SC-8型肺功能色谱仪

呼吸生理研究和肺功能测定的临床应用近二十年来有了很大的进展,这与不断涌现出新的先进技术与先进方法是分不开的。 SC-8型肺功能色谱仪是用于呼吸生理研究和肺功能测定的临床仪器。两年来的临床应用证明,仪器能满足肺功能测定的要求,使用方便、性能稳定、灵敏度高、重复性好;能快速准确地进行O_2、N_2、CO_2、CO、He等多种气体的分析。     

不同手术切口方式对食管癌根治术患者肺功能的影响

目的 :探讨不同手术切口方式对食管癌根治术患者肺功能的影响。方法 :选择2014年1月—2016年1月于我院行食管癌根治手术的102例患者随机分为A、B组。A组(观察组,n=50)患者采用右前外侧切口行食管癌根治术,B组(对照组,n=52)患者采用左后外侧切口行食管癌根治术。比较两组患者术中单肺通气时间、胸腔开放时间、手术时间,并分别于术前、术后1w、术后1M、术后3M检测患者的肺功能和动脉血气,比较两组患者术后并发症的发生率。结果 :两组患者一般情况(年龄、性别比、体重)、手术时间相比,差异无统计学意义;A组患者术中单肺通气时间、胸腔开放时间明显低于B组患者,差异有统计学意义,P<0.05;两组患者术前血气指标(PaO_2、PaCO_2、SaO_2)和肺功能指标(VC、FVC、FEV1、MVV)相比差异无统计学意义,P>0.05,A组患者术后1W血气指标和肺功能指标明显高于B组,P<0.05,A组患者术后1M、3M血气指标(PaO_2、PaCO_2)和肺功能指标明显高于B组,P<0.05,差异有统计学意义,而两组患者术后1M、3M血气指标SaO_2相比差异无统计学意义,P>0.05;两组患者术后并发症(脓胸、切口感染、吻合口瘘)的发生率相比差异无统计学意义。结论 :右前外侧切口和左后外侧切口行食管癌根治术对患者术后肺功能均有不同程度的影响,但前者缩短了患者术中胸腔开放和单肺通气的时间,对患者术后肺功能的影响更小,更有利于患者术后肺功能的恢复。     

小剂量阿奇霉素联合噻托溴铵粉吸剂治疗稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病的疗效

目的:观察小剂量阿奇霉素联合噻托溴铵粉吸剂治疗稳定期慢阻肺患者临床疗效。方法 :将120例稳定期慢阻肺患者随机分为观察组、对照1组和2组,在常规治疗的基础上,对照1组给予阿奇霉素口服,对照2组给予噻托溴铵粉吸入剂吸入治疗,观察组给予阿奇霉素口服加噻托溴铵粉吸入剂吸入治疗。1年后观察各组急性加重住院次数、治疗前后的肺功能、呼吸困难评分和C反应蛋白等指标的变化。结果:3组患者的不良反应较轻,无显著差异;对照1组和对照2组的1年内发作频率、肺功能和炎性指标等数据比较,差异无统计学意义;观察组1年内发作频率、C反应蛋白低于对照1组和对照2组,组间比较差异有统计学意义。肺功能指标和呼吸困难评分,略高于两个对照组,但组间比较差异无统计学意义。结论 :长期服用小剂量阿奇霉素配合噻托溴铵粉吸入剂治疗可以改善稳定期慢阻肺患者的肺功能和活动耐力,提高生活质量、减少急性发作频率。     

COPD稳定期患者前白蛋白与C反应蛋白水平、肺功能的相关性分析

目的:分析慢性阻塞性肺疾病(Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)稳定期患者前白蛋白(Pre albumin,PA)、C反应蛋白(C reactive protein,CRP)水平与肺功能的相关性,为COPD患者病情判断及治疗策略的制定提供参考。方法:选取呼吸内科2013年10月—2015年10月收治的40例COPD患者,纳入观察组,并选取同期30名健康体检者,纳入对照组。检测两组受试者血清PA、CRP水平,计算稳定期患者血清PA、CRP与肺功能的相关性。结果 :观察组PA低于对照组,CRP高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组组FEV_1%、FEV_1/FVC均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Pearson相关分析示,PA与FEV_1%呈正相关(r=0.630),与FEV_1/FVC呈正相关(r=0.450,P<0.05);CRP与FEV1%、FEV_1/FVC均无明显相关性(P>0.05)。结论 :血清PA水平可反映COPD患者肺功能及营养状态,对评估COPD患者的病情及治疗指导具有价值,CRP在判断COPD患者肺功能方面作用不明显。     

探讨克拉霉素联合头孢哌酮舒巴坦钠治疗COPD合并下呼吸道感染的应用价值

目的 :观察克拉霉素联合头孢哌酮舒巴坦钠治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并下呼吸道感染疗效与不良反应发生情况。方法 :选择2012年1月~2014年2月于本院进行治疗的166例COPD合并下呼吸道感染患者,按照随机方法分组,分别为研究组83例与对照组83例;常规治疗基础上对照组给予头孢哌酮舒巴坦钠静滴,研究组在此基础上加用克拉霉素,14d为一疗程。结果 :经治疗14d,研究组组总有效率高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义。治疗后2组患者肺功能指标与治疗前相较均有所改善,治疗后研究组肺功能指标显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 :克拉霉素联合头孢哌酮舒巴坦钠治疗COPD合并下呼吸道感染可有效改善患者临床症状,提高肺功能,无明显不良反应。     

电阻抗成像技术在肺功能检测的研究进展

电阻抗成像技术(EIT)通过对电极施加安全的交流激励电流信号,测量其余电极对的电压信号,借助重构图像算法,利用采集到的电压数据重构肺部阻抗分布情况。EIT技术具有实时、无创、便携的特点,能够动态监测肺部功能,有利于辅助肺疾病的诊断和治疗。概括了肺功能EIT技术的发展历程与原理,并对EIT硬件系统、图像重建算法和临床应用的研究进展进行了总结和分析;对肺功能EIT技术发展方向和趋势进行探讨与展望。     

体重指数与支气管扩张症患者肺功能及疾病严重程度关系

目的:分析体重指数(Body mass index,BMI)与支气管扩张症患者肺功能及疾病严重程度关系,为患者病情评估及干预方案提供参考。方法:以我院2014年7月—2017年2月就诊的461例支气管扩张症患者为研究对象,进行前瞻性分析。按照患者BMI,将其分别纳入低体重组、正常体重组、超重组及肥胖组,比较各组患者肺功能及疾病严重程度,并采用Pearson线性相关分析、Spearman等级相关分析,计算BMI与支气管扩张症患者肺功能及疾病严重程度的关系。结果:低体重组FVC、FVC%、FEV1、FEV1%、FEV1/FVC及深吸气量均低于正常体重组、超重组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),低体重组FVC、FEV1/FVC与肥胖组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。低体重组MMRC评分、CRP、ESR、影像学分级均低于正常体重组、超重组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),低体重组MMRC评分与肥胖组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。相关性分析显示,BMI与影像学分级呈负相关(r=-0.617,P<0.05),与其他指标无明显相关关系。结论:支气管扩张症中低体重患者肺功能较差、疾病严重程度更高,重视营养支持有望改善患者预后质量。     

雾化吸入布地奈德与沙丁胺醇治疗支气管哮喘急性发作疗效观察

目的 :观察布地奈德联合沙丁胺醇雾化吸入治疗支气管哮喘急性发作的临床疗效。方法:选取80例支气管哮喘患者,按病号单、双号分为观察组与对照组(各40例);两组均给予吸氧、抗感染、镇咳祛痰等常规治疗,其中对照组给予沙丁胺醇雾化治疗,观察组给予沙丁胺醇与布地奈德雾化治疗;比较两组患者治疗前后肺功能指标变化及临床治疗效果。结果 :经治疗,两组患者肺功能指标FEV1、FVC、PEF均明显高于治疗前(P<0.05);治疗后两组FEV1、FVC、PEF比较(2.8±0.6VS2.3±0.6)、(3.4±0.8VS2.7±0.8)、(3.3±0.8VS2.8±0.7),差异显著(P<0.05);两组临床总有效率比较(92.5%VS77.5%),差异显著(P<0.05)。结论 :布地奈德与沙丁胺醇雾化吸入疗法能有效改善支气管哮喘急性发作患者肺功能,提升临床疗效,在临床治疗中具有重要的辅助作用。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病肺气肿型与非肺气肿型气道特征分析

目的 :探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)肺气肿型与非肺气肿型患者的气道特征差异。方法 :选取80例COPD住院患者和30例健康人(对照组)作为研究对象,根据CT影像学分型标准将COPD患者分为A组(肺气肿型,35例)和B组(非肺气肿型,45例),对3组研究对象进行血液指标检测、动脉血气分析和肺功能检测。结果 :对照组的FEV1/FVC、FEV1占预计值%、RV/TLC、Pa CO2值与另外2组的差异较大,A组的FEV1/FVC、FEV1占预计值%、BMI、IL-4、IL-8、D-二聚体值均明显比B组更低,RV/TLC、IL-10值明显比B组更高,P<0.05。A组与B组的D-二聚体水平相当,差异不存在统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 :COPD非肺气肿型患者的肺功能损害、气道炎症更轻,营养状况更好,肺气肿型者则相反,而不论何种类型的COPD,机体均处于高凝状态。     

特发性肺间质纤维化与COPD合并肺间质纤维化患者肺功能比较

目的:比较特发性肺间质纤维化(Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,IPF)与慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺间质纤维化(Pulmonary fibrosis-Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,PF-COPD)患者肺功能特点。方法:将2014年3月—2017年3月来院就诊的89例IPF患者及64例PF-COPD患者分别纳入IPF组、PF-COPD组,对比两组患者临床表现、影像学检查结果、血气指标及肺功能,总结两种疾病的异同。结果:PF-COPD组桶状胸、肺界下移、湿啰音、肺心病体征发生率高于IPF组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。胸片见PF-COPD组胸廓增大、肺透亮度增高、肺纹理紊乱发生率高于IPF组;CT/HRCT检查示,PF-COPD组肺大泡、肺泡壁破坏发生率高于IPF组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。PF-COPD组FVC高于IPF组,其FEV1低于后者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。PF-COPD组PaCO_2高于IPF组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:IPF与PFCOPD的临床表现及病理改变存在一定共同特征,但PF-COPD患者肺功能改变及二氧化碳潴留更为明显。     

DSP工业测控系统关键技术研究

针对工业测控的现状和需求,提出新的测控方案,并对度数据采集及处理,提出并对双DSP的并行FFT的运算效率进行分析.基于RS485无线通信方式实现数据和控制信号的发送、接收.在上位机中用LabVIEw开发平台实现信号的接收与发送,并开发ODBC数据库接口,将虚拟仪器技术和面向Internet的Web技术有机结合起来,满足监测系统的互联和资源共享的需求.     

PRODUCT GENE REPRESENTATION AND ACQUISITION METHOD BASED ON POPULATION OF PRODUCT CASES

The representation and acquisition of a product gene is a crucial problem in product evolutionary design. A new methodology of product gene representation and acquisition from a population of product cases is proposed, and the methodology for product evolutionary design based on a population of product cases is realized. By properly classifying product cases according to its product species, the populations of product cases are divided and a model is established. Knowledge of the scheme design is extracted and formulated as the function base, principle base, and structure base, which are then combined to form a product gene. Subsequently, the product gene tree is created and represented by object-oriented method. Then combining this method with the evolutionary reasoning technology, an intelligent and automatic evolutionary scheme design of product based on the population of product cases is realized. This design method will be helpful in the processing of knowledge formulation, accumulation, and reuse, and in addressing the difficulty of acquiring design knowledge in traditional design. In addition, the disadvantages of manual case adaptation and update in case-based reasoning can be eliminated. Moreover, by optimizing the design scheme in multiple levels and aspects of product function, principle, and structure etc., the level of creativity in the scheme design can be improved.     

DEVELOPMENT AND MOTION ANALYSIS OF MINIATURE WHEEL-TRACK-LEGGED MOBILE ROBOT

A miniature wheel-track-legged mobile robot to carry out military and civilian missions in both indoor and outdoor environments is presented. Firstly, the mechanical design is discussed, which consists of four wheeled and four independently controlled tracked arms, embedded control system and teleoperation. Then the locomotion modes of the mobile robot and motion analysis are analyzed. The mobile robot can move using wheeled, tracked and legged modes, and it has the characteristics of posture-recovering, high mobility, small size and light weight. Finally, the effectiveness of the deve-loped mobile robot is confirmed by experiments such as posture recovering when tipped over, climb-ing stairs and traversing the high step.     

MULTI-SCALE AND MULTI-PHASE NANOCOMPOSITE CERAMIC TOOLS AND CUTTING PERFORMANCE

An advanced ceramic cutting tool material Al2O3/TiC/TiN (LTN) is developed by incorporation and dispersion of micro-scale TiC particle and nano-scale TiN particle in alumina matrix. With the optimal dispersing and fabricating technology, this multi-scale and multi-phase nanocomposite ceramic tool material can get both higher flexural strength and fracture toughness than that of Al2O3/TiC (LT) ceramic tool material without nano-scale TiN particle, especially the fracture toughness can reach to 7.8 MPa·m0.5. The nano-scale TiN can lead to the grain fining effect and promote the sintering process to get a higher density. The coexisting transgranular and intergranular fracture mode induced by micro-scale TiC and nano-scale TiN, and the homogeneous and densified microstructure can result in a remarkable strengthening and toughening effect. The cutting performance and wear mechanisms of the advanced multi-scale and multi-phase nanocomposite ceramic cutting tool are researched.     

Electron microscopy of C. Sporogenes endospore attachment and germination

The bacterial endospores of C. sporogenes ATCC 3584 are quite small (approximately 0.7–1.0 μm in length) and are difficult to examine during the attachment and germination process by conventional light microscopy methods. Although transmission electron microscopy provides high magnification and resolution, it has not been possible to date to visualize the attachment process and surface changes of intact clostridial endospores. With the advent of higher resolution conventional scanning electron microscopes (SEM), it is now possible to study these small spores attached to their nutrient substrate in their intact state and readily obtain detailed morphologic information about the attachment, germination, and outgrowth process. Spores were examined in their dormant, dehydrated state and allowed to germinate. Samples were prepared for light, transmission, and SEM under anaerobic conditions for morphologic and histochemical examination. SEM revealed that the spores developed a distinct polarity at the beginning of the germination process and that the exosporial membrane at this time produced projections that attached the spore to a substrate. These projections were altered by calcium chelation with EDTA and the presence of barium. Following colchicine and cytochalasin B treatment, the exosporial membrane projections were morphologically altered and the germination sequence was modified. Histochemical examination of the spores suggested that calcium was predominantly located in the protoplast and spore coat.     

State-of-the-art on theories and applications of cable-driven parallel robots

Cable-driven parallel robot (CDPR) is a type of high-performance robot that integrates cable-driven kinematic chains and parallel mechanism theory. It inherits the high dynamics and heavy load capacities of the parallel mechanism and significantly improves the workspace, cost and energy efficiency simultaneously. As a result, CDPRs have had irreplaceable roles in industrial and technological fields, such as astronomy, aerospace, logistics, simulators, and rehabilitation. CDPRs follow the cutting-edge trend of rigid–flexible fusion, reflect advanced lightweight design concepts, and have become a frontier topic in robotics research. This paper summarizes the kernel theories and developments of CDPRs, covering configuration design, cable-force distribution, workspace and stiffness, performance evaluation, optimization, and motion control. Kinematic modeling, workspace analysis, and cable-force solution are illustrated. Stiffness and dynamic modeling methods are discussed. To further promote the development, researchers should strengthen the investigation in configuration innovation, rapid calculation of workspace, performance evaluation, stiffness control, and rigid–flexible coupling dynamics. In addition, engineering problems such as cable materials, reliability design, and a unified control framework require attention.     

Histochemical and ultrastructural studies of the mosquito Aedes aegypti fat body: effects of aging and diet type

Aedes aegypti is the principal vector of dengue world wide and a major vector of urban yellow fever. Despite its epidemiological importance, not much is known regarding cellular and structural changes in the fat body in this mosquito. Here, we applied light and transmission electron microscopies to investigate structural changes in the fat body of three groups of A. aegypti females: newly emerged, 18-day-old sugar-fed, and 18-day-old blood-fed. The fat body consists of a layer of cells attached to the abdomen integument, formed by trophocytes and oenocytes. Trophocytes are strongly positive for carbohydrates, while oenocytes are strongly positive for proteins and lipids. Ultrastructural analyses of trophocytes from newly emerged and 18-day-old blood-fed indicate that these cells are rich in glycogen and free ribosomes. Many lipid droplets and protein granules, which are broken down after the blood meal, are also detected. In 18-day-old sugar-fed, trophocytes display a disorganized cytoplasm filled with lipid droplets, and reduced numbers of free ribosomes, glycogen, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and mitochondria. Following a blood meal, the RER and mitochondria display enlarged sizes, suggestive of increased activity. With regard to oenocytes, these cells display an electron-dense cytoplasm and plasma membrane infoldings facing the hemolymph. As the A. aegypti female ages, trophocyte and oenocyte cell nuclei become larger but decrease in diameter after blood feeding. Our findings suggest that the trophocytes and oenocytes remodeling is likely involved in functional changes of fat body that take place during aging and following a blood meal in A. aegypti females.     

Transmission electron microscopy studies of squeeze cast Al-AlN composites

Aluminium-matrix composites containing ∼45 vol.% AlN particles were fabricated by melt infiltration of aluminium into an AlN preform under a pressure up to 130 MPa. Three types of aluminium alloy (2024, 6060 and 5754) were used. The as-prepared composites were studied by light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopies, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. As a result of the melt infiltration process, the composites are very dense and the microstructure shows a homogeneous distribution of the reinforcement. The interfaces are clean with very little porosity. Composites with 2024 and 6060 matrices were carefully studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) after heat treatments. Dislocation density in the matrix of the reinforced material increases due to the difference in thermal expansion coefficients of aluminium alloys and AlN. This can induce an accelerated ageing response of the coherent and semicoherent precipitations of age-hardened matrices. This behaviour has been studied in the 2024 and 6060 composites by using microhardness measurements and TEM. Reactions between the AlN reinforcement and aluminium matrices (6060 and 5754) were observed and analysed by TEM. Matrices containing some of magnesium display a MgAl₂O₄ spinel formation at the AlN/matrix interface. The spinel formation is probably due to the reaction between magnesium of the matrix and the thin Al₂O₃ layer on the AlN surfaces. This reaction can affect the mechanical behaviour of the composite infiltrated with the 5754 matrix. This has been confirmed by overageing some samples at high temperatures (300 °C and 550 °C) for 10 days in order to emphasize the interfacial reactions.     

Experimental Study of Leakage and Friction of Rectangular,Elastomeric Hydraulic Seals for Reciprocating Motion from −54 to +135°C and Pressures from 3.4 to 34.5 MPa

Hydraulic seals for reciprocating motion are used in mechanisms, machines, and devices most commonly in automotive, aerospace, marine, and general industrial sectors. Applications vary from those of a cheap medical injector and tire pump to mechanisms controlling ultra-expensive equipment in power stations, ships, and space vehicles. Unfortunately, elastomeric seals are flexible solids with nonlinear response to changes in their environment involving stress or strain, heat transfer, interaction with fluids, and aging. Unsurprisingly, research into their performance is ongoing for more than 80 years. The present experimental study is a step toward a better understanding of sealing performance in a broad range of temperatures and sealed pressures. Hundreds of experiments were conducted in conformance to international standards and in controlled conditions within tight tolerances of all parameters, including mechanical properties, solid dimensions, and operating conditions. Rectangular elastomeric seals for aerospace applications were studied under sealed pressures of 3.4 to 34.5 MPa (500 to 5,000 lb/in²) and in ambient temperatures of ?54 to +135°C. The combined range of pressures and temperatures exceeds what is available in the literature, particularly on the low temperature side. Other parameters varied in the experiments include the seal dimensions and radial interference, the surface roughness of the cooperating shafts, and the support of seals by one or two back-up rings. The results of the parametric study, summarized in eight tables and two figures, have been sorted for ascending leakage and friction force at each of the studied ambient temperatures for quick selection of optimal values.     

Morphological tools to evaluate the digestory apparatus in rocky cavy (Kerodon rupestris)

This research describes for the first time the complete morphology of the digestive apparatus of rock cavies. Dissection, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were performed. The oral cavity has: the hard palate without palatine wrinkles and the soft palate; the tongue composed by striated musculature, with presence of vallate, foliated, and fungiform papillae with taste buds and filiform papillae with mechanical function; and, 20 teeth of the hypsodonts type. Esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), and the large intestine (cecum, colon, and rectum) are found. The anus is present at the end of the alimentary channel. Organs of digestive tube are composed by four tunics: mucosa, submucosa, muscular, and serosa. The duodenum, jejunum and ileum have villi. Jejunum, ileum and cecum present Lieberkühn crypts. The cecum has mucous glands. Colon and rectum are folded and have goblet cells. Anus presents sebaceous glands. As associated glands it is found the liver with six lobes and gallbladder; a lobulated pancreas; and a pair of each major salivary gland (parotid, mandibular, and sublingual). Parotid glands have serous acini and mandibular and sublingual glands have mucous acini. Pancreas has adenomers. The liver has hepatocytes and portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct (portal triad), separated by sinusoids. It is concluded that the digestive apparatus of the rock cavy has variations in the dentition, lingual papillae, and acini of the salivary glands when compared to other rodents. Other variations refer to the well‐developed cecum characteristic of herbivorous behavior.