面向快速成型制造的CAD平台内嵌式通用接口

面向快速成型设备的CAD平台中的内嵌式通用接口，可直接在CAD建模环境下零件模型实施自适应直接切片操作，同时生成以片层结构数据为单位的快速成型接口文件，该接口使用NURBS曲线对各截面的片层结构轮廓进行精确地解析重构；依据重构后的NURBS截面轮廓，自动填充功能可精确地生成快速成型设备的X，Y向栅线扫描路径。实验数据表明，与利用STL模型切片获得的得的多义线轮廓对比，经NURBS解析重构后的自适应直接切片轮廓与原始轮廓间的拟合误差降低98％以上，所需的NURBS线段数目减少77％以上。     

基于截面轮廓的NURBS曲面重建

提出了一种基于变截面轮廓线族重建NURBS曲面的方法。用自动跟踪法反求出轮廓线组的脊线,并用脊线自动调整各轮廓线的起始点位置。然后插值各个轮廓线,构造封闭的样条曲线,以特征点处的节点为分段点实现多条样条曲线的分段相容,并蒙皮构造封闭的B样条曲面。对于有特征点的轮廓线,通过设置特征点的重数及在曲线构造和曲面蒙皮中的相应处理,可以在曲面上保留轮廓线中的特征。     

平行分度凸轮轮廓曲线的三次NURBS表示

为了获得供具有非均匀有理B样条(Non-Uniform Rational B-Sphne,NURBS)插值功能的CAD/CAM绘图和数控机床加工使用的设计数据,文中讨论了NURBS技术和平行分度凸轮轮廓曲线的三次NURBS表示方法,提出了用三次NURBS表示平行分度凸轮轮廓曲线后产生的设计误差的估计方法.     

基于NURBS曲线的凸轮廓线表达方法的研究及应用

为了使不同的凸轮廓线具有统一的表达形式,并保证凸轮廓线的光顺性,采用NURBS曲线来逼近凸轮廓线,并结合最小二乘法构建了NURBS曲线的目标函数,建立了基于NURBS曲线的凸轮廓线表达模型。将该模型用于步行式插秧机共轭凸轮推秧装置中共轭凸轮廓线的表达,拟合得到的凸轮廓线曲率变化均匀。与传统的拟合方法对比发现,用NURBS曲线拟合后得到的凸轮廓线曲率变化均匀、 误差小,需要的型值点少,从而表明采用NURBS曲线表达凸轮廓线具有明显的优势。     

基于包络线法的调节阀阀芯型面改进设计方法

针对一般阀座型面的调节阀,提出了一种基于包络线的阀芯型面改进设计方法。采用该设计方法对具有圆弧和抛物型阀座型面的2个阀芯型面进行了设计,并利用数值方法对设计结果进行了检验。结果表明,该设计方法切实可行,精度高,对阀芯设计有一定的参考价值。     

Precision NURBS interpolator based on recursive characteristics of NURBS

In NURBS interpolation, real-time parameter update is an indispensable step which affects not only feedrate fluctuation but also contour error. Using Taylor approximation interpolation method to find the next interpolation point causes a large feedrate fluctuation due to the accumulation and truncation errors. This paper presents a new, simple, and precise NURBS interpolator for CNC systems. The proposed interpolation algorithm does not use Taylor’s expansion, but the recursive equation of the NURBS formula. A simulation study is conducted to demonstrate the advantages of this proposed interpolator compared with those using Taylor’s equation. It is readily seen that this interpolator using the new concept of interpolation for modern CNC systems is simple and precise. The proposed method can be used for interpolating a continuous NURBS curve.     

Welding deviation detection algorithm based on extremum of molten pool image contour

The welding deviation detection is the basis of robotic tracking welding, but the on-line real-time measurement of welding deviation is still not well solved by the existing methods. There is plenty of information in the gas metal arc welding(GMAW) molten pool images that is very important for the control of welding seam tracking. The physical meaning for the curvature extremum of molten pool contour is revealed by researching the molten pool images, that is, the deviation information points of welding wire center and the molten tip center are the maxima and the local maxima of the contour curvature, and the horizontal welding deviation is the position difference of these two extremum points. A new method of weld deviation detection is presented, including the process of preprocessing molten pool images, extracting and segmenting the contours, obtaining the contour extremum points, and calculating the welding deviation, etc. Extracting the contours is the premise, segmenting the contour lines is the foundation, and obtaining the contour extremum points is the key. The contour images can be extracted with the method of discrete dyadic wavelet transform, which is divided into two sub contours including welding wire and molten tip separately. The curvature value of each point of the two sub contour lines is calculated based on the approximate curvature formula of multi-points for plane curve, and the two points of the curvature extremum are the characteristics needed for the welding deviation calculation. The results of the tests and analyses show that the maximum error of the obtained on-line welding deviation is 2 pixels(0.16 mm), and the algorithm is stable enough to meet the requirements of the pipeline in real-time control at a speed of less than 500 mm/min. The method can be applied to the on-line automatic welding deviation detection.     

基于阈值分割和形态学相结合的金属废料 X 射线图像轮廓提取方法

针对金属废料 X 射线透射图像中废料之间距离较近时图像可能相互粘连,导致不能有效提取单个物料轮廓的问题,提出了一种基于阈值分割和形态学相结合的金属废料 X 射线图像轮廓提取方法。首先分析图像噪声信息分布,利用约束灰度值范围的 Otsu 阈值分割算法获得全局最优阈值对图像进行滤波;然后采用动态阈值分割方法得到二值化图像,在此基础上采取一种改进的形态学处理策略实现对各单物料区域的连通区标记;最后对各连通区进行轮廓提取以获得单个物料区域的轮廓。经实验表明,该方法有效地提高了在物料粘结情况下图像轮廓提取的准确率和成功率。     

Feature extraction from slice data for reverse engineering

A new approach to feature extraction for slice data points is presented. The reconstruction of objects is performed as follows. First, all contours in each slice are extracted by contour tracing algorithms. Then the data points on the contours are analyzed, and the curve segments of the contours are divided into three categories: straight lines, conic curves and B-spline curves. The curve fitting methods are applied for each curve segment to remove the unwanted points with pre-determined tolerance. Finally, the features, which consist of the object and connection relations among them, are founded by matching the corresponding contours in adjacent slices, and 3D models are reconstructed based on the features. The proposed approach has been implemented in OpenGL, and the feasibility of the proposed method has been verified by several cases.     

基于切片数据的三维重构技术研究

针对由规则外形构成的物体,对轮廓匹配和分支等关键问题进行分析,并对这些问题的解决方法进行改进,提出按照几何中心及轮廓线搭接面积进行匹配和多轮廓线的面积比率将多分支转化若干个单分支来解决分支问题,从而提高了重构质量、简化了重构算法.     

基于锥束CT切片图像的复杂零件三维表面重构

根据锥束CT切片图像的特点，提出了一种面向复杂零件的三维表面重构新方法：首先采用3D亚体素边缘检测算法提取序列切片图像的高精度封闭轮廓，并重构出切片轮廓的拓扑信息，然后采用一种改进的基于截面属性的轮廓分割算法得到若干组局部结构轮廓集，最后对这些轮廓集进行叠加与拼合，形成零件的整个三维表面。实验结果表明，该方法分割轮廓准确，稳定性好，对具有复杂内外结构的零件，可确保其重构结果的拓扑正确性。     

基于轮廓法测试焊接件内部残余应力

采用轮廓法测试低碳钢堆焊件和T形焊接结构的内部纵向残余应力。将焊接件沿垂直焊缝平面切割开,精确测试切割面的变形轮廓,然后将测试轮廓进行拟合,并将拟合结果作为有限元模型的边界条件进行弹性计算从而获得内部垂直切割平面的应力分布。比较不同曲面拟合方法拟合得到的切割面轮廓形貌;将轮廓法测试的焊接残余应力结果和热弹塑性三维有限元计算结果进行比较分析。研究结果表明:轮廓法能准确高效测试较厚焊接件内部整个截面上的纵向应力分布;由于线切割和轮廓测量误差造成轮廓法测得的应力在约2 mm厚表层区域的幅值和有限元计算结果相比误差较大,但轮廓法测试结果仍能反映出表层应力的分布趋势和特征;线切割断丝造成切割面的局部轮廓误差,会引起断丝区域测试应力出现突变。     

Performance Evaluation of a Real-Time Interpolation Algorithm for NURBS Curves

This paper presents a real-time interpolation algorithm for NURBS curves. In contrast to the existing linear and circular interpolators, the proposed interpolator can maintain small contour errors and feedrate fluctuations. Feedrate components, acceleration components and the servomotor driving force for each axis are precalculated from the given curve shape and themachine tool dynamic properties. As a sudden change in the geometrical properties of the tool path can increase contour errors and cause a sudden change of driving force of each servomotor, a new strategy of variable feedrate machining based on the geometrical properties of tool path is suggested. Real-time performance measurement of this interpolator is performed to demonstrate its practical feasibility.     

反求NURBS曲线及其插补算法的研究与应用

在模具设计和制造中,通过三坐标测量仪测量出复杂产品外形曲面上的型值点,通过NURBS反算构建NURBS模型。现代计算机数控系统中已经普遍使用NURBS插补,但大多数NURBS插补算法都致力于取得恒定的进给速度而不是轮廓精度。因此,提出限定弓高误差自适应进给速度的NURBS曲线插补算法,实现产品的精确造型与精密加工。     

Optimal trusses transmitting a force to a given contour in creep conditions

The method of contours of complete non-uniqueness, developed by Markiewicz and yczkowski, is extended to cover the optimization of two-bar trusses under creep conditions. An arbitrarily inclined concentrated force should be transmitted to a symmetric foundations contour. Tangency of this contour to a certain contour from the family of contours of complete non-uniqueness determines the optimal solution. The constraints refer to creep buckling and creep rupture of individual bars. Three different formulations are discussed: minimization of the volume, maximization of the force and maximization of the life-time of the truss.     

基于ICT切片机械零件的实体反求误差分析

反求工程中,在进行ICT切片图像处理时,对轮廓曲线的处理和轮廓数据的提取非常关键,它直接影响到利用NURBS曲线和曲面反求实体的精度。本文提出了一种基于亚象素的轮廓提取算法,提高了轮廓数据的提取精度。将其与像素级轮廓提取的数据进行实体反求的误差做了分析与比较,证实该方法极大地降低了实体反求的误差。     

Contour-based algorithms for generating 3D CAD models from medical images

This paper concerns contour-based algorithms for generating a 3D CAD model from medical images. The 3D model generated by contour-based algorithms can be used to generate CAM data for fabrication where the accuracy is of most concern. The overall procedure includes: (1) contour data extraction from medical images, (2) smoothing of the extracted contours, and (3) creation of a surface model from contours. For this, various methods should be applied to generate a high-quality surface model. The main contribution of this paper is to propose a new contour smoothing method, called bi-directional smoothing. The basic idea behind the proposed bi-directional smoothing method is to refine contours along both (u, v) parametric directions. Compared to conventional smoothing methods, the recontouring that comprises the first part of the method can prevent the shape of a contour from shrinking with a large number of iterations. Along with recontouring, a vertical connectivity estimation and a vertical smoothing method are also proposed. The overall procedure for this approach is demonstrated with an application example using CT images of a femur.     

基于B样条的凸轮式开关机构轮廓线设计方法

针对凸轮式开关机构轮廓线与力值曲线定量关系复杂、轮廓线形状描述困难的问题,采用B样条方法,依据能量理论研究了开关机构轮廓线的设计方法。给出了开关机构B样条曲线描述方程及其微分表达式,建立了机构内部弹性势能与外力功的关系式,提出了轮廓线逐步迭代设计算法。利用MATLAB设计了雨刷开关机构轮廓线,结果表明根据能量关系设计开关机构轮廓曲线能达到预期的力值要求,采用B样条曲线方程比高次多项式拟合方程更能有效提高轮廓线设计精度和开关设计质量。     

基于多层模糊控制的交叉耦合补偿方法的研究及应用

采用交叉耦合控制能有效地提高复杂曲面轮廓精度,但是传统的交叉耦合控制需要一个确定的数学模型,而且对于大于3轴的多轴交叉耦合控制,由于建模非常困难等原因,现有的研究成果比较少。在加工复杂轮廓时,由于各个轴之间的耦合强度是不同的,所以在前人研究的基础上提出基于多层模糊的交叉耦合补偿方法。该方法根据各个轴之间耦合关系的强弱对耦合层次进行划分,然后设计多层耦合控制器,对实时的轮廓误差进行补偿,更符合实际控制系统的组合规律,所以综合的控制性能更高。最终,将该方法在四轴联动对称加工机床上进行实验研究。     

空间凸轮精密测量及运动规律反求研究

根据空间凸轮的特点,给出了空间凸轮精密测量及测球半径补偿方法,并编制了可实现实时测球半径补偿的空间凸轮专用测量程序.利用NURBS实现了凸轮轮廓曲线的重构,并给出基于运动仿真实现迅速反求空间凸轮机构从动件运动规律的方法.实验结果表明,该方法能快速、准确地实现空间凸轮的精密测量及从动件运动规律反求.