一种新的力觉临场感遥操作机器人系统的控制方法

在分析已有控制方法的基础上，提出了一种新型的控制方法，其主要特点是从手由主从手之间的力偏差信号控制，主手由二者的力偏差和位置偏差控制；建立了系统的动力学模型，并根据二端口网络理论，从理论上研究了新方法在理想透明性能情况下应满足的关系，结果对于力觉临场感遥操作机器人控制器的设计应用具有一定参考价值。     

基于环境刚度模糊自适应估计的机器人力控制

在未知环境中为实现精确的接触力控制,需要力控制器能够适应环境的变化。该文将多模型模糊控制器引入到机器人力控制中来适应未知环境的变化,针对几种典型的接触环境刚度设计相应的模糊控制器。由于在环境变化时,很难得到精确的环境刚度值,该文对环境刚度进行模糊自适应估计,进而确定各个模糊力控制器的加权系数,模糊力控制器生成机器人位置控制系统的输入指令。仿真研究表明所设计的控制器是可行和有效的。     

一种基于变权重的六足机器人共享遥操作控制

针对复杂地形环境下的六足机器人步行操作任务,提出一种兼顾机器人行走效率以及稳定裕度的协同调控策略。该策略以现有的速度-位姿协同遥操作构架为基础,融入了共享控制策略,改善系统的操作性和协调性。该方法通过引入优势因子作为主端操作者对机器人的速度层与位姿层操作子系统的控制权重,通过以稳定裕度为输入的模糊推理器求出优势因子,将优势因子引入主从端控制器,主端机器人通过产生触觉力引导操作者进行控制指令的迭代。通过Vortex半物理仿真平台和操作手柄搭建的实验平台对本方法进行验证,并与传统的协同操控方式对比。实验结果表明,通过本策略对六足机器人进行操作能够在保证稳定裕度的同时合理地对机器人速度与位姿进行调控。     

Identification of feasible scaled teleoperation region based on scaling factors and sampling rates

The recent spread of scaled telemanipulation into microsurgery and the nano-world increasingly requires the identification of the possible operation region as a main system specification. A teleoperation system is a complex cascaded system since the human operator, master, slave, and communication are involved bilaterally. Hence, a small time delay inside a master and slave system can be critical to the overall system stability even without communication time delay. In this paper we derive an upper bound of the scaling product of position and force by using Llewellyn’s unconditional stability. This bound can be used for checking the validity of the designed bilateral controller. Time delay from the sample and hold of computer control and its effects on stability of scaled teleoperation are modeled and simulated based on the transfer function of the teleoperation system. The feasible operation region in terms of position and force scaling decreases sharply as the sampling rate decreases and time delays inside the master and slave increase.     

遥操作机器人系统的位置差-力差双向控制策略研究

针对目前遥操作机器人双向控制策略中所存在的力反馈冲击过大及主、从手间的位置跟随特性差等问题,综合传统的位置对称型和力偏差反馈型控制方法的优点,提出新型的位置差-力差双向遥操作机器人控制策略.通过仿真验证了所设计控制器的有效性.仿真结果表明,所设计的控制器,既解决了力反馈冲击问题,又提高了主、从位置跟随精度,从而提高了遥操作机器人系统的操作性能.     

基于力估计与切换控制的六足机器人三边遥操作

传统三边遥操作系统的力传感器对主从端交互力进行测量时局限性较大,且在共享权重切换时易导致系统不稳定,本 文设计基于力估计与权重切换控制的六足机器人三边遥操作控制架构。 针对系统各端口交互力信息缺失的问题,设计一种非 线性交互力估计器,实现对各端口间交互力的实时估计。 聚焦双操作者控制权重动态调整过整中的柔顺切换问题,本文基于共 享控制策略,设计权重因子自适应切换算法。 为保证所提出系统的稳定性及透明度,融合力估计器及权重切换算法,设计遥操 作系统的控制器。 通过力反馈设备分别和 Vortex 与 ElSpider 六足机器人搭建半物理仿真平台与实物实验平台,对本文提出控 制方法进行验证。 相对于传统三边遥操作,实验表明在平坦地形下速度跟踪性提高了 45. 12% ,力跟踪提高了 64. 71% ;在崎岖 地形下速度跟踪提高了 39. 02% ,力跟踪提高了 29. 41% 。     

A double-loop structure in the adaptive generalized predictive control algorithm for control of robot end-point contact force

Robot force control is an essential issue in robotic intelligence. There is much high uncertainty when robot end-effector contacts with the environment. Because of the environment stiffness effects on the system of the robot end-effector contact with environment, the adaptive generalized predictive control algorithm based on quantitative feedback theory is designed for robot end-point contact force system. The controller of the internal loop is designed on the foundation of QFT to control the uncertainty of the system. An adaptive GPC algorithm is used to design external loop controller to improve the performance and the robustness of the system. Two closed loops used in the design approach realize the system?s performance and improve the robustness. The simulation results show that the algorithm of the robot end-effector contacting force control system is effective.     

Sensor-less force-reflecting macro–micro telemanipulation systems by piezoelectric actuators

This paper establishes a novel control strategy for a nonlinear bilateral macro–micro teleoperation system with time delay. Besides position and velocity signals, force signals are additionally utilized in the control scheme. This modification significantly improves the poor transparency during contact with the environment. To eliminate external force measurement, a force estimation algorithm is proposed for the master and slave robots. The closed loop stability of the nonlinear micro–micro teleoperation system with the proposed control scheme is investigated employing the Lyapunov theory. Consequently, the experimental results verify the efficiency of the new control scheme in free motion and during collision between the slave robot and the environment of slave robot with environment, and the efficiency of the force estimation algorithm.     

Internet-based Real-time obstacle avoidance of a mobile robot

In this research, a remote control system has been developed and implemented, which combines autonomous obstacle avoidance in real-time with force-reflective tele-operation. A teleoperated mobile robot is controlled by a local two-degrees-of-freedom force-reflective joystick that a human operator holds while he is monitoring the screen. In the system, the force-reflective joystick transforms the relation between a mobile robot and the environment to the operator as a virtual force which is generated in the form of a new collision vector and reflected to the operator. This reflected force makes the tele-operation of a mobile robot safe from collision in an uncertain and obstacle-cluttered remote environment. A mobile robot controlled by a local operator usually takes pictures of remote environments and sends the images back to the operator over the Internet. Because of limitations of communication bandwidth and the narrow viewangles of the camera, the operator cannot observe shadow regions and curved spaces frequently. To overcome this problem, a new form of virtual force is generated along the collision vector according to both distance and approaching velocity between an obstacle and the mobile robot, which is obtained from ultrasonic sensors. This virtual force is transferred back to the two-degrees-of-freedom master joystick over the Internet to enable a human operator to feel the geometrical relation between the mobile robot and the obstacle. It is demonstrated by experiments that this haptic reflection improves the performance of a tele-operated mobile robot significantly.     

基于阻抗模型的不确定环境下微纳操作力跟踪控制策略研究

微机电系统在生物医学领域具有巨大的应用潜力，以压电陶瓷为基础设计的压电驱动系统在微纳操作高精度控制领域发挥着重要作用。在各领域的实际应用中，微操系统与环境的交互一直是研究的热门方向。由于微尺度下跟踪力误差相比宏观尺度下更不可忽略，因此微操作臂与环境接触力的精准控制是提高微操作准确度的关键。为此本文提出一种力跟踪阻抗控制策略，能够在操作过程中实现对接触力的精确跟踪。考虑到阻抗模型对环境参数要求较高，本文提出了扩展卡尔曼滤波器对外部环境参数进行在线估计的方法。实验结果表明，所提控制方法能够成功实现微操作臂-环境交互模型的力跟踪控制并且有良好的跟踪精度，力跟踪平均绝对误差为7.82 mN,均方根误差为10.16 mN,因此该方法对不确定性环境下接触力的精确跟踪具有可行性。     

Analysis and Design of a Haptic Control System: Virtual Reality Approach

In this paper, the analysis and design of telerobotics based on the haptic virtual reality (VR) approach for simulating the clay cutting system is proposed. The main components of the approach include a user interface, networking, simulation, and a robot control scheme. The telerobotics for the clay cutting system and the environment is simulated by a haptic virtual system that enables operators to feel the actual force feedback from the virtual environment just as they would from the real environment. The haptic virtual system integrates the dynamics of the cutting tool and the virtual environment whereas the handle actuator consists of the dynamics of the handle and the operator on the physical side. The control scheme employs a dynamical controller which is designed considering both the force and position that the operator imposes on the handle and feedforward to the cutting tool, and the environmental force imposed on the cutting tool and the feedback to the handle. The stability robustness of the closed-loop system is analysed based on the Nyquist stability criterion. It is shown that the proposed control scheme guarantees global stability of the system, with the output of the cutting tool approaching that of the handle when the ratios of the position and the force are selected correctly. Experiments in the virtual environment on cutting a virtual clay system are used to validate the theoretical developments.     

在机床数控系统中应用高速接口技术

介绍一种在工业ＰＣ微机上开发的机床数控系统,该系统应用双端口ＲＡＭ技术实现主从控制方式,极大地提高了主控工业ＰＣ机与从控单片机的数据传输速度     

Self-organizing fuzzy control of constant cutting force in turning

Constant force control is gradually becoming an important technique in the modern manufacturing process. Especially, constant cutting force control is a useful approach in increasing the metal removal rate and the tool life for turning systems. However, turning systems generally have nonlinear with uncertainty dynamic characteristics. Designing a model-based controller for constant cutting force control is difficult because an accurate mathematical model in the turning system is hard to establish. Hence, this study employed a model-free fuzzy controller to control the turning system in order to achieve constant cutting force control. Nevertheless, the design of the traditional fuzzy controller (TFC) presents difficulties in finding control rules and selecting an appropriate membership function. Moreover, the database and fuzzy rules of a TFC are fixed after the design step and then cannot appropriately regulate ones real time according to the system output response and the desired control performance. To solve the above problem, this work develops a self-organizing fuzzy controller (SOFC) for constant cutting force control to evaluate control performance of the turning system. The SOFC continually updates the learning strategy in the form of fuzzy rules, during the turning process. The fuzzy rule table of this SOFC can be begun with zero initial fuzzy rules which not only overcome the difficulty in the TFC design, but also establish a suitable fuzzy rules table, and support practically convenient fuzzy controller applications in turning systems control. To confirm the applicability of the proposed intelligent controllers, this work retrofitted an old lathe for a turning system to evaluate the feasibility of constant cutting force control. The SOFC has a better control performance in constant cutting force control than does the TFC, as verified in experimental results.     

Adaptive sliding mode control of a piezo-actuated bilateral teleoperated micromanipulation system

Piezoelectric actuators are widely used in micro manipulation applications. However, hysteresis nonlinearity limits the accuracy of these actuators. This paper presents a novel approach for utilizing a piezoelectric nano-stage as the slave manipulator of a teleoperation system based on a sliding mode controller. The Prandtl-Ishlinskii (PI) model is used to model actuator hysteresis in feedforward scheme to cancel out this nonlinearity. The presented approach requires full state and force measurements at both the master and slave sides. Such a system is costly and also difficult to implement. Therefore, sliding mode unknown input observer (UIO) is proposed for full state and force estimations. Furthermore, the effects of uncertainties in the constant parameters on the estimated external forces should be eliminated. So, a robust adaptive controller is proposed and its stability is guaranteed through the Lyapunov criterion. Performance of the proposed control architecture is verified through experiments.     

Self-organizing fuzzy control of constant cutting force in turning

Constant force control is gradually becoming an important technique in the modern manufacturing process. Especially, constant cutting force control is a useful approach in increasing the metal removal rate and the tool life for turning systems. However, turning systems generally have nonlinear with uncertainty dynamic characteristics. Designing a model-based controller for constant cutting force control is difficult because an accurate mathematical model in the turning system is hard to establish. Hence, this study employed a model-free fuzzy controller to control the turning system in order to achieve constant cutting force control. Nevertheless, the design of the traditional fuzzy controller (TFC) presents difficulties in finding control rules and selecting an appropriate membership function. Moreover, the database and fuzzy rules of a TFC are fixed after the design step and then cannot appropriately regulate ones real time according to the system output response and the desired control performance. To solve the above problem, this work develops a self-organizing fuzzy controller (SOFC) for constant cutting force control to evaluate control performance of the turning system. The SOFC continually updates the learning strategy in the form of fuzzy rules, during the turning process. The fuzzy rule table of this SOFC can be begun with zero initial fuzzy rules which not only overcome the difficulty in the TFC design, but also establish a suitable fuzzy rules table, and support practically convenient fuzzy controller applications in turning systems control. To confirm the applicability of the proposed intelligent controllers, this work retrofitted an old lathe for a turning system to evaluate the feasibility of constant cutting force control. The SOFC has a better control performance in constant cutting force control than does the TFC, as verified in experimental results.     

基于电磁力控制的非接触式二维力触觉再现系统

力触觉再现提供了操作者与虚拟物体间的双向信息和能量交互,有效提高了虚拟现实等应用系统的真实感、沉浸感和 操作效率,成为人机交互的新兴技术和研究热点。 本文实现了一种新型的基于电磁力控制的二维力触觉再现系统,该系统由二 维背景电磁场产生和控制模块、指尖穿戴式永磁铁、人手位置检测模块和中央控制模块组成。 基于 ANSYS 有限元分析,确定了 系统中背景电磁铁线圈和指尖永磁铁的最优参数,获得指尖永磁铁所受电磁力与二维可控背景电磁铁驱动电流、指尖电磁铁位 置的映射关系,形成离线仿真数据。 提出了基于离线仿真数据实时插值的二维力触觉再现中电磁力控制方法。 在实现系统原 型的基础上,开展了作用力阈值感知基础实验和三维虚拟物体识别实验。 实验结果表明,两种三维虚拟物体的识别实验成功率 分别为 85. 7% 和 71. 4% ,有效验证了本文所设计力触觉再现方法的有效性。     

Virtual Reality Application for Direct-Drive Robot with Force Feedback

Most of the current virtual reality systems use geometric models and non-sensing robots for simulation, which cannot provide an insight into the real operation of the task. In this paper, we present a new type of telerobotics based on the haptic virtual reality (VR) approach for simulating hitting a ball with force feedback attached to a human arm. The main components of the approach include a user interface, simulation, and a robot control scheme. The user interface is implemented as a combination of a virtual paddle and a graphic interface. The human operator manipulates a direct-drive type handler in the simulated environment, and the environment is simulated by the haptic virtual system that enables the operator to feel the actual force feedback from the virtual environment just as she/he would from the real environment. The haptic virtual system integrates the dynamics of the direct-drive active paddle and the virtual environment, whereas the paddle actuator consists of the dynamics of the paddle and the operator on the physical side. The control scheme employs a dynamic controller that is designed considering the force from the operator imposed on the paddle, and the force from the environment imposed on the paddle and feedback to the human arm. Experiments in the virtual environment on hitting a virtual ball system are used to validate the theoretical developments. ID="A1"Correspondance and offprint requests to: M.-G. Her, Graduate Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Tatung University, 40 Chung-Sang North Road, 3rd Secto, Taipei, 10451, Taiwan. E-mail: kshsu@kyit.edu.tw     

基于比例调压阀的气动力觉系统开发

开发出一种用于夹钳式主从机器手的气动力觉系统。该系统可使操作者在主从操作中具有夹持力觉临场感,避免破坏易碎的操作对象。详细介绍了机械气动结构、力矩传感器的设计、位置传感器的安装。设计了主手PID控制器,实现对主机器手的位移信号发送与力矩伺服控制。制作试验样机并搭建了试验平台。通过对系统动态特性的分析验证了系统方案的可行性。     

Design and stability analysis of impedance controller for bilateral teleoperation under a time delay

A new impedance controller is proposed for bilateral teleoperation under a time delay. The proposed controller does not need to measure or estimate the time delay in the communication channel using the force loop-back. In designing a stable impedance controller, absolute stability is used as a stability analysis tool, which results in a less conservative controller than the passivity concept. Moreover, in order to remove the conservatism associated with the assumption of infinite port impedances, the boundaries of human and environment impedance are set to finite values. Based on this, this paper proposes a parameter design procedure for stable impedance controllers. The validity of the proposed control scheme is demonstrated by experiments with a 1-dof master/slave system.     

主从机器人系统新型力觉双向伺服控制方法

提出了一种新型的控制策略，其主要特征是从手由主、从手之间的力偏差和位置偏差控制，主手由二者的力偏差控制；建立了系统的动力学模型，并根据二端口网络理论，从理论上研究了新方法的透明性能。