节点矢量影响NURBS曲线的规律研究与应用

以非均匀有理B样条（Non uniform rational B-spline, NURBS）曲线理论为基础,证明修改节点矢量对NURBS曲线的影响具有局部性,推导修改节点矢量引起的NURBS曲线变化量的计算式,提出修改节点矢量影响NURBS曲线的一般规律。对计算机辅助图形设计（Computer aided geometric design, CAGD）中曲线局部修改的实例进行试验研究,证明了修改节点矢量可以实现对NURBS曲线的局部修改,实现曲线交互式设计。对NURBS插值曲线节点因子调节法中航空压气机叶片边缘测量的实例进行了试验研究,证明可以获得拟合误差最小的叶片型面测量点NURBS插值曲线。试验研究证明所提出的“节点矢量影响NURBS曲线的一般规律”是正确的和可行的。     

数控刀位点的B样条精确拟合

为了满足现代NURBS曲线加工的要求,提出了把数控刀位点进行分段并按照用户设定精度进行快速拟合的一种算法。在拟合的过程中,通过不断地分析逼近误差,调整节点矢量,进行最小二乘拟合,直至使生成曲线达到规定的精度。利用上述方法进行最小二乘拟合时,建立的矩阵方程存在大量的零元素,采用了新的数据结构来存储矩阵方程,节省了内存空间,简化了求解步骤,获得了较快的计算速度。     

A new approach for lofted B-spline surface interpolation to serial contours

This paper addresses the problem of B-spline surface interpolation to serial contours, where the number of points varies from contour to contour. A traditional approach to the problem creates a set of B-spline curves via B-spline curve interpolation to each contour, makes them compatible via degree elevation and knot insertion and performs B-spline surface lofting to get a B-spline surface that interpolates them. The approach tends to result in an astonishing number of control points in the lofted B-spline surface. This situation arises mainly from the inevitable process of progressively merging different knot vectors to make the B-spline curves compatible. This paper presents a new approach for fixing this problem. The approach includes a novel process of obtaining a set of compatible B-spline curves from the given contours. The process is based on universal parameterisation [1, 2], allowing the knots to be selected freely but leading to a more stable linear system for B-spline curve interpolation. Since the number of control points in each compatible B-spline curve is equal to the highest number of contour points, the proposed approach can realise efficient data reduction and provide a compact representation of a lofted B-spline surface while keeping the desired surface shape. Some experimental results demonstrate its usefulness and quality.     

RECONSTRUCTION OF SYMMETRIC B-SPLINE CURVES AND SURFACES

A method to reconstruct symmetric B-spline curves and surfaces is presented.The symme- try property is realized by using symmetric knot vector and symmetric control points.Firstly,data points are divided into two parts based on the symmetry axis or symmetry plane extracted from data points.Then the divided data points are pararaeterized and a symmetric knot vector is selected in order to get symmetric B-spline basis functions.Constraint equations regarding the control points are deduced to keep the control points of the B-spline curve or surface to be symmetric with respect to the extracted symmetry axis or symmetry plane.Lastly,the constrained least squares fitting problem is solved with the Lagrange multiplier method.Two examples from industry are given to show that the proposed method is efficient,robust and able to meet the general engineering requirements.     

截面测量数据的B样条曲面拟合

针对激光扫描仪测量得到的截面型数据,提出了对截面线重新采样的方法,分析了重采样数据拟合曲线的误差,及平方误差随重采样比例变化的规律,从而通过控制误差来确定重采样数目.构造插值于截面数据点的非均匀B样条,再对其进行相同数目的采样,得到了呈矩形分布的点阵,采用双向平均积累弦长参数化方法确定、方向节点矢量,用插值的方法进行曲面拟合.此种方法不仅避免了对轮廓线进行相容性的处理,而且减少了模型数据量,提高了曲面重构的效率.     

Degree reduction of NURBS curves

Higher degree curves are used in applications because they are easier to manipulate interactively but require heavy computation. Most of the equations for curves used popularly in CAD software are of degree 2 and 3, because two curves of degree 3 can guarantee 2nd derivative continuity at the connection point. This study proposes a different but simpler method than any put forward before to deal with degree reduction of free-form curves. The reduced curves use the simplest knot vector type, i.e., the open uniform knot vector. Unlike other methods, this study does not modify or refine the knot vectors but perturb the control points globally. After obtaining an initial condition, a radiating web-like search algorithm is applied to detect the optimum positions. These NURBS curve formats reach basic industrial standards for CAD/CAM/CNC applications. By defining a global bound error function, this algorithm can achieve an optimum solution not only for NURBS curves but also Bézier/B-spline curves.     

High-speed contouring control with NURBS-based C2 PH spline curves

This paper presents a C² Pythagorean hodograph (PH) spline curve constructed by the non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) curve for high-speed contouring control. With the knot vector, weights, and control points given, the C² PH spline curve is defined to be a “good” interpolant for Hermit data obtained from a NURBS curve of degree 3 specified by the same control polygon, weights, and the knot vector. To this end, the first- and second-order derivatives are evaluated at the nodal points on the NURBS curve. These boundary conditions are imposed on the PH segments of degree 9 to preserve continuity between the connecting segments. The S-curve motion planning architecture with variable feed rate for a planar NURBS-based C² PH spline curve is also developed in this paper. In particular, C¹ cubic feed acceleration/deceleration is imposed on the first and last PH segments. Several NURBS-based C² PH spline curve-following tasks were conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed interpolation algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed interpolator is not only feasible for machining the complicated parametric curves represented in the NURBS-based C² PH spline form but also yields satisfactory contouring performance under variable feed rate control.     

基于B样条曲线节点插入算法的拟合优化

在逆向工程中对叶片进行非接触式测量,为了更好得到叶片型线的数据,需要用曲线对有序的点云进行拟合.为了满足精度要求,提出了用节点插入算法来对拟合出B样条曲线进行优化.该方法首先通过最小二乘法拟合出曲线,然后根据误差和曲率信息以及节点插入算法不断插入节点,所得结果与上一次进行对比,直到达到拟合要求.实验表明,该方法考虑到局部曲率及误差,得到的拟合曲线逼近效果更好.     

逆向工程中扫描数据点的曲面重构

针对三维扫描数据点的曲面重构技术在实际系统中的应用，提出了一种以B样条曲面为基础的曲面构造算法。已知数据点按简明行方式排列，算法产生一个连续的B样条曲面，该曲面的参数化过程不受每行数据点分布的影响。根据所传递的候选节点矢量，采用柔性间距选择，有效地减少了控制顶点数，同时应用三维图形标准以及图形函数库，在VC 6．0平台上完成了该软件的编制。通过实际系统应用验证，该算法改进了传统曲面重构方法在处理非均匀扫描数据点时曲线曲面形状的失真和运算的不稳定现象，计算简单，易于编程实现。     

Bézier和B-spline曲线的绝对结点坐标列式有限元离散方法

CAD系统中广泛采用Bézier,B-spline描述复杂的几何形状,而传统有限元则采用完全不同的插值函数来描述分析模型,对几何形状的不同描述导致由CAD模型转换为有限元模型非常困难,且带来模型上的不一致。研究Bézier和B-spline曲线离散为绝对结点坐标列式(Absolute nodal coordinate formulation,ANCF)有限单元的方法,建立Bézier和B-spline曲线与ANCF索单元之间的线性转换关系,实现了两者之间的自动转换,从而为整合CAD和CAA系统提供一种方法,表明ANCF单元可完全涵盖Bézier曲线的特性,Bézier表达其实是ANCF表达的特例,采用ANCF单元可以精确表达Bézier和B-spline曲线。同时研究了B-spline曲线的连续性与ANCF单元结点之间的连续性关系,B-spline采用节点重复度控制所定义图形的连续性,ANCF单元因为采用位置和位置导数作为结点坐标可以自动保证C1连续,C2连续性要求实际上是在单元之间添加曲率相等的约束方程,从而实现消除一个位置导数坐标;对于3阶曲线,证明C3连续性要求下任意两个ANCF单元均可以合并为一个大的单元。进而得出在实际转换和分析中不必通过添加约束方程得到不同的连续性,可以直接由B-spline表达得到不同连续性要求的ANCF单元网格。以悬臂梁在冲击作用下的动态响应为例说明了不同的连续性要求对有限元分析的影响。     

任意控制点曲线小波光顺方法研究

研究了任意控制点B样条曲线小波光顺技术,通过插入节点增加控制点个数的方法,既保持了原有曲线的形状,又满足小波光顺对控制点个数的要求.运用第2代小波变换,给出了B样条曲线的第2代小波变换表示及光顺方法.该方法运算简单,易于推广.     

基于轮廓约束点的B样条曲面拟合算法

提出了一种面向截面测量数据的B样条曲面拟合算法。首先对原始数据点列进行降噪处理,然后遴选出曲率优势点,并将其作为初始的轮廓约束点,得到插值于约束点的初始曲线。再在需改善拟合精度的区域增加约束点,直至获得满足精度要求的B样条曲线。最后以约束点数目最多的曲线为准,在其余的曲线上增加差额数目的约束点,并进行平均弦长参数化,构造出B样条曲线簇,最终获得B样条拟合曲面。仿真实验结果表明,该方法可显著压缩曲面模型的控制顶点数目,具有较高的曲面重构效率。     

离散数据点的B样条曲线精确拟合

给出了用Ｂ样条曲线拟合离散数据点的一种算法,首先利用所给的离散数据点,确 定出拟合Ｂ样条曲线的分段连接点,即尖点和局部曲率最大点,然后假设拟合点残余误 差为白高斯噪声,采用贝叶斯判定律确定每一段拟合曲线的最佳阶次与控制顶点数目, 顺利实现Ｂ样条曲线拟合。实验证明采用该算法可以获得更佳的Ｂ样条曲线拟合。     

DIRECT MANIPULATION OF B-SPLINE SURFACES

Engineering design and geometric modeling often require the ability to modify the shape of parametric curves and surfaces so that their shape satisfy some given geometric constraints, including point, normal vector, curve and surface. Two approaches are presented to directly manipulate the shape of B-spline surface. The former is based on the least-square, whereas the latter is based on minimizing the bending energy of surface. For each method, since unified and explicit formulae are derived to compute new control points of modified surface, these methods are simple, fast and applicable for CAD systems. Algebraic technique is used to simplify the computation of B-spline composition and multiplication. Comparisons and examples are also given.     

三次均匀B样条曲线高速实时插补研究

为满足复杂曲线高速和高精度的加工要求,研究了具有轨迹预读功能的三次均匀B样条曲线速度规划和插补算法.提出了"重叠拼接法",实现了相邻两条B样条曲线段的光滑连接;推导了插补钳制速度的计算公式,保证了加工精度,满足了系统的动态响应能力.在引入"规划单元"概念的基础上,将速度规划和插补设计成B样条曲线插值、规划单元划分、速度规划、规划单元插补四个并行计算的线程,解决了三次均匀B样条曲线高速加工的插补实时性问题.最后,在GT100数控系统中验证了算法的有效性.     

基于特征点自动识别的B样条曲线逼近技术

提出一种实用的用三次B样条曲线逼近稠密且带噪声的二维断面数据点列的算法。剔除数据点列中的重合点并对其进行均匀弧长重采样处理后,利用相邻点拟合圆弧的方法来近似计算各数据点的离散曲率值,并根据相邻点之间的离散曲率符号变化情况及相近点之间的曲率值和曲率差分关系自动识别出断面数据中绝大多数的特征点(拐点、折痕点、曲率极值点)。构造插值于特征点的B样条曲线,并在逼近误差最大处插入新的插值点。重复这一过程,直到逼近误差小于预先给定值,从而得到最终插值点列并构造相应的B样条曲线。试验结果表明,所构造的曲线节点数目及其分布合理,能够很好地反映原始断面数据点列中的细小特征部分。该算法具有速度快、逼近精度高等特点,可广泛应用于二维断面数据的曲线重建。     

基于支持向量机的BS-EM D端点效应消除方法

分析了B样条经验模式分解(B-spline empircal mode decomposition,简称BS-EMD)的端点效应问题,指出了现有延拓方法的不足,提出了一种基于支持向量机的B样条经验模式分解端点效应消除方法.首先采用支持向量机对原始信号进行延拓;然后用B样条插值方法对延拓后的数据进行插值计算得到信号的均值...     

基于B—spline曲线的非圆齿轮节曲线设计

重点探讨一种利用B-spline曲线合成非圆齿轮节曲线的设计方法。通过实例说明利用开放均匀分布B-spline合成非圆齿轮节曲线的方法,并通过对控制点位置向量值的设定从而改变节曲线形状。     

基于角度分割的截面线数据匹配点对建立算法

研究了从截面线数据到B样条曲面拟合的过程中,建立最佳匹配数据点对的问题。提出了一种基于角度分割建立截面线数据匹配点对的算法,该算法利用各层截面线的公共几何中心,计算各点到中心的斜率,再利用基于斜率的插值获取给定角度在原参数曲线上的参数值。最后运用德布尔点的递推公式得到参数对应的坐标。当处理完所有的截面线数据,就得到了一组采样个数统一的匹配点对。该算法在进行截面线数据重采样的同时就完成了对数据点的对正处理,不仅适用于对凸轮廓的处理,而且也能处理层间形状变化较大的截面线数据。     

基于非均匀B样条小波的NURBS曲面光顺

将非均匀B样条小波分解方法用于曲面光顺。通过整体光顺度量确定曲面整体光顺的方向，进而通过曲面整体小波分解实现曲面的整体光顺；通过曲面在节点对处的局部光顺度量，确定要光顺的节点及方向，然后用最小区域算法实现曲面的局部光顺；给出了一种由用户交互指定光顺区域的区域光顺方法；用细节部分的再次分解控制曲面的光顺误差；通过施加约束解决光顺前后曲面边界位置和切矢不变的问题；对于计算的稳定性及可能出现的奇异情况给出了论述。这些光顺算法在浙江大学开发的反求工程CAD软件RE-SOFT中的实际应用效果表明，基于非均匀B样条小波分解的NURBS曲面光顺算法能够有效地去除曲面上的坏点，改善曲面的品质。