工业以太网确定性通信实现方案

以太网本质上存在通信的不确定性,因此将以太网技术直接应用在工业自动化领域不能满足工业控制系统的实时性需求.这里在对以太网技术进行分析的基础上,提出了基于以太网的现场总线确定性通信方案.     

工业以太网技术在隧道综合监控系统中的应用

介绍了传统以太网技术和工业以太网技术,重点分析了工业以太网技术在隧道综合监控系统中的应用情况。     

基于以太网工厂自动化标准的组态软件设计与开发

以太网工厂自动化组态软件是以太网工厂自动化控制系统中的核心技术。通过分析以太网工厂自动化标准的控制系统模型,应用软件工程的思想及面向对象的设计方法对基于以太网工厂自动化的组态软件进行了系统分析和建模,提出了基于以太网工厂自动化标准组态软件的设计方法及实现过程。最后,通过对不同厂商的设备进行组态,证明了设计的有效性。     

DM9008在SUPMAX控制站的以太网接口中的应用

根据DCS控制系统的特殊需要,充分利用现有以太网控制芯片的功能从而构造稳定可靠的以太网接口,是以太网技术在DCS系统中应用的一个重要问题。本文即介绍以太网控制芯片DM9008在SUPMAX系统以太网接口中的工作原理及其实现方式。     

EtherNet/IP在工厂信息化应用前景研究

通过回顾工业控制网络的发展历史,提出了工业以太网与传统以太网技术的根本区别,简要介绍了开放式工业以太网技术EtherNet/IP的构成方式、发展和应用概况以及优势,分析了工业以太网技术蓬勃发展的深刻动力及其与工厂信息化的关系.     

工业以太网浅析:PROFINET与Ethernet POWERLINK

随着工业化和信息化的推进,工业以太网技术取得了显著的进步,并在工业领域日益广泛使用。本文从传统以太网特点入手,简要分析了PROFINET和Ethernet POWERLINK两种实时以太网技术各自的通信原理、特点和安全技术,以此介绍工业以太网技术。     

计算机网络技术(3)——局域网技术及其应用

本文介绍了局域网的基本概念和标准,局域网使用的传输媒体,目前企业组建局域网常用的局域网技术及其应用,包括CSMA/CD媒体访问控制、共享以太网、交换以太网、快速以太网、千兆以太网,并简单描述了无线局域网及其相关应用,对企业组建局域网提出了一些建议.     

工业以太网现场控制技术的发展

介绍了工厂现场控制信息技术的背景,指出了现场总线的不足,分析了以太网的发展现状以及工业以太网用于现场控制的优势,对工业以太网控制的关键问题及其发展趋势分别作了介绍,表明了工业以太网在现场控制中的巨大前景。     

EtherNet/IP在工厂信息化应用前景研究

通过回顾工业控制网络的发展历史,提出了工业以太网与传统以太网技术的根本区别,简要介绍了开放式工业以太网技术EtherNet/IP的构成方式、发展和应用概况以及优势,分析了工业以太网技术蓬勃发展的深刻动力及其与工厂信息化的关系.     

基于国际标准的十一种工业实时以太网体系结构研究（上）

本文较全面论述了工业实时以太网国际标准的最新进展,阐述了工业实时以太网技术现状,较深入分析了十一种工业实时以太网的体系结构,为工程技术人员应用选型提供参考.同时,论述了实时以太网技术今后的发展趋势,通过合作开发FDI现场设备集成技术,建立互操作的统一工业自动化系统平台.     

The stabilization of the position of the body of walking machinesLa stabilisation de la position du corps d'une machine marchante

This paper shows that in the task of the maintenance of constant orientation of the body of a walking robot the determination of the actual position of the body, i.e. absolute altitudes of its points and remoteness from the supporting surface, is the most complicated problem. Two possible systems of measurement and stabilization of the position by the height of the body of the walking mechanism are compared, i.e. a system of adaptation automatically adjusting the length of the supporting leg to the roughness of the terrain, and the system of the maintenance of constant remoteness of the body from the terrain. The inefficiency of a solitary application of any described system is revealed and the possibility of an accumulation of errors of the position of the body by the walking on the soft terrain is shown. Possible approaches for raising the quality of stabilization of the body by the walking are evaluated.     

Posterior regeneration following fission in the holothurian Cladolabes schmeltzii (Dendrochirotida: Holothuroidea)

The regeneration of the posterior portion of the body after fission was studied in the holothurian Cladolabes schmeltzii using electron microscopy methods. Following fission, the aquapharyngeal complex, gonad and anterior portion of the first descending part of the intestine remain in the anterior fragment of the body. The entire regeneration process is divided into five stages. In the first three stages, the digestive system and damaged ends of the longitudinal muscle bands regenerate. The intestine is formed through the rearrangement and growth of the remaining portion of the first descending part of the intestine. The gut anlage grows down the mesentery and joins the regenerating cloaca. The cloaca is formed from two sources: its posterior portion appears as a result of immersion of the epidermis, while the anterior portion develops from the terminal segment of the growing intestine. Regeneration of muscles progresses in the typical manner for echinoderms: through immersion and myogenic transformation of the coelomic epithelium. Respiratory trees appear in animals when the growth of the external part of the body has begun (fourth stage). They are formed as an outgrowth of the dorsal wall of the anterior portion of the cloaca. It was concluded that regeneration of the posterior portion of the body in the holothurian C. schmeltzii following fission is realized through morphallactic rearrangements of the remaining parts of organs. The main mechanism through which the digestive, respiratory, and contractile systems are formed is epithelial morphogenesis. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:540–552, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Walking robot with supervisory control

A design of a six-legged walking robot with supervisory control is presented. A hierarchical control system of the robot incorporates a hybrid computer.In recent years the problem of developing a robot, moving on legs in a rough terrain, has been extensively investigated [1–10]. The legged, off-road vehicles exhibit mobility advantages and provide more comfortable movement than that of tracked or wheeled vehicles. Now, some scientific as well as technical problems requiring the application of such vehicles may be mentioned.However, the advantages of a walking robot over other types of moving vehicles result from its greater complexity. A large number of controllable degrees of freedom requires highly efficient drives properly arranged, special design of feet to dissipate the energy of the strike, etc. It is a rather difficult task to design a control system for a legged vehicle having all of its advantages. The control system has to process the information about the terrain, to decide on the type of the motion and to execute it. Thus the problem of the control seems to be the main problem of the walking robot. It should be mentioned, that the experience in designing most complex systems of the automatic control cannot be directly applied to the problem of a walking robot control. As a matter of fact, the problem of spatial movement control in such a complicated form is being solved for a first time.The results of numerous biomechanical studies may be helpful in solving the arising problems. The principles of motor control in animals and man have been studied by several authors.The control system of the described robot is based on the idea of the synergy of the regular gait, which constitutes the main pattern of the motion. When necessary, that motion is modified to adapt the gait to an uneven surface or to perform different manoeuvres to avoid or to overcome obstacles. It is called a quasi-regular gait.This report presents the results of the joint work carried out by two research groups: the Institute for Problems of Information Transmission, Academy of Sciences U.S.S.R. and the Institute for Mechanics of the Moscow State University.     

Application of artificial neural networks instead of the orifice plate discharge coefficient

Differential pressure flowmeters are very often used in many industries. Therefore, the improvement of this method of flow measurement is an important task of flow measurement and instrumentation. One of the important characteristics of differential pressure flowmeters is the discharge coefficient of the flow transducers. A large number of studies and publications were devoted to modeling this coefficient. Therefore, in the framework of this research, this coefficient is simulated using artificial neural networks. The neural representation of this characteristic is made in the form of a multilayer perceptron. In this paper, we replace the traditional equation for the discharge coefficient with an artificial neural network. The advantages and disadvantages of such application of neural networks as discharge coefficients are discussed. The analysis of the results of gas flow measurement, where the neural network is used instead of the traditional equation, is presented. The estimation of flow rate measurement errors with such an approach is made; the error of calculation of the discharge coefficient is estimated.     

Linux环境下的串口通信

终端I／O的用途很广泛,包括:终端、计算机之间的直接连接、调制解调器、打印机等等,所以他变得非常复杂。Linux的串口通讯应用非常广泛,适用于各种控制环境,尤其是当今嵌入式应用的飞速发展,使linux的串口通信得到了很大的应用。本文中将主要介绍POSIX.1标准中有关的串口操作在linux环境下的应用。介绍了linux的串口的参数设置、串口的操作等等。同时也介绍了串口各种参数的使用方式和操作方式。     

Micro- and nanostructures of iridescent wing scales in purple emperor butterflies (Lepidoptera: Apatura ilia and A. iris)

Apatura ilia (Denis and Schiffermüller, 1775) and A. iris (Linnaeus, 1758) are fascinating butterflies found in the Palaearctic ecozone (excepting the north of Africa). The wings of these insects are covered with a great number of two types of scales positioned like roof tiles. Type I scales are on the surface, while type II scales are situated below them. The structural color of the type I scales is recognized only on the dorsal side of both the fore and hind wings of the males of the aforementioned species. Both types of scales are responsible for pigment color of the wings, but iridescence is observed only in the type I scales. The brilliant structural color is due to a multilayer structure. The features of the scales, their dimensions and fine structure were obtained using scanning electron microscopy. Cross sections of the scales were then analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. The scales of the "normal" and clytie forms of A. ilia have a different nanostructure, but are of the same type. A similar type of structure, but with a different morphology, was also noticed in A. iris. The scales of the analyzed species resemble the scales of tropical Morpho butterflies.     

Threshold erosion fracture in the case of oblique incidence

Absract  A model of erosion wear at threshold velocities of incidence of abrasive particles is advanced based on the classic theory of dynamic contact interactions and the structural-time fracture criterion. A formula for calculating the intensity of erosion damage is developed, assuming that erosive particles slip over the surface of the target material during contact. The dependences of erosion wear on the angle of incidence of particles of various sizes are plotted. Original Russian Text ? I.I. Argatov, N.N. Dmitriev, Yu.V. Petrov, V.I. Smirnov, 2009, published in Trenie i Iznos, 2009, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 245–253.     

弹性波在一维掺杂声子晶体中的多缺陷模特征

推导出弹性波在一维掺杂声子晶体中的转移矩阵,研究了弹性波在一维掺杂声子晶体中的缺陷模特征。得出:弹性波在一维掺杂声子晶体中会出现多个缺陷模。缺陷模的数目随杂质厚度的增加而增加,缺陷模的半高宽随缺陷模数目的增加而减小。缺陷模的数目也随杂质声阻抗的增加而发生变化,各缺陷模的位置随杂质声阻抗的增加向禁带中心移动。这些特性可以作为设计多通道弹性波滤波器的理论依据。     

Method of calibration of a fluorescence microscope for quantitative studies

Confocal microscopy is based on measurement of intensity of fluorescence originating from a limited volume in the imaged specimen. The intensity is quantized in absolute (albeit arbitrary) units, producing a digital 3D micrograph. Thus, one may obtain quantitative information on local concentration of biomolecules in cells and tissues. This approach requires estimation of precision of light measurement (limited by noise) and conversion of the digital intensity units to absolute values of concentration (or number) of molecules of interest. To meet the first prerequisite we propose a technique for measurement of signal and noise. This method involves registration of a time series of images of any stationary microscope specimen. The analysis is a multistep process, which separates monotonic, periodic and random components of pixel intensity change. This approach permits simultaneous determination of dark and photonic components of noise. Consequently, confidence interval (total noise estimation) is obtained for every level of signal. The algorithm can also be applied to detect mechanical instability of a microscope and instability of illumination source. The presented technique is combined with a simple intensity standard to provide conversion of relative intensity units into their absolute counterparts (the second prerequisite of quantitative imaging). Moreover, photobleaching kinetics of the standard is used to estimate the power of light delivered to a microscope specimen. Thus, the proposed method provides in one step an absolute intensity calibration, estimate of precision and sensitivity of a microscope system.