;断裂源处表面粗糙度参数RS和v呈线性关系,拟合得到的线性方程为:RS=2.10-4.72×10-4v。