基于瞬时故障特征频率曲线提取的变转速滚动轴承故障诊断

提出了一种基于瞬时故障特征频率曲线提取的阶比分析诊断方法，首先，采用希尔伯特变换获得滚动轴承振动信号的包络信号；然后，采用同步挤压小波变换对包络信号进行时频分析，根据所得时频图确定滚动轴承瞬时故障特征频率曲线的频率范围，经过阈值处理、频率校准、曲线拟合估计瞬时故障特征频率；最后，根据瞬时故障特征频率进行等角度重采样及频谱分析获得阶比谱，根据故障特征系数和阶比谱图判定轴承故障。     

基于倒谱预白化和随机共振的轴承故障增强检测

轴承损伤引起的冲击受到离散频率分量和噪声干扰,使轴承故障检测面临困难。结合基于倒谱编辑(Cepstrum editing procedure, CEP)的信号预白化和随机共振(Stochastic resonance, SR)微弱信号检测技术,提出一种轴承故障增强检测的新方法。信号预白化能够提升轴承振动信号的冲击特性,产生包含白噪声和轴承局部故障信号的白化信号。在未知最优共振频带的情况下,对白化后的轴承振动信号进行包络分析,增强故障特征分量的同时引入了较多噪声。通过随机共振的归一化尺度变换,将轴承包络信号作为检测模型的输入,增强轴承故障特征频率分量。提出将轴承故障特征频率处的局部谱峭度和局部信噪比作为对照指标。实测正常和外环植入故障轴承的诊断结果表明,提出的方法优于基于谱峭度优化的包络分析和单纯的信号预白化方法。     

基于小波分析和Hilbert变换的滚动轴承故障诊断

针对滚动轴承故障信号的非平稳和调制特点,使用小波分析对包含故障信息的信号进行分解、重构.应用Hilbert变换进行解调和细化频谱分析,提取了故障特征频率,判断轴承故障模式.小波分析和希尔伯特(Hilbert)变换结合对滚动轴承局部损伤故障的检测是有效的.     

基于VMD和自适应谱线增强技术的滚动轴承故障诊断

为了在噪声干扰下准确提取滚动轴承振动信号的故障特征,提出了一种将变分模态分解与自适应谱线增强技术相结合的轴承故障特征频率提取方法。首先采用VMD对原始振动信号进行分解和重构,然后通过自适应谱线增强技术对重构信号进行降噪处理,最后对降噪信号进行包络解调分析得到故障特征频率。利用滚动轴承仿真信号和实测信号检验了所提出的方法,并与VMD及小波分析+ALE方法进行对比分析,结果表明,VMD+ALE方法的滤波效果及检测精度更好,能够更加有效的提取轴承故障特征。     

小波包和小波脊线相结合的解调方法在液压泵故障诊断中的应用

针对轴向柱塞泵故障振动信号呈现出的非平稳和非线性特点,提出了一种基于小波包能量法与小波脊线法相结合的信号解调方法,将其用于液压泵故障诊断中的信号解调过程。该方法首先对原始振动信号进行功率谱分析,明确故障振动信号反映出的能量集中频带带宽;根据确定的带宽和原始信号分析频率设定小波包分解的层数,采用小波包能量法提取出分解系数对应频带能量最大的特征信息进行信号重构;利用小波脊线法对重构后的频带信号进行解调处理,通过信号的包络解调谱提取故障的特征频率,利用解调后的时频谱对液压泵单柱塞滑靴磨损、斜盘磨损以及中心弹簧故障进行分析。通过实验结果验证,该方法能有效地对液压泵的故障信号进行解调,并能找出反映故障的敏感特征频率。     

基于循环谱密度函数的滚动轴承故障诊断

采用时域平滑循环周期图法直接由信号计算循环谱密度切片,在分析常用的3种变换形式基础上,讨论了各自谱密度三维分布的共性、差异、适用范围。在滚动轴承5个故障特征频率理论计算值附近选择谱峰值最大的切片进行组合分析,通过比较切片谱峰值的大小来判断故障所在位置。对内圈故障、滚动体故障两组信号进行了频谱、包络谱、组合切片分析,结果表明,循环谱密度组合切片分析滚动轴承的故障更为直观。     

基于VMD和MED的滚动轴承故障诊断方法

为有效提取振动信号中的轴承故障特征,降低背景噪声和齿轮传动噪声影响,将VMD和MED相结合,首先采集强噪声轴承故障信号并进行VMD降噪,选取与原信号相关系数大的分量重构;然后将重构信号进行MED处理以增强故障信息;最后对信号进行包络谱分析,从中获得轴承故障特征频率信息。经实测信号并与EMD的对比分析比较表明:VMD+MED能够从实测信号中有效地提取齿轮箱轴承的故障特征频率及其倍频,而且较EMD法更具优势。     

基于SAS降噪和谱峭度的特征频率提取方法

提出了稀疏辅助平滑降噪(SAS)与谱峭度(SK)结合的滚动轴承故障特征的提取方法。首先,利用稀疏辅助平滑降噪(SAS)方法对仿真信号进行预降噪,通过均方根误差(RMSE)指标对SAS降噪与低通滤波的降噪性能实施评价;然后,将SAS降噪和谱峭度方法结合应用于故障滚动轴承的振动信号的分析中,提取到清晰的特征频率。用峭度值指标将所提方法同小波方法、EMD方法进行对比,证实了所提方法在特征提取上的优势;通过仿真和数据实验,证明了所提方法的有效性。     

小波变换在滚动轴承故障分析中的应用

采用离散小波变换对滚动轴承进行故障诊断,通过对测试到的故障轴承的振动速度信号进行分析,分别绘出故障信号的频谱图,对结果进行分析比较表明,离散小波分析技术在滚动轴承内圈及滚动体故障特征频率提取方面有较大的优越性。     

高速线材轧机网络监测系统

高速线材轧机网络监测系统用于监测粗轧机和精轧机的振动信息,软件部分集成了频谱分析、小波 分析和特征频率识别,实现了特征频率计算等功能;硬件系统为自主研制的“高速线材粗轧机齿轮箱故障 检测板”,可从振动信号中提取冲击故障特征。系统运行5年多以来,多次发现故障隐患,为保证轧机安全 可靠运行及维检修提供了科学依据。     

基于Hilbert-Huang变换与理想带通滤波器的系统识别

针对经验模态分解存在模态混叠现象,提出基于Hilbert-Huang变换与理想带通滤波器的系统识别方法。该方法利用傅里叶变换得到结构加速度响应频响函数,粗略估计固有频率范围,通过半功率带宽法设计理想带通滤波器,定量化确定通带带宽,使信号在经过滤波器后频域内零相移,同时不改变其幅值谱。结构响应通过指定频带的理想带通滤波器产生若干窄带信号,利用经验模态分解获取结构模态响应,经Hilbert变换构造模态响应解析信号,并通过线性最小二乘拟合提取结构模态参数与物理参数。结果表明:半功率带宽法可实现带通滤波器频带的定量化设计,理想带通滤波器的零相移特点较好契合Hilbert-Huang变换用于系统识别的要求,两者结合可有效地解决模态混叠现象,减少虚假模态,大大提高结构系统识别精度。     

基于梯度方向直方图的热核特征提取方法

提出了一种适用于描述非刚性三维模型局部表面结构的特征提取方法,即基于梯度方向直方图的热核特征(HOGHKS)提取方法。该方法首先提取具有等距不变性的三维点热核信号,可以使后续提取的特征向量具有等距不变性和较好的稳定性;然后对热核信号的对数差分值进行梯度方向直方图统计,可以使构造出的特征向量对三维模型的尺度变化具有一定的不变性。该特征在一定程度上解决了HKS特征不具有尺度不变性、SI-HKS特征虽然具有尺度不变性但是需要将热核信号转换到频域进行描述会丢失一部分有效描述信息的问题。实验结果表明,与HKS特征和SI-HKS特征相比,HOG-HKS特征具有更好的检索效果。     

Invited review article: The uncertainty in the realization and dissemination of the SI second from a systems point of view

The uncertainty (accuracy) in the realization and dissemination of the SI second is determined by the characteristics of three major components: (1) primary frequency standards, (2) time scale flywheels that provide a continuously present frequency reference, and (3) frequency transfer systems. Currently these three systems contribute at approximately equal levels in the mid 10(-16) range over 20 to 30 days of averaging time to the practical delivery of the SI second to the most demanding users. Any significant improvement in one system requires similar improvements in the other two systems in order for most users to see the full benefits.     

Progress of the NTSC-F1 primary frequency standard

The SI "second"is realized by caesium primary frequency standards( PFSs) using laser cooled atoms in a fountain configuration. Four sub systems and operation procedure of the NTSC-F1 primary frequency standard are introduced in the paper.The frequency stability of NTSC-F1 is 3.0×10-13/ τ-1 / 2compared to hydrogen maser. Four terms of frequency shift and uncertainty including second order Zeeman frequency shift,cold collision shift,gravity shift and blackbody shift are evaluated. The improvement of NTSC-F1 is introduced.     

基于有限元的损伤结构功率流可视化研究

基于有限元法对裂纹损伤结构的功率流进行可视化研究.引入结构声强的概念,给出有限元壳单元和实体单元中结构声强的表达式.给出流线可视化的概念,并应用到结构声强流线的可视化中.利用1/4点单元法来模拟裂纹,计算得到了裂纹结构在不同裂纹参数和不同激励频率下的位移响应矢量图、声强矢量图和流线图.实现了结构表面能量分布、传播以及在裂纹位置周围的分布的可视化,为掌握振动能量在损伤结构的分布、损伤的识别提供了新的手段.     

Chemical mapping of a block copolymer electrolyte by low-loss EFTEM spectrum-imaging and principal component analysis

Energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy spectrum-imaging (EFTEM SI) in the low electron energy-loss range is a valuable technique for probing the chemical structure of a material with nanoscale spatial resolution using a reduced electron dose. By analyzing EFTEM SI datasets using principal component analysis (PCA), the constituent chemical phases of the material can be identified in an efficient manner without prior knowledge of the specimen. We implement low-loss EFTEM SI together with PCA to investigate thin films of the block copolymer electrolyte poly(styrene-block-ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) blended with a sodium salt. PCA identifies three main phases, the first and second phases corresponding to the two blocks of the copolymer and a third phase corresponding to the salt. The low-loss spectra for these phases are extracted from a noise-reduced EFTEM SI dataset and used to generate a chemical map of the material by multiple linear least square fitting. We validate the results of the low-loss EFTEM SI/PCA technique by applying the method to a control PS-b-PEO sample that does not contain the sodium salt, and by conducting spatially resolved X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometry on the salt-containing PS-b-PEO thin film.     

基于信息熵和Haar小波变换的开关电流电路故障诊断新方法

针对开关电流(SI)电路的故障诊断和定位问题,为进一步提高故障准确率,提出了基于信息熵和Haar小波变换的开关电流电路故障诊断新方法。该方法采用伪随机信号激励经蒙特卡罗分析、Haar小波正交滤波器分解和信息熵及模糊集的计算来实现故障特征的提取,以减少信号的冗余。最后构建故障字典,完成各故障模式的故障分类。对六阶切比雪夫低通滤波器进行了仿真实验验证,获得了100%的故障诊断准确率,与其它方法进行比较,实验结果显示了本文方法的优越性。     

Secondary ion counting for surface-sensitive chemical analysis of organic compounds using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy with cluster ion impact ionization

We report suitable secondary ion (SI) counting for surface-sensitive chemical analysis of organic compounds using time-of-flight (TOF) SI mass spectroscopy, based on considerably higher emission yields of SIs induced by cluster ion impact ionization. A SI counting system for a TOF SI mass spectrometer was developed using a fast digital storage oscilloscope, which allows us to perform various types of analysis as all the signal pulses constituting TOF SI mass spectra can be recorded digitally in the system. Effects of the SI counting strategy on SI mass spectra were investigated for C(8) and C(60) cluster ion impacts on an organically contaminated silicon wafer and on polytetrafluoroethylene targets by comparing TOF SI mass spectra obtained from the same recorded signals with different SI counting procedures. Our results show that the use of a counting system, which can cope with high SI yields, is necessary for quantitative analysis of SI mass spectra obtained under high SI yield per impact conditions, including the case of cluster ion impacts on organic compounds.     

Multivariate statistics applications in phase analysis of STEM-EDS spectrum images

Spectrum imaging (SI) methods are displacing traditional spot analyses as the predominant paradigm for spectroscopic analysis with electron beam instrumentation. The multivariate nature of SI provides clear advantages for qualitative analysis of multiphase specimens relative to traditional gray-scale images acquired with non-spectroscopic signals, where different phases with similar average atomic number may exhibit the same intensity. However, with the improvement in qualitative analysis with the SI paradigm has come a decline in the quantitative analysis of the phases thus identified, since the spectra from individual pixels typically have insufficient counting statistics for proper quantification. The present paper outlines a methodology for quantitative analysis within the spectral imaging paradigm, which is illustrated through X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of a multiphase (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O₃ ceramic in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Statistical analysis of STEM-EDS SI is shown to identify the number of distinct phases in the analyzed specimen and to provide better segmentation than the STEM high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) signal. Representative spectra for the identified phases are extracted from the segmented images with and without exclusion of pixels that exhibit spectral contributions from multiple phases, and subsequently quantified using Cliff–Lorimer sensitivity factors. The phase compositions extracted with the method while excluding pixels from multiple phases are found to be in good agreement with those extracted from user-selected regions of interest, while providing improved confidence intervals. Without exclusion of multiphase pixels, the extracted composition is found to be in poor statistical agreement with the other results because of systematic errors arising from the cross-phase spectral contamination. The proposed method allows quantification to be performed in the presence of discontinuous phase distributions and overlapping phases, challenges that are typical of many nanoscale analyses performed by STEM-EDS.     

Simulation research on the effect of cooled EGR, supercharging and compression ratio on downsized SI engine knock

Knock in spark-ignition(SI) engines severely limits engine performance and thermal efficiency. The researches on knock of downsized SI engine have mainly focused on structural design, performance optimization and advanced combustion modes, however there is little for simulation study on the effect of cooled exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) combined with downsizing technologies on SI engine performance. On the basis of mean pressure and oscillating pressure during combustion process, the effect of different levels of cooled EGR ratio, supercharging and compression ratio on engine dynamic and knock characteristic is researched with three- dimensional KIVA-3V program coupled with pressure wave equation. The cylinder pressure, combustion temperature, ignition delay timing, combustion duration, maximum mean pressure, and maximum oscillating pressure at different initial conditions are discussed and analyzed to investigate potential approaches to inhibiting engine knock while improving power output. The calculation results of the effect of just cooled EGR on knock characteristic show that appropriate levels of cooled EGR ratio can effectively suppress cylinder high-frequency pressure oscillations without obvious decrease in mean pressure. Analysis of the synergistic effect of cooled EGR, supercharging and compression ratio on knock characteristic indicates that under the condition of high supercharging and compression ratio, several times more cooled EGR ratio than that under the original condition is necessarily utilized to suppress knock occurrence effectively. The proposed method of synergistic effect of cooled EGR and downsizing technologies on knock characteristic, analyzed from the aspects of mean pressure and oscillating pressure, is an effective way to study downsized SI engine knock and provides knock inhibition approaches in practical engineering.