网格曲面上两相离曲线段的光滑过渡

将欧氏空间中两非均匀B样条曲线间G1连续条件拓展到曲面空间,提出一种构造网格曲面上两相离曲线光滑过渡曲线的方法.网格曲面上的曲线采用测地B样条表示,具有与欧氏空间中传统B样条相一致的明确数学模型.基于三角网格模型的拓扑邻接关系,提出一种网格曲面上测地线的延长线离散逼近算法,以此为基础,建立两测地B样条曲线间G1连续条件,将边界连续条件转化为控制顶点的位置约束,从而构建两曲线间的光滑过渡曲线.试验结果表明,所提方法健壮、高效,不依赖于参数化和投影技术,即使对于具有尖锐特征的曲面亦有很强的适应性.     

网格曲面上测地B样条曲线交互操作与重用

针对现有曲面上自由曲线设计重用方法的不足,提出一种流形网格曲面上曲线几何变换方法,达到曲线重用与再设计的目的。网格曲面上的曲线用测地B样条表示,具有与欧氏空间中传统B样条相一致的明确数学模型;引入对数映射理论将给定的源曲线控制顶点映射到切空间,获得它们的法坐标,按照曲线迁移前后控制顶点法坐标保持不变的原则,建立曲线迁移前后控制顶点的对应关系,实现类似于欧氏空间中的平移、旋转和缩放等几何变换。以网格曲面上离散对数映射理论为基础,将欧氏空间中的对称定义拓展到曲面空间,提出曲面上曲线的广义镜像概念并给出具体的算法实现。法坐标很好地保持了控制顶点之间的测地距离和相对位置关系,因而也保证了曲线迁移重用过程中的形状保持性。试验结果表明,所介绍方法健壮、有效,能满足曲面上曲线的交互设计要求。     

三角网格曲面上测地B样条曲线偏置

针对曲面上曲线偏置方法存在的不足,提出一种流形网格曲面上测地B样条曲线偏置方法。该方法将流形网格曲面上曲线偏置的问题转换为平面曲线偏置的问题。对于给定的流形网格曲面上测地B样条曲线,将测地B样条曲线所在的区域用离散指数映射的方法进行局部参数化;利用基于控制顶点偏移的方法,将参数域上的曲线进行偏置;利用参数匹配的方法将偏置后的曲线映射到流形网格曲面上,完成曲面上曲线的偏置。针对平面偏置曲线出现的自交,提出了一种新的检测与去除自交的方法,能够有效地去除自交。试验结果表明:该方法不仅健壮、有效,能够满足交互设计要求,而且偏置曲线的表达式与源曲线具有相同形式。     

网格曲面上的样条曲线阵列

提出一种流形网格曲面上曲线阵列复制方法,达到曲线重用与再设计的目的。网格曲面上的曲线用测地B样条表示,使对曲线的操作可以转换为对曲线控制顶点的操作;引入离散指数映射理论将给定的源曲线控制顶点映射到切空间,获得它们的法坐标,按照曲线阵列前后控制顶点法坐标保持不变的原则,建立曲线阵列前后控制顶点的对应关系,实现曲线的有规律多重复制。法坐标很好地保持了控制顶点之间的测地距离和相对位置关系,因而也保证了曲线阵列重用过程中的形状保持性。将曲线阵列时的位置与形状分开处理,使曲线生成仅与其所在的局部区域有关而与曲面的整体大小无关,既便于保证曲线的形状保持性,也减少了计算量。试验结果表明,所介绍方法健壮、有效,能满足曲面上曲线的交互设计要求。     

基于离散指数映射的网格曲面上曲线设计与复用

把指数映射参数化方法引入到网格曲面上自由曲线的设计中,提出一种网格曲面上测地B样条曲线复用操作方法。指数映射局部微分同胚的性质,可以保证局部网格参数化的有效性。对于生成的测地B样条曲线,采用离散指数映射方法参数化其控制顶点,得其法坐标,在保证法坐标不变的前提下,通过改变参数化区域,可以实现测地B样条曲线实时滑动、旋转、缩放等效果。测地B样条曲线生成和局部网格参数化都不依赖于网格模型的整体规模,适用性强。试验结果表明,基于离散指数映射的网格曲面上曲线设计与复用方法健壮、有效,能满足曲面上曲线的交互设计要求。     

基于轮廓约束点的B样条曲面拟合算法

提出了一种面向截面测量数据的B样条曲面拟合算法。首先对原始数据点列进行降噪处理,然后遴选出曲率优势点,并将其作为初始的轮廓约束点,得到插值于约束点的初始曲线。再在需改善拟合精度的区域增加约束点,直至获得满足精度要求的B样条曲线。最后以约束点数目最多的曲线为准,在其余的曲线上增加差额数目的约束点,并进行平均弦长参数化,构造出B样条曲线簇,最终获得B样条拟合曲面。仿真实验结果表明,该方法可显著压缩曲面模型的控制顶点数目,具有较高的曲面重构效率。     

基于压缩控制顶点的B样条曲线逼近技术

为压缩逆向工程中重构物体轮廓的B样条曲线的控制顶点,提出一种基于特征点提取及改进粒子群算法的B样条曲线逼近技术。利用等弦长法计算离散点的曲率,基于曲率分析提取出离散点列的特征点并构造初始逼近曲线。在误差最大处插入新的插值点,构造新的逼近曲线。重复该过程,当增加插值点不能较大幅度地降低逼近误差时,利用改进的粒子群算法优化曲线控制顶点的位置,由此得到最终的B样条逼近曲线。实例验证表明,相比于其他方法,该方法能更有效地降低控制顶点个数,迭代效率高,逼近效果好。     

三角网格曲面上的等距曲线构造

为了用明确的数学形式表示三角曲面网格中的基曲线和等距曲线,提出一种流形网格曲面上曲线等距线的计算方法,网格曲面上的曲线用测地B样条表示,具有明确的数学表示形式。采用节点插入技术将源曲线分解为分段Bezier曲线,并进行线性化逼近,通过曲线细分策略使其误差控制在给定的容差ε1内;提出一种给定源点和初始方向的离散化测地线构造算法,以该算法为基础,按照顶点等距方法获得源曲线的初始等距线;以初始等距线作为控制多边形并适当插入一些顶点,构造满足给定容差ε2的G1连续分段Bezier曲线作为源曲线的等距线。等距曲线的整体逼近误差由ε1和ε2之和构成,因此可以实现误差的全局控制。针对曲面上曲线自交点计算工作量大的问题,提出先识别局部自交区域再求自交点的策略,减少了线段求交的计算量。实验结果表明,所提方法健壮、有效,能满足曲面上曲线的等距计算要求。     

一种新的网格曲面上的特征线提取方法

提出一种新的三角网格模型的特征线提取方法。首先交互地选取几个初始特征点,利用追踪投影法确定初始特征线;对初始特征线进行均匀采样,找出采样点n环邻域内平均曲率最大的点作为新的特征点;利用这些新的特征点拟合B样条曲线;将B样条曲线投影在三角网格曲面上。实验结果表明,利用该方法获得的特征线比较光滑而且逼近特征。     

应用B样条方法生成3D打印中分层的路径

3D打印中切层面的路径精度影响着填充图和成型的精度。B样条方法以其低阶光滑的特性,被广泛地应用于自由曲线曲面的造型中。为了提高路径形成的精度,采用C2次连续的闭合三次B样条方法生成切层面路径。首先通过3D打印分层中单一闭曲线的有序散点反求出控制顶点,为快速地求出控制顶点,采用了优化后基于追赶法的LU分解方法;然后由控制顶点求解出闭合的三次B样条曲线,通过在B样条曲线的每个分段中求解一定数目的顶点,加入到路径切点序列的相应位置中,顺序连接切点生成路径。     

A new approach for lofted B-spline surface interpolation to serial contours

This paper addresses the problem of B-spline surface interpolation to serial contours, where the number of points varies from contour to contour. A traditional approach to the problem creates a set of B-spline curves via B-spline curve interpolation to each contour, makes them compatible via degree elevation and knot insertion and performs B-spline surface lofting to get a B-spline surface that interpolates them. The approach tends to result in an astonishing number of control points in the lofted B-spline surface. This situation arises mainly from the inevitable process of progressively merging different knot vectors to make the B-spline curves compatible. This paper presents a new approach for fixing this problem. The approach includes a novel process of obtaining a set of compatible B-spline curves from the given contours. The process is based on universal parameterisation [1, 2], allowing the knots to be selected freely but leading to a more stable linear system for B-spline curve interpolation. Since the number of control points in each compatible B-spline curve is equal to the highest number of contour points, the proposed approach can realise efficient data reduction and provide a compact representation of a lofted B-spline surface while keeping the desired surface shape. Some experimental results demonstrate its usefulness and quality.     

一类卷曲模型的组合B样条曲面重建方法

针对一类大型卷曲模型存在数据点参数化困难、手工操作频繁和建模效率低等问题,提出一种组合B样条曲面的自动重建方法。首先,给出该类卷曲模型点集投影轴线的自动识别方法,并采用映射方式将空间点集投影到给定的平面域,然后根据投影后点集的边界特点,将边界自动分割成四条边界曲线段,进而利用Coons曲面形式实现了点集的区域分割与快速参数化。对于每个分割区域,采用最小二乘拟合形式建立该分割区域内空间点集合的B样条曲面模型,一定程度上提高了建模的效率与自动化程度。其次,在组合曲面的拼接过程中,给出一种基于拼接影响区域的B样条曲面控制点优化调整的一阶光滑拼接策略,提高了拼接的精度。最后的实例验证了所提方法的有效性与实用性。     

自由曲面模型全局美化技术

利用可微流形的无穷小变形技术,实现紧公差约束下对点云逼近的多张B-样条曲面的全局美化.根据微分流形上的Beltrami-Laplace算子,定义反映曲面整体形状变化的变形能量泛函,并得到泛函的唯一极小解.给出两张单节点B-样条曲面间G1连续的充要条件以及公共边界曲线控制顶点的本征方程,并利用局部格式构造整体收敛的G1光滑拼接的边界表示模型获得变形映射族的特解.特解的构造不可避免地导致模型在缝合区域的形状产生局部瑕疵,影响反求模型的保形性.通过特解来构造能量泛函的极小解,使得这类似应力集中的效应被逐步松弛到曲面的内部,从而改善模型的整体形状.应用实例揭示自由曲面的全局美化技术在反求工程中的意义.     

Prediction of surface reconstruction uncertainties for freeform surface inspection

A method is introduced to predict uncertainties of the B-spline freeform surfaces that are reconstructed from the measurement points for inspection of freeform surfaces. The uncertainties of a reconstructed B-spline surface are modeled by variances of coordinates of points on this freeform surface. Prediction of the uncertainty at any location on the reconstructed B-spline surface is carried out in two steps: (1) estimation of variances of the B-spline surface’s control points introduced by the surface reconstruction process, and (2) propagation of the variances from the control points to the points on the B-spline freeform surface. In this research, the variances of the control points of the reconstructed B-spline surface in all three directions are considered to improve the accuracy of uncertainty prediction in the regions with significant changes of geometric shapes. Both the errors and uncertainties at different locations on the reconstructed surface are considered in freeform surface inspection to compare the manufactured surface against the design surface and its tolerance. The developed method has been applied to two case studies to demonstrate its effectiveness.     

RECONSTRUCTION OF SYMMETRIC B-SPLINE CURVES AND SURFACES

A method to reconstruct symmetric B-spline curves and surfaces is presented.The symme- try property is realized by using symmetric knot vector and symmetric control points.Firstly,data points are divided into two parts based on the symmetry axis or symmetry plane extracted from data points.Then the divided data points are pararaeterized and a symmetric knot vector is selected in order to get symmetric B-spline basis functions.Constraint equations regarding the control points are deduced to keep the control points of the B-spline curve or surface to be symmetric with respect to the extracted symmetry axis or symmetry plane.Lastly,the constrained least squares fitting problem is solved with the Lagrange multiplier method.Two examples from industry are given to show that the proposed method is efficient,robust and able to meet the general engineering requirements.     

基于三次B样条的镜框曲线修调及成型控制

研究了一种基于三次B样条来进行镜框曲线修调策略.提出对镜框采样数据的有效型值点筛选算法,通过反求控制点、插值生成镜框平面曲线.直接通过拖动控制点来对平面曲线进行修调.进而计算镜框空间曲线,控制三轴联动来完成镜框成型运动.该算法能够有效简化曲线修调的计算过程,并使修调操作方便.     

The Pre-Processing of Data Points for Curve Fitting in Reverse Engineering

Reverse engineering has become an important tool for CAD model construction from the data points, measured by a coordinate measuring machine (CMM), of an existing part. A major problem in reverse engineering is that the measured points having an irregular format and unequal distribution are difficult to fit into a B-spline curve or surface. The paper presents a method for pre-processing data points for curve fitting in reverse engineering. The proposed method has been developed to process the measured data points before fitting into a B-spline form. The format of the new data points regenerated by the proposed method is suitable for the requirements for fitting into a smooth B-spline curve with a good shape. The entire procedure of this method involves filtering, curvature analysis, segmentation, regressing, and regenerating steps. The method is implemented and used for a practical application in reverse engineering. The result of the reconstruction proves the viability of the proposed method for integration with current commercial CAD systems.