聚合物材料的滑动摩擦特性研究

为了更好地理解人体在行走过程中发生打滑的摩擦学机制,采用Mark II止滑试验机,在干路面、水路面、油路面环境条件下研究橡胶、聚氯乙烯和聚氨酯3种聚合物材料分别与常用的大理石、复合木地板和水磨石地板材料配副的滑动摩擦特性。结果表明:干路面条件下,橡胶的摩擦因数最大;湿路面条件下,3种材料的摩擦因数相差不大;油路面条件下,3种材料的摩擦因数都急剧减小到接近于0。在3种影响因素中,路面污染条件对摩擦因数的影响显著,而配副材料对摩擦因数的影响都不显著。     

湿滑路面轮胎制动距离有限元仿真分析

对配有ABS系统的汽车在湿滑路面上的制动距离进行了仿真研究。基于有限元商业软件ABAQUS,采用制动过程离散分析方法,考虑ABS功能和路面积水与轮胎间的流固耦合作用,仿真研究了某纵向沟槽花纹子午线轮胎在10mm积水路面各离散速度下的制动情况。根据有限元仿真结果,使用相关分析方法,获得了该轮胎的制动时间和制动距离。对干、湿路面轮胎制动性能仿真结果进行了比较,验证了轮胎湿滑路面制动性能仿真评价方法的有效性。     

PEEK450 FC30与SiC陶瓷在海水润滑下的摩擦磨损特性研究

碳纤维增强聚醚醚酮PEEK450 FC30与工程陶瓷SiC软硬组合作为海水柱塞泵关键摩擦副备选材料,利用MCF 10摩擦磨损试验机对其在海水润滑下的摩擦磨损特性进行试验研究,探讨接触压力、滑动转速对材料磨损率和摩擦系数的影响规律。试验结果表明：在一定范围内的滑动速度、接触压力下,该摩擦副呈现出较小的磨损率和摩擦系数。当滑动速度在0.5~1.5 m/s之间,接触压力为1.33 MPa时,磨损率最小。通过扫描电子显微镜观察摩擦副磨损表层发现,在海水润滑下,SiC磨损并不明显,而PEEK450 FC30的磨损主要是以塑性涂抹为特征的粘着和SiC表面粗糙峰引起的机械犁耕。研究结果对水液压元件的选材具有十分重要的指导作用。     

水润滑橡胶轴承的摩擦实验研究

首先通过标准摩擦磨损实验机得到了湿润滑条件下橡胶对钢摩擦副的有关摩擦学参数,探索了湿润滑条件下载荷和速度对摩擦系数的影响.然后对干摩擦、湿润滑和完全水润滑条件下的摩擦系数进行了对比分析.     

水润滑橡胶轴承特性仿真与试验研究

为研究水润滑橡胶轴承特性,采用软件仿真与试验相结合的方法对轴承偏心率、摩擦因数、橡胶变形量、最小水膜厚度、长径比和水膜压力等参数及其与轴转速和载荷之间的关系进行深入探讨。应用Pro/E软件分别建立了轴承及其间隙的3D模型,并采用流固耦合方法及气穴模型在ANSYS和Fluent软件中对轴承动态特性进行模拟。为获得实际工况下的橡胶轴承径向截面全周连续水膜压力分布,研究轴承润滑状态,采用特殊的转轴设计,将压力传感器安装在轴端,并应用无线测试技术对水膜压力信号进行采集与传输。给出水润滑轴承试验台、转轴设计与传感器布置方案,最后应用无线测试系统对八纵向沟槽水润滑凹面橡胶轴承的水膜压力进行测试,并与仿真结果比较分析。研究结果表明,多沟槽凹面橡胶轴承不存在全周完全连续水膜,处于混合润滑状态;沟槽对水膜压力分布的影响较大;轴承某些板条上会出现水囊,形成明显的压力双峰;降低转速或者增加载荷都会增大橡胶变形量与轴承摩擦因数,引起轴与轴承接触。长径比越大,轴承越不容易与轴发生接触。     

飞机舵机组合O形密封件密封性能与摩擦热效应的数值分析

飞机舵机一般采用橡胶-聚四氟乙烯组合O形密封件密封活塞杆高压端面,舵机工作时的摩擦发热会导致密封件的密封性能下降。为研究密封性能的热效应,利用ABAQUS软件建立考虑三重非线性(材料非线性、几何非线性以及边界非线性)的热-结构耦合效应的组合O形密封件有限元模型,分析密封件在不同油压下的接触压力分布及密封性能。开发ABAQUS的重启动功能,研究不同油压、滑动速度以及摩擦因数3种因素对密封件在活塞杆滑动过程中的摩擦生热影响,得到密封件的局部温度场分布,探讨3种因素对温度场的影响规律。分析结果表明:密封件在活塞杆滑动过程中的最高温度随着油压、滑动速度和摩擦因数的增大而增大,其中摩擦因数的影响最为显著。     

复杂花纹轮胎湿滑路面制动距离FEM仿真分析及评价

以205/55R16型子午线轮胎为研究对象,对配有ABS系统的汽车在湿滑路面上的制动距离进行了仿真研究。基于制动过程离散分析方法,使用有限元商业软件ABAQUS仿真研究了不同复杂胎面花纹及不同胎面材料轮胎在1.5mm深积水路面、各离散速度下的制动情况。然后根据各有限元仿真结果,使用相关分析方法,获得了轮胎的制动距离。仿真结果均与对应的试验结果趋势一致,证明了轮胎湿滑路面制动性能仿真评价方法的有效性。     

影响井下防喷器胶筒与套管间摩擦因数的因素

通过摩擦试验,研究了正压力、相对滑动速度以及润滑条件对井下防喷器胶筒与套管间摩擦因数的影响。结果表明:相同正压力下,无润滑剂和水润滑摩擦时,两者间的摩擦因数随着滑动速度的增加而增加,在油润滑时,滑动速度的增加有利于润滑膜的形成,使摩擦因数降低;在相同正压力和相对滑动速度下,油润滑摩擦因数均值最小,水润滑时次之,无润滑剂时最大;正压力的影响无规律性。     

冰面上橡胶滑动摩擦特性的数值分析

基于摩擦熔化理论,考虑流体动力润滑和热传导的耦合作用,采用打靶法和线性插值法获得了冰面上滑动橡胶块摩擦界面上的压力、流体膜厚及温度的无量纲分布规律,研究了胶块的摩擦特性。结果表明,摩擦界面上的压力峰值随载荷的减小向界面中部移动,摩擦因数与滑动速度的平方根成正比,而与载荷和试样长度的平方根成反比。所用方法可应用于其它材料在冰面上的摩擦及其它情况下的摩擦熔化问题。     

高温氧气条件下CrNiMo钢的摩擦磨损特性研究

以CrNiMo钢和H96黄铜组成配副,利用QG-700型高温气氛摩擦磨损试验机,研究了高温氧气气氛环境中滑动速度、接触压力等对CrNiMo钢摩擦学特性的影响.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)对磨损表面进行表征.结果表明:在高温氧气气氛中,随着滑动速度和接触压力的增大,摩擦因数逐渐减小,磨损率逐渐增大.在滑动速度和接触压力逐渐增大的过程中,CrNiMo钢的主要磨损机制由粘着磨损转变为氧化磨损.     

On the dry and wet sliding performance of potentially new frictional brake pad materials for automotive industry

In this work, dry and wet continuous sliding performances of newly developed four different non-commercial frictional brake pad materials (NF1, NF2, NF4, and NF5) were evaluated and compared with other two chosen commercial brake pad materials (CMA and CMB) using a small-scale tribo-tester of pad-on-disc type.Results showed that under dry continuous braking, friction coefficients for all non-commercial brake pad materials including the CMB were insensitive to the type of brake pad materials. In addition, all brake pad materials showed a slight increase in the friction coefficients (5–19%) with increasing pressure or speed. Meanwhile, the wear rates were substantially dependent on the type or ingredient of brake pad materials and the pressure. Conversely, under wet sliding condition, the friction coefficients were decreased by a factor of 2. Moreover, no evidence of HD water film could be evidenced as the measured friction coefficient values were in the order of dry friction. Thus, the wet results suggested that the friction behaviour was influenced by factors other than HD film, and the values of friction coefficient were in the range of dry friction, mixed and boundary lubrication friction. Qualitative assessment of the SEM morphologies of brake pad surfaces showed that tribofilms were easily formed in dry braking and hardly formed in wet braking. Besides, all brake pad rubbing surfaces showed contact plateaus “patches” and disintegrations of various sizes and locations depending on the braking condition. Furthermore, the removal of material was associated with either mechanical crushing action performed by entrapped wear debris or due to disintegration of plateaus which were accelerated by spraying the water.     

湿式摩擦副滑摩过程摩擦热计算

针对湿式离合器摩擦副的结构特点,研究离合器摩擦副表面粗糙接触情况,改进平均流量模型,建立修正的雷诺方程用于计算滑摩过程中油膜压力和油膜厚度的变化规律。采用Greenwood-Tripp接触模型,建立摩擦副摩擦热方程,模拟湿式摩擦副在滑摩过程中油膜厚度、相对滑摩转速、接合油压以及摩擦转矩变化规律,对摩擦副滑摩过程中微凸体和油膜剪切作用产生的摩擦热进行分析,得到它们径向呈线性和抛物线的分布规律,讨论接合油压和相对滑摩转速对微凸体和油膜剪切作用产生摩擦热的影响,并通过钢片的温度场实验对模拟结果加以验证。研究表明:接合油压越大,单位时间内微凸体和油膜剪切作用产生的摩擦热越大,单位时间产生摩擦热峰值的时间越提前;相对转速差越大,微凸体在滑摩过程中单位时间产生的摩擦热越大,油膜则与之相反,且相对转速的变化对单位时间产生摩擦热峰值的时间无影响。     

超高压斜盘式轴向柱塞泵柱塞副摩擦界面油膜固液耦合作用特性研究

作为液压传动系统核心动力元件的轴向柱塞泵,超高压化是其必然发展趋势与要求,然而超高压化会造成其中关键的柱塞副摩擦界面油膜形成显著的固液耦合作用,对柱塞副油膜的摩擦润滑与密封承载性能产生规律尚不明确的影响。为此,建立一种基于变形矩阵法的固液耦合作用求解方法,该方法基于有限容积法解算油膜流体润滑方程,基于有限元法实现摩擦界面变形计算节点规则化设置及变形矩阵精准计算,在此基础上建立柱塞副油膜弹性流体动压润滑数值计算模型,针对采用软硬配对的柱塞副63 MPa超高压工况下的摩擦界面油膜固液耦合作用特性进行研究,结果表明：固液耦合作用有助于减小柱塞副处轴向黏性摩擦力和泄漏流量,一个周期内柱塞副总周向黏性摩擦力大小基本不变但分布更为集中,导致产生了更大峰值的瞬时摩擦力;显著的结构变形产生于柱塞副摩擦界面两端局部位置处,因而对泄漏流量不造成影响,在超高压工况下经过软硬配对跑合,固液耦合作用有助于原本标准柱形铜套孔形成类似“喇叭口”的一种微观形貌,增大了柱塞与铜套孔的接触面积,增强了密封超高压油的能力,降低了接触应力。建立的模型及研究结果可为轴向柱塞泵超高压化设计提供指导。     

A theory of viscous hydroplaning

The traction developed in the contact area of a pneumatic tyre rolling and accelerating on a wet road surface is simulated by a block of rubber slipping on a two-dimensional sinusoidal surface covered with a thin water film. The resulting pressure-wedge formation on individual asperities of the surface provides a net uplift which tends to force tyre-tread and surface apart, thus promoting the onset of skidding or viscous hydroplaning. The important factor in minimizing skidding hazards is the provision of an adequate micro-roughness at asperity tips which contributes an adhesional mechanism to the overall friction coefficient. It is shown that in comparison with the adhesional contribution to friction, the contribution of hysteresis and viscous shear of the film are insignificant at low slip speeds.     

汽车轮胎橡胶摩擦试验研究

介绍了所开发的轮胎橡胶摩擦试验台,提出了轮胎橡胶摩擦试验方法。在该试验台上进行了干水泥路面、冰面等工况下的轮胎橡胶块摩擦试验,对所得试验结果进行了分析、处理。初步掌握了路面、温度、垂直压力和滑移速度等因素对摩擦因数的影响。在此基础上把动摩擦的概念引入轮胎半经验模型,对现有模型进行了改进。提出了应用轮胎低速试验数据预测高速下轮胎特性的方法。     

Experimental Research on Friction of Vehicle Tire Rubber

A newly developed tire rubber friction test machine is introduced. Friction test method of tire rubber is provided. Test data of tire rubber friction on concrete and icy road surfaces are obtained and analyzed. The effect of different road surface, ambient temperature, contact pressure, and slip velocity on friction coefficient is apprehended. The dynamic friction is introduced to tire semi-empirical modeling, and the accuracy of the model is improved. A way of forecasting tire property on high-rolling speed using data from low-rolling speed tire test is illustrated.     

Wet sliding friction of elastomer compounds on a rough surface under varied lubrication conditions

‘Green’ tire bearing tread rubber reinforced with precipitated silica can exhibit improved wet traction performance. The underlying mechanism is currently not well understood. To improve our capability of rational material design for enhanced driving safety, wet sliding friction for various rubber compounds is tested on a Portland cement concrete surface under varied lubrication conditions. The wetting liquid is either ethanol or water, and the initial amount of liquid on the concrete surface is adjusted. Sliding friction is detected to alter with lubrication condition. Under ethanol lubrication, the sliding friction is markedly lower than that under water lubrication. Additionally the benefit in wet traction from silica is significantly diminished or eliminated in ethanol. Such observations cannot be rationalized with simple considerations of rubber bulk viscoelasticity, liquid viscosity, cavitation, or capillary effect. We believe that these observations strongly indicate the significance of interfacial interactions in determining the wet sliding friction of elastomer compounds. The potential relevance of capillary porosity in concrete and Marangoni drying effect to wet traction is also introduced.     

The elastohydrodynamic transition speed for spheres sliding on lubricated rubber

An elastohydrodynamic number derived elsewhere in the literature [1] characterizes the onset of hydrodynamic support for a rigid sphere sliding on a lubricated viscoelastic base. This number includes elastic properties of the base track, in contrast with previous studies where such have been neglected. A generalized coefficient of sliding friction has been defined as the actual coefficient of friction divided by the tangent modulus of the viscoelastic material. Experimental plots of the coefficient of friction versus sliding speed for spheres sliding on lubricated rubber are shown to produce a relatively sudden decay in coefficient at the transition speed from “dry” to elastohydrodynamic contact. These plots in turn fit closely on a master curve of generalized coefficient of friction versus the elastohydrodynamic number.The inclusion of surface roughness on the sphere produces both a higher value of the generalized coefficient prior to the transition speed and a higher sliding velocity at which the transition itself occurs. Furthermore, the rate of decay for the generalized coefficient of friction appears distinctly greater for rough spheres. The overall effect of roughness is to reduce the difference between the dry and wet coefficients of sliding friction. Random abrasion of the spheres with emery paper of known grit size appears to be an effective method of inducing surface roughness on the spheres. The nature of all the experimental curves may be satisfactorily explained by squeeze-film theory.An important application of the sliding of smooth and rough spheres on a lubricated flexible base is the sliding/slipping behaviour of automobile tyres on a wet road surface during normal rolling.     

界面滑移对圆柱形凹坑织构滑动轴承摩擦力的影响

为研究不同的滑移情况对圆柱形凹坑织构滑动轴承摩擦力的影响,建立含有圆柱形凹坑织构的滑动轴承在不同界面滑移状态下的摩擦力计算模型,探究影响织构化滑动轴承摩擦力的参数,并借助ANSYS分析不同滑移情况下界面滑移对圆柱形凹坑织构滑动轴承摩擦力的影响规律。结果表明:织构化滑动轴承的摩擦力主要是由轴颈线速度、油膜滑移比、轴承的进出油口压力、织构处油膜压力、织构深度、油膜厚度和承载力决定;不同滑移情况下织构模型的摩擦力均小于无织构模型;且在上下表面均滑移时,圆柱形凹坑织构在出口位置时表现出最优的承载和减摩效果;适当地增加圆柱形凹坑织构的深度可以改善模型的摩擦性能,但是过深的凹坑织构并不能发挥出其性能。