集成在微型直接甲醇燃料电池中加热器的设计

根据各种传热机理建立了微型直接甲醇燃料电池的热传导模型,借助有限元分析工具,设计模拟了集成在微型直接甲醇燃料电池中3种不同结构的加热器。仿真结果表明,不同的加热器结构在极板表面将引起不同的温度分布,这将对燃料电池产生不同的加热效果,从而对电池的性能造成影响。其中一种比较理想的加热结构仅引起1.4 ℃的温度偏差,显示了良好的温度均匀性,故在实验中被用来控制工作温度。而另外两种加热结构引起的温度偏差分别是2.1 ℃和3.0 ℃。实验结果表明,当电流53.9 mA时,微型直接甲醇燃料电池工作温度为58.2 ℃,产生的最大功率密度为5.55 mW/cm²。集成后的微型加热器可以通过调整微型直接甲醇燃料电池的工作温度提高其性能,并能在极端环境下工作。     

铁电液晶基空间光调制器的灰度响应特性

提出了一类以铁电液晶作光调制层的空间光调制器等效电路模型,对调制器的灰度响应特性进行了动态仿真研究,给出了驱动电压频率100 Hz~1 kHz和写入光强0~10 mW/cm²时调制器的强度转移特性曲线。结果表明,光寻址空间光调制器(OASLM)电光响应的上升时间随写入光强的增加而减少,写入光强由0.5 mW/cm²增加到10 mW/cm²,上升时间从1.44 ms减少为74 μs。写入光强存在使输出光强随之(准)线性增加的范围,调制器工作在该范围内即可显示不同灰度;强度转移特性对电压频率十分敏感,调节频率可对调制器的工作范围及灰度区内强度转移特性曲线的斜率等进行控制,频率由100 Hz增加到1 kHz,工作范围由(0.08 mW/cm²,1 mW/cm²)改变为(2 mW/cm²,10 mW/cm²),同时线性段内强度转移特性曲线的斜率减小。另外,虽然擦除光对强度转移特性的影响很弱,但必须注入擦除光以抑制无写入光注入时的光响应和保证在新信息写入前擦除先前的信息。由该模型得到的仿真实验结果在趋势与量级上均与有关文献的实测结果相一致。     

PDMS封装技术在硅基微型直接甲醇燃料电池中的应用

在分析了PDMS应用优势的基础上,介绍了一种基于PDMS的封装技术,将此技术应用于硅基直接甲醇燃料电池的制作中,并对电池性能进行了测试。实验表明,PDMS封装技术能够有效解决封装的密封性、燃料输运导管固定、电池组件间的接触性等问题,并具有长期可靠性。应用PDMS封装技术的微型直接甲醇燃料电池性能优良,可以驱动一些低功率电子器件和MEMS器件。     

全固态连续波555 nm黄-绿光激光器

报道了全固态连续波555 nm黄-绿光激光器,黄-绿激光分别由Nd:YAG和Nd:YVO₄晶体的946 nm和1342 nm谱线非线性和频产生,两条谱线各自晶体对应的能级跃迁分别为⁴F_3/2-⁴I_9/2和⁴F_3/2-⁴I13/2。实验中采用复合折叠腔结构,利用LBOI类临界位相匹配进行腔内和频,当注入到Nd∶YAG和Nd:YVO₄晶体的泵浦功率分别为12 W和8 W时,获得542 mW的TEM₀₀连续波555 nm黄-绿激光输出,4 h功率稳定度优于±3.7％。实验结果表明,采用Nd:YAG和Nd:YVO₄两种激光晶体进行腔内和频是获得黄-绿激光的高效方法,并可以应用到其它两种激光晶体进行腔内非线性和频,获得更多不同波长的激光输出。     

全固态589 nm复合腔连续波和频激光器

给出了一种复合腔结构和频激光器,用2台激光二极管阵列(LDA)经过光纤耦合分别单独端面抽运Nd:YVO₄和Nd:YAG晶体,其中Nd:YVO₄和Nd:YAG晶体所选择的能级跃迁分别为⁴F_3/2-⁴I_11/2和⁴F_3/2-⁴I_13/2,其对应激光跃迁波长分别为1 064 nm和1 319 nm,两基频激光束分别在两个子谐振腔中振荡,在其交叠区利用KTP II类临界相位匹配(CPM)进行腔内和频,获得了589 nm的和频激光。当抽运功率为8 W/14 W时获得了340 mW连续波TEM₀₀黄激光输出。光束质量因子M²<1.2,激光输出功率噪声低,4 h功率不稳定度小于±3％。该复合腔结构是实现LDA泵浦589 nm全固态黄光激光器一种有效的和频方法。     

基于SOI晶圆材料的硅微压传感器

为解决硅微压传感器制作过程中存在的问题,以SOI晶圆材料为基础,使用有限元方法优化设计岛-膜型1kPa压力敏感结构,采用MEMS工艺完成传感器芯片制作,并对封装后的传感器进行了测试。测试结果表明,传感器输出灵敏度大于60 mV/kPa,非线性小于0.1%FS,精度小于0.5%FS,器件具有较好的性能指标。     

微波组件用硅铝合金的激光封焊工艺研究

对微波组件用硅铝合金的激光封焊工艺开展研究,分析了焊接工艺参数对焊缝组织形貌的影响,并结合有限元仿真,分析了焊接面结构对焊接热裂纹的影响。结果表明:激光峰值功率和脉宽对焊缝形貌和熔深有显著影响;焊接热应力集中在壳体一侧,当焊缝中心距离壳体边缘较远时,容易产生焊接热裂纹。通过对焊接参数的优化和焊接面结构的改进,获得了封装体积大于10 cm³的微波组件,气密性稳定在10^-9 Pa·m³/s量级水平,满足GJB 360方法112中条件C的要求。     

特气室温红外探测器的噪声分析

由MEMS技术制备的特气室温红外探测器的噪声主要包括温度噪声、机械热噪声和背景噪声。从理论上建立了器件的基本热模型,推导得到器件的等效热熔和等效热导分别为8.1 μJ/K和1.0×10^-3 W/K,温度噪声约为1.73×10^-10 W/Hz^1/2;通过器件的工作机理和能量均分原理,推导得到热机械噪声的等效噪声功率约为9.96×10^-9 W/Hz^1/2,器件的背景噪声约为3.22×10^-11 W/Hz^1/2,从而得出器件的归一化探测率约为9.03×10⁶ cm·Hz^1/2/W。实验表明,器件的噪声中热机械噪声为主要噪声源,大小主要由浓硼硅薄膜的机械性能和器件结构决定,可以通过增大薄膜厚度,减小薄膜面积,从而增加薄膜的特征频率的方法来减小器件受外界振动的影响,但以降低器件的灵敏度为代价。另外环境振动噪声也对器件的影响很大。为了减小外界气压和温度变化的影响,提出了一种新型的双腔结构来减小和平衡外界环境变化引入的噪声。     

选区激光熔化工艺参数对燃料电池316L不锈钢双极板性能的影响

316L不锈钢材料具有耐蚀性好、成形性好、成本低等优点,在燃料电池金属双极板领域有着良好的应用前景.基于传统等材、减材加工方法难以成形复杂结构燃料电池双极板的瓶颈,使用选区激光熔化技术可实现复杂结构316L不锈钢双极板的成形制造.针对燃料电池不锈钢金属双极板的应用背景,系统研究了不同激光工艺参数(激光功率、激光扫描速度)对所成形316L不锈钢材料微观组织及双极板所需耐蚀性和表面接触电阻的影响,并对比了传统锻造316L不锈钢与选区激光熔化316L不锈钢在显微组织和性能上的差异.结果 表明,选区激光熔化成形316L不锈钢的致密度随着激光功率的增大而增大,随着扫描速度的增大而减少,并在激光功率为300W,扫描速度为1500～2000 mm/s时达到最大值.相比于具有等轴晶特征的锻造不锈钢试样,选区激光熔化成形不锈钢试样柱状晶组织有利于降低晶界对电流的阻碍作用,从而降低了表面接触电阻;同时,随着样品表面粗糙度的提高,选区激光熔化成形不锈钢试样的表面接触电阻降低.致密度高的选区激光熔化成形不锈钢试样的耐蚀性优于锻造成形不锈钢试样,且随着致密度的减小,选区激光熔化成形试样的耐蚀性逐渐降低.本研究结果表明选区激光熔化成形316L不锈钢材料可用于燃料电池金属双极板.     

光照参数对硅光电池响应性能影响的研究

利用硅光电池作为可见光通信中的光电探测器件,基于载流子的运动模型,分析了不同波长光照射下硅光电池的驰豫特性,通过仿真计算,得到了硅光电池的响应速度与光照波长之间的关系,并通过实验进行了验证。结果表明,在入射光功率一定的情况下,随着入射光波长的增加,硅光电池的响应速度加快;在同等条件下,硅光电池对冷白光的响应速度低于红、黄、绿光。将电平比较电路作为硅光电池响应输出失真信号的改善电路,实验结果表明,该电路可有效改善硅光电池的输出失真。     

熔渗铜锡316L不锈钢的制备与性能

利用熔渗Cu90Sn10工艺制备粉末316不锈钢，研究了压制压力、熔渗温度对材料性能和组织的影响。结果表明：利用熔渗法可制备高致密的316L不锈钢，相对密度可达98％以上；基体骨架孔隙率应保证在189／6～229／5左右。熔渗后316L烧结不锈钢的硬度从49HRB提高至88HRB，且塑性也有所提高。同时，耐腐蚀性能也有很大提高，其腐蚀电位为-212mV，接近致密316L不锈钢。随着骨架密度的提高，熔渗制品密度基本不变，但硬度明显下降。应防止熔渗温度过高而使晶粒过分长大。     

Correlated morphometric and biochemical analysis of gingival tissue. Morphometric model, tissue sampling and test of stereologic procedures

Measurements of penetration on silicon and austenitic stainless steel have been continued using the same criteria as previously reported (Thomas, 1968) up to 2.5 MeV using the 3 MeV Toulouse electron microscope. The results show that penetration increases to about 14 μm at 2.5 MeV for silicon although the curve starts to flatten out above 1.5 MeV, but no significant gain was found for stainless steel ?2μm at 2.5 MeV). Primary knock-on damage occurs readily in both materials. The critical voltages for 440 silicon and 422 tantalum were measured, and both found to be 1.4 MeV (± 10 kV). Attempts to measure the variation of radiation damage with beam voltage in crystalline amino acids as indicated by the fading of diffraction patterns indicated that the damage rates apparently decrease as the voltage is raised to 2.5 MeV. However, it was not possible to determine this variation quantitatively because of difficulties in measuring the absolute values of the critical exposures.     

不锈钢焊条工艺稳定性分析与评价

焊条渣壁过渡形态的倾向大小是衡量不锈钢焊条工艺稳定性的主要标志。利用汉诺威弧焊分析仪对不锈钢焊条的焊接电参数进行测试分析,提取短路电压概率密度和、平均电弧电压、平均焊接电流和短路频率等与不锈钢焊条渣壁过渡倾向大小有关的4个特征信息,然后采用主成分分析法确定不锈钢焊条工艺稳定性评价指数。研究结果为定量判断不锈钢焊条熔滴过渡形态和科学评价不锈钢焊条工艺稳定性提供了新方法。     

磁通门传感器接口ASIC设计(英文)

基于磁通门传感器的二次谐波选择法原理,采用0.6 μm,N-well标准模拟CMOS工艺,设计并实现了磁通门传感器专用集成电路接口(ASIC).这种集成磁通门接口电路能够减小传统分立元件接口电路的体积,降低系统能耗,满足航天、军事等领域的微型化、低功耗需求.在分析磁通门传感器结构和特点的基础上,完成了激励电路及检测电路的设计,芯片面积为2.0 mm×2.0 mm,并采用HSPICE对电路各部分功能及其指标进行验证.对与微型磁通门探头集成的电路系统进行了测试,结果表明,当测量范围为±90 μT时,灵敏度可达16.5 mV/μT;在5V电源电压下,其功耗为35 mW.     

Small switches of high-power microsecond pulses on the basis of high-voltage integrated pulse thyristors and reverse switch-on dynistors

A high-voltage switch on the basis of a small unit of series-connected high-voltage integrated pulse thyristors (HVIPTs), which were developed at the Ioffe Physical Technical Institute, was designed and investigated. At a power voltage of 25 kV, current pulses of microsecond duration with an amplitude of 2.8 kA and a rise time of 0.8 μs were switched. The attained current density through an HVIPT (5.6 kA/cm²) appreciably exceeds the permissible current density for conventional thyristors. It is shown that the developed HVIPT unit can be used in the triggering circuit of a high-power assembly of reverse switch-on dynistors (RSDs) at an operating voltage of 25 kV, which consists of 14 series-connected dynistors with a diameter of their structures of 24 mm. The RSD switch with a triggering circuit on the basis of HVIPTs allowed switching of rapidly rising current pulses with an amplitude of 20 kA and a duration of 150 μs. The small dimensions of the HVIPT unit (4 × 10 × 32 cm) and the RSD assembly (7 × 7 × 34 cm) determine the wide prospects for using them in high-power pulse technology.     

A low-power multichannel integrated circuit for reading out the signals of silicon detectors

An integrated circuit for reading signals from silicon detectors intended for systems for measuring charges of cosmic particles and nuclei in space-based experiments is described. It contains a 16-channel charge-sensitive amplifier and two additional operational amplifiers produced by the 0.35 μm CMOS process. The power consumption of the charge-sensitive amplifier is ≤1 mW/channel, and the rms deviation of the noise does not exceed 2000 electrons. Circuit designs for separate stages of the integrated circuit and experimental characteristics are given.     

Effect of thermal decomposition products of coal on anodic reactions in direct carbon fuel cells

The effect of inherent volatile matter in fuels on anodic electrochemical reactions was investigated in a direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC). Through thermal decomposition, raw coals, which are used as power source in the DCFC system, release gases under an operating temperature of 700°C. These exhaust gases change the gas composition around the anode and affect the system’s electrochemical reaction. To investigate the effect of produced gases, a comparative study was conducted between Indonesian sub-bituminous coal and char obtained through thermal treatment. The open circuit voltage of raw coal increased to 0.23 V compared with that of char. The maximum power density of raw coal (52 mW/cm²) was also higher than that of char (37 mW/cm²) because of the enhanced electron transport caused by the additional reaction of hydrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide. The influence of volatile matter on the anodic electrolyte-electrode interface was analyzed with the use of the equivalent circuit induced from fitting the impedance data.     

直接甲醇燃料电池测试用温度控制系统

为了精确控制燃料电池阳极燃料的温度,搭建了直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)测试用温度控制系统。针对温度控制对象为定速流动的特点,设计了用于加热流动液体的特殊结构,即将不锈钢软管以双层跑道的布局紧密贴合于三层黄铜板之间,以延长液体在加热块中的流动时间,保证出口流动液体温度的精确控制。计算了不同内径的不锈钢软管最小管长和控制系统的最小加热功率。采用半导体制冷片为流体加热/制冷元件,设计制作了其功率驱动和换向电路。采用基于PID闭环控制的VC++程序设计方法实现了温度自动控制。实验结果表明:温度控制系统的平均升/降温速度为14℃/min,稳态温度控制示值误差±2℃,能够满足DMFC恒定温度条件下实时测试的要求。     

The Effect of Cutting Parameters on Workpiece Surface Roughness in Wire EDM

In this study, the variation of workpiece surface roughness with varying pulse duration, open circuit voltage, wire speed and dielectric fluid pressure was experimentally investigated in Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM). Brass wire with 0.25 mm diameter and SAE 4140 steel with 10 mm thickness were used as tool and workpiece materials in the experiments, respectively. It is found experimentally that the increasing pulse duration, open circuit voltage and wire speed, increase the surface roughness whereas the increasing dielectric fluid pressure decreases the surface roughness. The variation of workpiece surface roughness with machining parameters is modelled by using a power function. The level of importance of the machining parameters on the workpiece surface roughness is determined by using analysis of variance (ANOVA).     

晶体硅太阳能电池PECVD SiNx：H薄膜工艺研究

通过在工业化生产线上研究了PECVD法沉积Si Nx：H薄膜过程中工艺温度和气体流量对其厚度和折射率的影响、工艺气体流量和射频功率对晶体硅太阳能电池光电转换效率、开路电压以及短路电流的影响,最后研究了PECVD对不同类型晶体硅电池的钝化效果。结果表明,随着气体Si H4流量增加,Si Nx：H膜的厚度和折射率上升;随着温度上升,Si Nx：H膜的厚度先上升后下降,折射率无明显变化规律;对于多晶硅太阳能电池,工艺气体NH3与Si H4流量比为11时,光电转换效率最高,随着射频功率从2800W增至4200W,光电转换效率先上升后下降,3700W时达到峰值;Direct Plasma PECVD对多晶硅太阳能电池的钝化效果好于对单晶硅太阳能电池。