Role of thermal,mechanical and oxidising treatment on structure and chemistry of carbon black and its impact on wear and friction: Part 2 – Boundary lubrication condition

Mineral oil formulations with zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) and dispersant (poly isobutylene succinimide ashless dispersant or ‘PIBSA’) and fully formulated oils with and without carbon black were subjected to thermal and mechanical treatment and tribologically tested on TE 77 (high frequency reciprocating rig or ‘HFRR’) machine to examine the frictional performance during the test. These results were compared to oils without carbon black and oils with diesel soot. Results indicate that oils with just ZDDP and dispersant had the highest friction that remains constant for the duration of the test while oils with carbon black in the milled and oxidised condition had the lowest coefficient of friction and the smallest surface roughness in the tribofilm. The mechanism of wear with treated carbon black and diesel soot was found to be polishing wear as evidenced by the scanning probe microscopy images of the tribofilms. Tribofilms were analysed with X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and it was seen that oils without carbon black or even with untreated carbon black had sulphates at the surface, while the oils with carbon black that were treated had a higher proportion of sulphides. A combination of both FeS and ZnS was found in the tribofilms along with short chain phosphates of Zn.     

Design and application of refrigerant recovery and filling control system based on MSP430

提出了一种应用于空调系统的多功能冷媒回收加注装置的控制方案。本方案硬件电路基于MSP430单片机设计,同时采用了高精度称重传感器和高性能放大器;软件设计采用中位值平均滤波算法。本装置不仅可以将冷媒废液净化后回收,而且可以定量加注新冷媒。同时,本装置具有施压、抽真空、加冷冻油等功能。实践证明,本控制系统成本较低、稳定性好,具有较高的实用价值。     

The Engineering Professional and the Labor Market Demands： Electronic Engineer and Mechanical Engineer

The purpose of this study is to present results of a jobs classified survey from a newspaper in circulation in the city of Manaus （AM, Brazil）, between late 1990s and early 2000s. The structure and functionality of the CBO （Brazilian Occupational Classification） 2002, fundamental tool for data analysis was used, followed by collection, diagnosis and data analysis to identify the characteristics and transformations of the occupational tasks of the electronic and mechanical engineer. The analysis was based on CBO data in three distinct steps described in the methodology section, compared with a study conducted in the early 1990s, and finally, the overall prevailing trend required in professional engineering training in times of complexity and in the knowledge era was presented.     

Special Issue on Future Digital Design and Manufacturing:Embracing Industry 4.0 and Beyond-Part Ⅱ

<正>Digital design and manufacturing have been under pinned by digital modeling,simulation,and automation controls for decades.Under the new market requirement of mass customized products and services,the advancements in artificial intelligence(AI),smart technology,virtual reality(VR),big data,digital twin,robotics and human-centered     

Nonrigid parts’ specification and inspection methods: notions, challenges, and recent advancements

In a free state, nonrigid parts can take on different shapes compared to their design model. Such behavior of nonrigid parts introduces particular challenges to engineers during the geometric and dimensional requirements specification and inspection steps. Given that the choice of inspection method is guided by the requirement specification type, this paper presents two sections dealing, respectively, with the specification and the inspection method used for nonrigid parts. Accordingly, this paper proposes a categorization of the particular specification methods used for the geometric dimensioning and tolerancing of nonrigid parts under the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and International Organization for Standardization standards, as well as a review of the available approaches for the fixtureless inspection method of these parts. Typical applications of each specification method, as well as the advantages and drawbacks of their use, are proposed as general guidance. Finally, the current research trends into the fixtureless inspection methods of nonrigid parts are underscored.     

TEM and electron holography analyses of granular and thin layered Cu–Co magnetic materials

The paper shows the examples of application of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques for characterization of two types of copper–cobalt magnetic nanomaterials: Cu-10 wt% Co granular giant magnetoresistance (GMR) thin ribbons and thin nanocrystalline Co films deposited on Cu substrate. Quantitative TEM microstructural analyses were used for determination of Co particle size distributions in GMR ribbons. It was demonstrated that the relative resistivity depends on the mean diameter of the cobalt nanoparticles. For nanocrystalline thin Co layers, off-axis electron holography was used to investigate their magnetic structure. The mean in-plane component of the magnetic field in cobalt was calculated from the phase gradient.     

Analysis and Application of Grey Relation and ANOVA in Chemical–Mechanical Polishing Process Parameters

The parameters for chemical–mechanical polishing (CMP) in an ultra-large scale integrated (ULSI) planarisation process are explored. First, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) is conducted on the CMP process parameters derived from the Taguchi method. The objective is to understand the ranking of the effects of CMP parameters such as down force pressure, platen speed, carrier speed, oscillation, and flowrate on the removal rate. Findings are verified by grey relational analysis. The values of the sequencing results allow us to adjust the parameters to the required machining condition during the CMP experiment. This will reduce the number of experiments needed and the length of time required. This study also analyses the effect of data normalisation and data integrity in grey relational analysis on the degree of sensitivity. The results indicate that it is feasible to use grey relational analysis to predict the rank of the parameter effect in the case of insufficient data derived from the Taguchi method. ID="A1"Correspondance and offprint requests to: Professor Z.-C. Lin, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43 Keelung Road, Section 4, Taipei 10672, Taiwan. E-mail: zclin@mail.ntust.edu.tw     

Adhesion,deformation and friction for self‐assembled monolayers on Au and Si surfaces

Using interfacial force microscopy (IFM), we investigated the tribological behavior of hexadecanethiol monolayers on Au and films of octadecyltrichlorosilane (ODTS), perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (PFTS) and dodecane on Si. We observe a strong correlation between hysteresis in a compression cycle (measured via nanoindentation) and friction. Additionally, we suggest that the amount of hysteresis and friction in each film is related to its detailed molecular structure, especially the degree of molecular packing. This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Journal of Measurement Science and Instrumentation

Journal of Measurement Science and Instrumentation(CN14-1357/TH,ISSN 1674-8042)is published by North University of China.It is a comprehensive academic journal,aiming to present scientific research papers in the fields of measurement science and instrumentation,including general principles,technologies and instrumentation of measurement and control applied to such academic and industrial fields as mechanics,electric and electronic engineering,magnetics,optics,chemistry,biology,and so on.     

Radiation-tolerant X- and γ-ray detectors

Radiation-tolerant X-ray detectors capable of operating in vacuum, a low-voltage ionization chamber, and a γ detector, as well as a noise compensation system allowing location of all electronic devices at a distance of at least 70 m from the detectors, are described. Owing to the simplicity of their design, these detectors can be adapted for any specific conditions. These detectors are intended for operation in high- intensity γ-ray and neutron fields; in particular, they can be used on the ITER tokamak reactor.     

Fabrication and characterization of rugate structures composed of SiO_2 and Nb_2O_5

1Introduction Opticalcoatingdesignsbasedonlayers,whichareinhomogeneousalongthestackaxis,haveopticalandmechanicalpropertiesthatdiffer fromthoseofconventionalhigh low index stacks.Particularly,thewideaccessibleangular rangeandthelowopticalscatterlevelmake themsuperiortotraditionalstackswithrespect toselectedpurposessuchasomni directionalde vicesornotchfilters[14].Manufacturingsuch systemsinpracticerequiresthecalculation,dep osition,monitoringandcharacterizationofopti calcoatingswithawelldefinedc…     

Optical coatings：trends and challenges

1Introduction Today,opticalcoatinghasbeenregardedas oneofthemostimportantsegmentinoptics technology[1].Itcansufficientlyimprovethe performanceofthewholeopticalsystem,satisfy thefunctionrequirements,andthereforeisan intensivelyactiveresearchfieldworldwide.Opticalcoatingscanbefoundinnearly everytechnicalapplicationstartingwithtelecom munications,spacetechnologies,andlasers.Meanwhile,itplaysasignificantroleinmany fieldsdevelopment,suchasphysics,chemistry andsynchrotronemissionapplication.Theeffi…     

Journal of Measurement Science and Instrumentation

Journal of Measurement Science and Instrumentation(CN14-1357/TH,ISSN 1674-8042)is published by North University of China.It is a comprehensive academic journal,aiming to present scientific research papers in the fields of measurement science and instrumentation,including general principles,technologies and instrumentation of measurement and control applied to such academic and industrial fields as mechanics,electric and electronic engineering,magnetics,optics,chemistry,biology,and so on.     

Data-driven modeling and predictive control for boiler–turbine unit using fuzzy clustering and subspace methods

This paper develops a novel data-driven fuzzy modeling strategy and predictive controller for boiler–turbine unit using fuzzy clustering and subspace identification (SID) methods. To deal with the nonlinear behavior of boiler–turbine unit, fuzzy clustering is used to provide an appropriate division of the operation region and develop the structure of the fuzzy model. Then by combining the input data with the corresponding fuzzy membership functions, the SID method is extended to extract the local state-space model parameters. Owing to the advantages of the both methods, the resulting fuzzy model can represent the boiler–turbine unit very closely, and a fuzzy model predictive controller is designed based on this model. As an alternative approach, a direct data-driven fuzzy predictive control is also developed following the same clustering and subspace methods, where intermediate subspace matrices developed during the identification procedure are utilized directly as the predictor. Simulation results show the advantages and effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

Notes on “Single-machine scheduling with past-sequence-dependent setup times and effects of deterioration and learning”

The aim of this paper is to show by a counterexample that theorem 6 and corollary 5 in Wang et al. (Int J Adv Manuf Technol 41:1221–1226, 2009) are incorrect.     

TiSiC,TiSiC-Zr,and TiSiC-Cr Coatings—Corrosion Resistance and Tribological Performance in Saline Solution

TiSiC coatings alloyed with Zr and Cr were deposited on Si and 316 L steel substrates by a cathodic arc method in a CH₄ reactive atmosphere. The corrosion and wear behavior of the coatings in 0.9% NaCl solution was investigated. Corrosion resistance of the coatings was evaluated by electrochemical tests. The electrochemical polarization measurements were conducted at room temperature in the potential range ?1 and 1.5 V, with a 0.167 mVs^?1 scan rate. Compared to the uncoated 316 L substrates, the coated ones showed nobler characteristics, with more electropositive corrosion potentials, lower corrosion current densities, and higher polarization resistances. TiSiC-Zr exhibited the lowest corrosion current density (0.62 μAcm^?2) and the highest protection efficiency (69.5%). The tribological performance of the coatings under corrosive conditions (0.9% NaCl solution) was investigated using a ball-on-disc tribometer (6-mm-diameter sapphire ball, 5 N load, 0.15 ms^?1 sliding speed, 400 m sliding distance). The TiSiC-Cr coating demonstrated the best wear behavior, with a wear rate of 3.2 × 10^?6 mm³N^?1m^?1, followed by TiSiC and TiSiC-Zr. The morphologies and compositions of the worn surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) in order to identify the wear mechanism. Corrosion, debris adhesion, and oxidation were found to be the dominant wear processes.     

Implementation of the WEEE-directive — economic effects and improvement potentials for reuse and recycling in Germany

Reducing the quantity of waste for disposal and saving natural resources were main drivers for the introduction of the European Directive on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE-directive). This policy focused on an extension of the producer responsibility (EPR) to the end-of-life-phase of their products. Because of the EPR concept, the national transposition of the WEEE-directive, especially the German transposition in the law ElektroG, caused changes in the organisation and material flows that are sometimes not in line with the aim of the directive, which is to enforce the waste management premise “avoidance prior recycling prior disposal”. Thus, the objective of this contribution is to analyse and compare the situation before and after implementation of the ElektroG in Germany, and deduce improvement potentials. Therefore, a co-operation of a municipality and a nearby disassembly company in Germany is analysed and evaluated, taking into account material flows and costs before/after implementation of the ElektroG, as well as degrees of freedom. Based on this analysis, recommendations are deduced for political decision makers and actors of the WEEE treatment system.     

The interface region between articular cartilage and bone by μMRI and PLM at microscopic resolutions

This dual-modality microscopic imaging study quantifies the interface region between the noncalcified cartilage and the subchondral bone plate, which includes the deep portion of the noncalcified articular cartilage and the zone of calcified cartilage (ZCC). This interface region is typically not visible in routine MRI but becomes visible in MRI with the application of an ultra-short echo time (UTE) sequence. A number of cartilage-bone blocks from a well-documented canine humeral head were harvested for imaging by microscopic MRI (μMRI) and PLM (polarized light microscopy). In μMRI, T2 anisotropic images were acquired by 2D gradient-echo, magnetization-prepared spin-echo and UTE sequences at the 0° and 55° (the magic angle) orientations at 11.7 μm/pixel resolution. In PLM, quantitative optical retardation (nm) and collagen orientation (°) were mapped from the thin sections from the same μMRI specimens at 0.5–2 μm pixel resolutions. The orientational and organizational architecture of the collagen matrix in this interface region was quantified and correlated between the complementary imaging. The magic angle effect as seen in the noncalcified cartilage was statistically confirmed in ZCC in μMRI, which was further supported by quantitative PLM. With an enhanced understanding of the tissue properties in this important interface region, it will potentially be possible to monitor the changes of this tissue region which is instrumental to the initiation and development of osteoarthritis and other joint diseases.