Effects of dissipative forces on Coriolis flowmeter readings

An indirect measurement method based on recording the phase difference of resonance vibrations of two symmetrical halves of the flow-carrying tube is used to quantify the mass flow rate of the current fluid in Coriolis mass flowmeters (CMFs). A variant of modeling the CMF vibration system is analyzed, which allows taking into account the influence of the dissipation of oscillations of a measuring tube with fluid flowing through it on the dependence between the mass flow rate of the fluid and the phase difference recorded by the sensor. The steady-state CMF vibration mode is considered as the result of the superposition of two principal vibrations of the measuring tube. The first principal coordinate corresponds to the deformation of the measuring tube along the lowest natural mode excited by an external driving force in the resonance mode. Vibrations of the other principal coordinate correspond to deformation in a natural mode corresponding to a higher natural frequency than the frequency of the exciting force. The relationship of the amplitudes of the principal coordinates is established on the basis of the gyroscopic coupling of the principal vibrations that occurs when a fluid flows through a tube. The coefficients of gyroscopic coupling are determined as a result of 3D finite-element simulation of the steady-state vibration mode of the measuring tube with a flowing fluid. The simulation is performed for five variants of the shape of the axis of the measuring tube, taking into account the distribution of the gyroscopic forces of the flowing fluid. Quantitative estimates of the influence of dissipative forces on the flowmeter readings are obtained on the example of dissipative forces of linear viscous friction. A comparison of the CMF simulation results for different tube axis shapes demonstrates how the phase shift arising in the vibration system is affected by the dissipation level and the proximity of the natural frequencies of the flowmeter measuring tube at a fixed mass flow rate of the fluid.     

The stabilization of the position of the body of walking machinesLa stabilisation de la position du corps d'une machine marchante

This paper shows that in the task of the maintenance of constant orientation of the body of a walking robot the determination of the actual position of the body, i.e. absolute altitudes of its points and remoteness from the supporting surface, is the most complicated problem. Two possible systems of measurement and stabilization of the position by the height of the body of the walking mechanism are compared, i.e. a system of adaptation automatically adjusting the length of the supporting leg to the roughness of the terrain, and the system of the maintenance of constant remoteness of the body from the terrain. The inefficiency of a solitary application of any described system is revealed and the possibility of an accumulation of errors of the position of the body by the walking on the soft terrain is shown. Possible approaches for raising the quality of stabilization of the body by the walking are evaluated.     

基于自组装成品率的球栅阵列焊点工艺参数分析

为了提高球栅阵列焊点封装器件的自组装成品率,研究了焊点体积偏差率及焊盘直径对器件自组装成品率的影响。考虑封装器件的温度翘曲变形、焊点体积的不可避免的制造误差及焊点位置的随机性,分析了器件自组装过程。通过求解不同体积焊点的形态,得到了不同体积焊点的液桥刚度曲线。基于不同体积焊点的液桥刚度曲线,仿真分析了焊点体积偏差率及焊盘直径对器件自组装成品率的影响。结果表明,焊点体积偏差率及焊盘直径的减小会增大焊点液桥刚度曲线的公共范围,从而提高器件的自组装成品率。     

韧性材料的几种断裂形式及判据讨论

考察几种韧性材料的复合型断裂试验过程，用传统强度理论思想认定启裂位置与启裂方向，通过对不同物理机制的断裂形式变化规律的研究，判定韧性材料的主要断裂形式有三类，以空穴成核、扩张、聚合为主导机制的正拉断，和以局部剪切带形成、发展为主导机制的两种不同类型的剪切断裂。局部大塑性变形的出现在材料内引起损伤，空穴的聚合或局部剪切带的出现仅发生在载荷达到某一临界值时。导致材料断裂发生的根本因素，是危险点上某应力参数达到了材料的断裂临界值，以此对不同断裂形式的断裂判据进行讨论，提出新的韧性断裂判据。     

Numerical study on the dynamics of an electrical discharge generated vapor bubble in EDM with different shapes of the tool and the workpiece

In this paper, the effect of the shapes of the tool and the workpiece on the dynamic behavior of an electrical discharge generated vapor bubble in the process of EDM (Electrical Discharge Machining) is investigated. The boundary integral equation method is employed for numerical simulation of the problem. Results show that in the case of the concave tool and workpiece the lifetime of the electrical discharge generated vapor bubble is longer than the case of the flat tool and workpiece. By increasing the concavity of the shapes of the tool and the workpiece, the lifetime of the bubble increases. Results also show that in the case of the convex tool and workpiece, the lifetime of the electrical discharge generated vapor bubble is shorter than the lifetime of the bubble in the case of the flat tool and workpiece. In this case also, by increasing the convexity of the shapes of the tool and the workpiece, the lifetime of the bubble decreases. Numerical results show that in the case of the concave tool and workpiece the rate of pressure drop on the surface of the workpiece is higher than the rate of pressure drop on the workpiece in the cases of the flat and convex tool and workpiece. The high rate of pressure drop on the surface of the workpiece leads to the ejection of more molten material from the crater and consequently leads to more material removal rate.     

高速动车组减振器载荷特征研究

减振器的主要功能是提供阻尼力以衰减和抑制车辆系统振动,对高速动车组动力性能有十分重要的影响。既有研究主要将减振器处理为阻尼力以研究车辆系统动力性能,极少从动力学和结构可靠性角度关注减振器自身承受的载荷。制作某型高速动车组转向架抗蛇行减振器、轴箱减振器、二系横向和垂向减振器测力元件,在大同-西安高速线路上测试并获得该型动车组运行过程中四种减振器载荷引起的应变信号。对测试数据进行处理和分析,获得高速动车组运行工况下四种减振器载荷的时间历程,分析减振器载荷的时域和频域特征。采用雨流计数法统计减振器载荷峰谷值和频次,获得不同速度等级下载荷分布。结果表明,高速动车组抗蛇行减振器载荷最大、二系横向减振器载荷最小。轴箱减振器相对速度最大、二系横向减振器相对速度最小。减振器载荷总体上呈正态分布,而且一般有列车运行速度越高减振器载荷越大。列车正线行驶时曲线半径对轴箱减振器、二系垂向减振器以及二系横向减振器载荷影响不明显,列车速度和线路小半径曲线对抗蛇行减振器载荷影响明显。     

The dynamic stability of a crane standing on soil during the rotation of the boom

In this work the influence of flexible soil foundation on the dynamic stability of the boom crane is presented. This analysis was made during the rotation of the boom, such that variable pressure on the soil and other deformations could be taken into account. The rheological deformation of the soil as a function of the changing strain in time has been described by an equation, which is the Duhamel integral. After accepting the discrete model of the considered system dynamic equations of motion were elaborated, which because of their nonlinearity and complexity were solved numerically. Appointed were the dynamic displacements of each of the supports for different rotational speeds of the boom, showing the influence of the rheological deformation of the soil on the behaviour of the whole crane. As well the trajectories of the motion of the weight hoisted were presented for different rotational speeds of the boom, which enabled the analysis of the precision of the positioning of the weight being hoisted (minimization of oscillation).     

新型十字摆盘驱动式水液压轴向柱塞泵阀配流系统设计

针对一种新型十字摆盘驱动式水液压轴向柱塞泵的配流阀系统结构参数与泵转速、柱塞直径不匹配导致的容积效率不足的问题,搭建了该新型泵的ADAMS-AMESim固液耦合仿真模型。在额定转速下,分析了配流阀阀芯质量、弹簧刚度、弹簧预紧力、阀芯球面直径对其容积效率的影响,并对其配流系统进行优化设计。结果表明:新型泵的容积效率随着配流阀弹簧刚度、预紧力的增加而增加,随着配流阀阀芯质量、阀芯球面直径的增加而减少,且吸液阀结构参数的变化对容积效率影响大于排液阀。因此,在设计新型泵的配流阀时可适当提高阀芯复位弹簧刚度和预紧力,适当减小阀芯质量和阀芯球面直径,以提高新型泵的容积效率。     

Synchronization of two non-identical coupled exciters in a non-resonant vibrating system of plane motion

In the average method of modified small parameters, the synchronization of two coupled exciters is converted to a problem on the existence and stability of zero solutions for the average differential equations of small parameters over the average period of two exciters. To implement frequency capture, the torque of frequency capture should be greater than or equal to the absolute value of the difference between the residual electromagnetic torques of the two motors. Because each exciter is involved in the motion of the vibrating system it has excited, its relative moment of inertia is reduced. The reduction is proportional to half its coefficient of cosine effect of phase angles (CCEPA). Because one of the exciters is involved in the motion excited by the other, a coupled moment of inertia exists for the two exciters. The stability of the synchronization of the two exciters is affected by the reduction of their relative moments of inertia and their moment of coupling inertia. For the synchronization to be stable, two conditions must be satisfied: (1) the non-dimensional relative moments of inertia of the two exciters are all greater than zero, and (2) four times the product of their non-dimensional relative moments is greater than the square of the coefficient of coupled cosine effect (CCCPA). The stability of synchronization depends solely on the ratios of the masses of the two exciters to the mass of the vibrating system and the ratio of the distance between one exciter and the centroid of the rigid frame to the equivalent rotating radius of the vibrating system about its centroid of the rigid frame, and is independent of the parameters of the two induction motors.     

机器人用四点接触球轴承旋转精度影响因素

针对机器人用四点接触球轴承旋转精度难以预测和控制的问题，提出了同时考虑轴承内圈沟道和外圈沟道圆度误差的轴承旋转精度数值计算方法。根据轴承内部元件运动学和几何学关系建立轴承旋转精度数值计算模型。使用MATLAB编写轴承旋转精度求解程序，得到内圈沟道圆度误差幅值和谐波阶次、外圈沟道圆度误差幅值和谐波阶次、钢球直径偏差及钢球个数对轴承旋转精度的影响规律。进行了轴承旋转精度试验，验证了仿真结果的正确性。轴承旋转精度涉及很多指标，所研究的四点接触球轴承旋转精度衡量指标指轴承外圈径向跳动。结果表明：轴承外圈径向跳动随着内外沟道圆度误差幅值的增大先平稳后快速增大，随着内圈外沟道圆度误差谐波阶次的增大呈现周期性变化，随着钢球直径偏差的增大呈线性减小，随着轴承内部钢球个数的增大呈指数减小。所建模型解决了四点接触球轴承旋转精度难以进行理论求解的问题，能够准确预测轴承的旋转精度，为四点接触球轴承的精度设计提供了理论基础。     

可变节流高度气浮支承结构设计及静态性能分析

为研究节流高度的变化对气浮支承性能的影响,设计一种可变节流高度的气浮支承。建立气浮支承CFD模型,分析节流口直径、节流高度、均压腔深度和供气压力的变化对气浮支承静态性能的影响。研究结果表明:气浮支承的承载能力随节流口直径、节流高度、均压腔深度和供气压力增大而增大;节流高度、均压腔深度、供气压力的增大能提高气浮支承刚度,而节流口直径的增大会导致刚度的降低;气浮支承的体积流量随节流口直径、节流高度、均压腔深度和供气压力增大而增大。     

基于柔性动力学的辊道窑烧结过程匣钵运动特性分析

盛装锂电正极材料的匣钵在辊道窑烧结过程中极易出现异常横向运动,为此基于柔性动力学分析辊道柔性对传动过程匣钵运动特性的影响。首先,基于柔性动力学建立匣钵-辊道传动动力学简化模型,分析辊棒弹性变形及传送时匣钵运动特性,并通过实验验证了模型的有效性;其次,建立相应的匣钵-辊道刚体动力学模型,通过对比分析刚性和柔性两种辊棒传送条件下匣钵运动特性的变化以及不同辊棒挠度下匣钵横向运动的变化,揭示辊道柔性对匣钵运动特性的影响。在此基础上,对原有辊棒进行了改进并开展实验验证改进方案的效果。结果表明:由于弹性变形的影响,匣钵在前行的同时,匣钵之间间隙出现了明显向外扩张趋势,而当辊棒呈现刚性时匣钵则几乎无外扩现象;辊棒挠度对横向运动有重要影响,在辊棒挠度从0到2 mm区间变化时,其匣钵扩展间隙随挠度增加而呈增大趋势,而当辊棒挠度超过2 mm后,匣钵扩展间隙随挠度增加反而呈减小趋势。改进实验效果表明,适当增大辊棒刚度可显著减轻匣钵异常横向运动现象。     

大袋包装机抱袋装置建模与运动学分析

为解决包装机抱袋装置运动过程中产生机械振动及减小末端执行构件冲击的问题,首先根据运动要求建立机构模型,通过对装置运动中约束条件进行分析,得到摆臂转轴处角位移、角速度及角加速度,以及摆臂末端位移、速度及加速度的数学表达式。其次对数值计算与运动算例分析,以摆臂转轴处角加速度与末端加速度峰值为优化目标,对机构结构参数进行优化。结果表明:通过改变机构结构参数可以降低摆臂转轴处与末端加速度峰值,装置运动过程中摆臂转轴处角加速度峰值降低25.89%,抱袋口末端加速度峰值降低20.46%,抱袋身末端加速度峰值降低24.87%,在一定程度提高运动平稳性。相关结论可为后续动力学分析与设计提供理论依据。     

柴油机微粒捕捉器电加热再生控制系统及控制策略的研究

柴油机微粒捕捉器热再生系统实用化的关键在于对过滤体的可靠再生,而过滤体的可靠再生则取决于对再生过程的有效控制。根据开发的柴油机排气微粒捕捉器电加热再生系统实用化的需要,提出了利用排气气流对过滤体再生过程进行控制的思想,分析了影响微粒捕捉器电加热再生过程的各种因素。在此基础上,进行了微粒捕捉器电加热再生控制系统设计,确定了再生系统的控制策略。     

管片拼装机回转系统齿轮啮合动力学分析

为了研究管片拼装机回转系统齿轮啮合的动力学特性,以管片拼装机小齿轮-大齿圈的传动系统为研究对象,采用集中参数法建立了考虑齿面摩擦的六自由度直齿轮动力学模型,依据管片拼装机实际工况参数,利用Runge-Kutta方法分析了管片拼装机回转系统在空载和负载两种工况下小齿轮和大齿圈的振动位移情况,对管片拼装机回转系统进行了振动测试,验证了模型及求解的正确性,并提出了可以通过增大管片拼装机回转系统刚度来减小振动的方法。研究结果对管片拼装机回转系统的减振和降噪处理,以及提高管片拼装机回转系统的精度有重要的理论和实用价值。     

大功率轮胎式装载机的液压传动系统研究

通过对装载机静压传动和动压传动两种传动方式的比较 ,分析了静压传动系统相对于采用液力机械的动压传动的一些优点 ,指出装载机发展现状及开始向高技术、大型化、采用静压传动的趋势。在分析装载机大型化和采用静压传动存在的问题的基础上 ,提出了大功率轮胎式装载机的静压传动方案。     

Effects of distribution of surface slopes and flow pressures of contact asperities on contact between solid surfaces

An analysis of the mechanism of contact between two solids was carried out considering the distribution of the surface slopes of conical asperities and the variation of the flow pressure of each contact asperity due to work-hardening and the work-hardened layer of the softer surface. From the analysis, where the distributions of the surface heights and the surface slopes are Gaussian the number of contact points decreases and their mean radius increases with increasing ranges of the distribution of the surface slopes for a given value of the mean surface slope. The number of contact points, the total real area, the separation and the radius of the contact points are influenced by the variation of the flow pressure of each contact asperity due to work-hardening of the contact asperities or the work-hardened layer of the softer surface.The validity of the theory was checked by comparing the theoretical and experimental results of the number, the separation and the distribution of the radii of contact points.     

GB15563《震源药柱》2006版修订内容

新标准GB15563-2006《震源药柱》在95版基础上有较大变化,扩大了适用范围;根据目前震源药柱的生产和使用情况,对震源药柱进行了重新分类;对部分产品性能指标的要求进行了调整;对震源药柱壳体颜色重新进行了规定;补充完善了爆速测试方法;增加了抗水性能和抗拉性能试验装置示意图;对震源药柱的编码方式进行了统一规定;对检验项目和抽样方案进行了调整;增加了包装检验的内容[3]。     

Laser vibrodiagnostics of nonhomogeneous materials

The influence of nonhomogeneous material areas on the natural frequencies and interference pattern of vibrations of thin plates is analyzed by the speckle pattern and the holographic interferometry methods and the results are discussed. The dependence of the natural frequency bias and the vibration amplitude of the plate on the location of the nonhomogeneity has been researched taking into account excitation of the higher modes of vibration. It is shown that the natural vibration bias was maximum if the center of nonhomogeneity was located at the amplitude maximum of the vibrating plate. The sign of the frequency bias characterizes the prevailing influence of the relative change of density or rigidity of the plate. As shown from iterferograms obtained by the time-average holographic method the influence of heating with an infrared laser beam led to distortion of the interference pattern, which bears witness to the change of vibration form of the plate and the appearance of new amplitude maxima. The vibrations of nonhomogeneous areas have been examined by holographic interference microscopy.