The light microscope on its way from an analytical to a preparative tool

Light intensities of up to 10¹³ W/cm² can be generated by focusing light, particularly laser pulses, into a microscope. Such power densities can be used to cut, perforate, or fuse microscopic objects with submicrometre accuracy. Suitable light sources for such a ‘microbeam’ are nitrogen lasers with a working wavelength of 337 nm, frequency-multiplied Neodym YAG lasers (266 or 355 nm) or excimer lasers (308 nm). In combination with dye lasers, tunable microbeams covering the wavelength range from the ultraviolet to the infra-red can be constructed. Such laser microbeams can be used to modify microchip substrates. Micro-injection of materials into biological cells or fusion of selected cell pairs under total microscopic control is also possible. Using the same equipment, elongated biological objects can be microdissected with submicrometre precision, for example in attempts to isolate DNA from a specific region of the human genome. In addition to the use of high-power pulsed lasers, the light of a continuous-wave infra-red laser can be used for the transport of microscopic objects. There, light pressure and the inhomogeneity of the electric field in a light pulse are used to trap microscopic objects in the focused laser beam, using the beam as ultrafine non-mechanical tweezers. Unlike mechanical microtools the optical trap is gentle and absolutely sterile. A combined laser microbeam and optical trap (a microbeam-trap) converts the light microscope, which is usually regarded as an analytical instrument, into a universal preparative instrument that allows micromanipulation of microscopic objects without mechanical contact. In contrast to any other micromanipulator, the microbeam-trap can work in the depth of an object without opening it.     

Film electrostatic light modulators using nanostructured inks

First experimentation on film electrostatic spatial light modulators is reported. As an alternative to conventional photolithography and thin film technologies used to make microshutters-micromirrors, we propose a screen printed multilayer deposition with control of the electromechanical features of each layer by a proper preparation of the inks. A possible way to replace the use of expensive indium tin oxide (ITO) for the transparent electrode is discussed. In particular a cheap printed layer, based on nanostructured inks, is proposed.

The technology of film electrostatic light modulators can be used in display applications as a substitute for LCDs. An example in an automotive instrument cluster is presented.     

用于制备材料样品库的喷射控制系统的设计和应用

设计了一套基于新型单片机PIC为主控制芯片、一系列电磁阀和X-Y-Z平台为受控对象、液晶屏为监控显示单元的自动喷射控制系统。采用喷头后混合技术,即先将A、B、C三种组分按预先设定的比例注入混合池,经充分混合后再喷打到基片上。通过逐点改变组分的比例,就可以在短时间内在同一块基片上制备出一个含有大量材料样品的样品库。应用结果表明：该系统对提高材料样品库制备精度和效率起到了很重要的作用,同时,也对国内组合化学的进一步发展有借鉴作用。     

基于ARM9嵌入式的多功能无损检测仪

介绍一种基于ARM920T核的S3C2410X嵌入式的可用于螺栓、钢球、薄壁管材、小直径棒材和平面钢材等裂纹和缺陷无损检测仪的组成结构、硬件设计及软件编程.可根据不同的检测对象选择不同的传感器,使用不同的算法完成不同材料的表面及近表面的裂纹和缺陷无损检测,该仪器界面简洁,操作方便,具有高精度和高稳定性.     

Automatic Detection Instrument for the Ratio of Chlorine to Bromine in Oxidized Liquid of Bromine Production Based on Fuzzy Method

In the process of bromine production, because of lag adjustment methods, there are problems of adjusting delay, raw material wastage and low growth rate. By considering the nature of bromine production, with the help of fuzzy data processing method, computer detection and display technique, we designed an automatic detection instrument for the ratio of chlorine to bromine in oxidized liquid of bromine production. This instrument can be used to detect the different parameters of raw materials adjustment and control in real time, and afford assurance that raw materials will be adjusted in time. This paper briefly introduces the working mechanism,hardware and software design of the instrument.     

Photogrammetric calibration of a stereo light microscope

Quantitative stereo light microscopy has been used in very rare cases to obtain geometric representations of microscopic objects. Although the instrument itself has limitations, most of them efficiently overcome by other 3D microscopes, it bears considerable advantages in observing and measuring dynamic scenes with multiple objects. The biggest asset of the stereo method is that the full 3D work space is imaged in one shot - a property which distinguishes stereo from all the scanning techniques in 3D microscopy. With the work presented in this paper, we contribute to making the stereo technique applicable to the numerous mensuration tasks in the microscopic domain, where its potential would be invaluable.We report the photogrammetric calibration of a common main objective lens type stereo light microscope. Such a calibration is the initial step in ensuring accurate measurements with this instrument. First, we derive a mathematical formulation of the imaging function and discuss the estimation of the parameters involved. Then, three main problems of the practical implementation of the framework are addressed: the finding of a calibration standard, the automatic measuring of the many image coordinates required, and the stabilization of the parameter estimation. Finally, results of various calibration runs are presented and analysed under different aspects. Among these, the most important is the accuracy of the calibrated instrument in measuring 3D positions and positional relationships. With a Zeiss Stemi 11, Achromat 1.6 x we achieve accuracies of 1 per thousand laterally and 1-2% axially relative to the volume of the work space. On the highest magnification level this corresponds to 700 nm and 1.8 &mgr;m, respectively.     

Development of a layered manufacturing system using sheet metal-polymer lamination for mechanical parts

Layered manufacturing enables us to make 3D objects rapidly and directly from 3D-CAD data and enables us to handle any design changes. But materials such as light cured polymers, paper, or wax don’t have enough strength to be used directly as mechanical parts. In order to solve such problems, layered manufacturing using both sheet metal and polymers is proposed in this paper. By using sheet metal and polymers, high strength parts with high dumping functions, suitable for use as mechanical parts can be manufactured. Also, a special unit for layered manufacturing is developed, which is designed to be coupled with a desktop NC milling machine, and can make 3D objects easily.     

一种新型激光粉尘浓度在线测量仪的研究

本文提出了一种基于光散射原理的粉尘浓度激光测量新方法，该方法无需预先获取粉尘颗粒的平均粒径，可直接测量浓度。基于新方法设计了一套粉尘浓度在线测量仪，测量仪以8031单片机为核心，具有浓度的实时LED显示和数模输出功能，并通过与上位机的串行通信实现浓度数据的后台存储。该仪器具有新颖的光学构造，可在单片机的控制下进行在线标定和在线光路对中，并已用于某钢厂粉尘排放的实时测量，测量结果表明仪器具有良好的灵敏度和可靠性，可满足实时在线测量粉尘浓度的要求。     

基于80C196KB单片机的温度测量仪设计

本文研究设计了一种基于MCS-80C196KB单片机的温度测量仪。该测量仪采用LM234电流源型集成温度传感器作为温度检测器件,并采用LM331V-F转换器完成A/D转换任务,采用MCS-80C196KB单片机的高速输入口HIS.0作为脉冲输入端口,并配有简单的键盘、存储和显示等电路。可以实现对温度的实时测量显示、3天内任意时段温度的存储与显示,还可以实现3天内平均温度的测量与显示。可用于实现较长时间测量、监视温度的场合。     

长件类物品吊运事故的分析与对策

轻小型起重机广泛用于中小型厂房内的物料搬运,在进行长件类物品的吊运工作过程中,由于吊运方式的选择与设计不当常会引发脱钩、脱轨等相关事故,甚至造成人员伤亡。本文以轻小型起重机吊运长件类物品的常见事故为分析对象,对其事故发生原因、过程及相关影响因素进行理论分析,建立长件类物品的吊运模型,分析钢丝绳受力状况及吊点位置,从而得到长件类物品吊运方式的使用原则,以及防止相关事故发生的安全对策,对吊运长件类物品的安全监督工作具有一定的指导意义。     

三维物体空间再现技术中的全息图计算

全息空间再现技术可以记录三维(3D)物体并在空间重构出三维像,是真实地再现三维场景的一种新的可行方法。三维物体全息图的计算是全息空间再现技术中的关键技术之一。本文在简要论述三维物体计算全息技术的理论基础上,对具有代表性的三维物体全息计算方法的原理和技术要点进行了重点论述。采用了层析法、菲涅耳波带法、多视角投影合成全息法等三种方法进行了三维物体全息图的计算,并利用LCR-2500空间光调制器及650 nm的150 mW半导体激光器对层析法计算的三维物体全息图进行了光电再现,对其它两种方法获得的三维物体全息图进行了数值再现,并三种计算方法各自的特点和局限性进行了具体的分析。在对目前三维物体计算全息技术中存在的硬件和算法等关键问题进行分析的基础上,讨论了提高三维物体计算全息图的效率和质量的有效途径。     

Polarization properties of the near-field intensity reflected by metallic and dielectric one-dimensional structures

We investigate the state of polarization and near-field intensity distribution in the vicinity of rectangular groove objects ruled on metallic and dielectric materials. The sample is illuminated from the vacuum side by a linear combination of p- and s-polarised waves. Two rigorous methods of solution are used and compared in calculations of the total intensity at constant height when the light is incident normally onto the surface. Some calculations of the total intensity in the 'follow-the-profile mode' are also presented. It is shown that in the constant height mode, the contrast in the image can be reversed as the plane of observation moves away from the mean plane of the sample. We also found that the state of polarization depends strongly on the material and the distance to the plane of detection.     

用于智能结构自诊断、自修复的新型光纤传感测试仪

介绍了空心光纤的传感性能及其在力学量测试中的应用，并对传感机理进行了简要地分析，主要侧重于空心光纤传感测试仪的研制，并通过实验验证了传感器测试仪用于智能结构损伤位置自诊断以及损伤处自修复的可行性。     

Polarization properties of the near-field intensity reflected by metallic and dielectric one-dimensional structures

We investigate the state of polarization and near-field intensity distribution in the vicinity of rectangular groove objects ruled on metallic and dielectric materials. The sample is illuminated from the vacuum side by a linear combination of p- and s-polarised waves. Two rigorous methods of solution are used and compared in calculations of the total intensity at constant height when the light is incident normally onto the surface. Some calculations of the total intensity in the 'follow-the-profile mode' are also presented. It is shown that in the constant height mode, the contrast in the image can be reversed as the plane of observation moves away from the mean plane of the sample. We also found that the state of polarization depends strongly on the material and the distance to the plane of detection.     

The soft x-ray instrument for materials studies at the linac coherent light source x-ray free-electron laser

The soft x-ray materials science instrument is the second operational beamline at the linac coherent light source x-ray free electron laser. The instrument operates with a photon energy range of 480-2000 eV and features a grating monochromator as well as bendable refocusing mirrors. A broad range of experimental stations may be installed to study diverse scientific topics such as: ultrafast chemistry, surface science, highly correlated electron systems, matter under extreme conditions, and laboratory astrophysics. Preliminary commissioning results are presented including the first soft x-ray single-shot energy spectrum from a free electron laser.     

基于光电技术的心率测量仪

考虑到人们对低成本、高精度心率测量仪的需要,设计了微型化数字显示光电测量仪。该心率计依赖二极管发射红外光,红外光透过率的改变可反映手指内血容量的周期性变化,接收二极管接收到受调制的光信号;该信号经滤波放大后直接送给80C51F310单片机进行处理,并用3个LED数码管显示出实时的心率。该系统具有方便、显示直观、功耗低等优点。     

3012H型自动烟尘（气）测试仪常见问题与分析

3012H型自动烟尘（气）测试仪可用于各种锅炉、炉窑烟尘（气）的排放浓度、总量及设备除尘脱硫效率的测定,是环境日常监测中的常用仪器,此仪器在使用过程中经常会出现一些常见问题。本文主要对3012H型自动烟尘（气）测试仪在实际监测过程中出现的常见二氧化硫、动压、泵、显示器、校准等问题进行了系统的分析与总结,并提出了一些合理化建议。为从事此项工作的监测人员以参考、借鉴。     

A remote scanning Raman spectrometer for in situ measurements of works of art

In conservation science, one of the main concerns is to extract information from an artistic surface without damaging it. Raman spectroscopy has emerged in recent years as a reliable tool for the non-destructive analysis of a wide range of inorganic and organic materials in works of art and archaeological objects. Nevertheless, the technique is still mainly limited to the analysis of micro-samples taken from artistic surfaces. The development of an instrument able to perform non-contact analysis of an area of a few square centimeters aims to further increase the employment of this technique. This paper describes the development of a prototype Raman scanning spectrometer based on a diode laser, a 2D scanning mirror stage and a custom optical system, which can map a surface of 6 cm in diameter at a working distance of 20 cm. The device exhibits collecting optics with a depth of field close to 6 cm, which makes the Raman system suitable for the analysis of non-flat surfaces and three-dimensional objects. In addition, the overall dimensions and weight of the instrument have been limited in order to make the device transportable and, in principle, usable for in situ measurements. Details on the design of the device, with particular emphasis on the collecting optical system, and on results of the characterization tests carried out to assess its performances are reported. Finally, an example of an application involving the identification of pigments from a model painting is presented.     

虚拟仪器健壮可互换性的实现

介绍采用分层风格的软件体系结构，通过附加软件层分离了测试流程代码对仪器的直接控制；以COM组件技术开发了可实现对象动态组合的测试服务构件和仪器控制构件，实现了可跨越虚拟仪器类别的健壮可互换性。