A computational study of die geometry and processing conditions effects on equal channel angular extrusion of a polymer

Equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) is an efficient process to obtain enhanced microstructures via super-plastic deformation. In view of its optimisation, it is of prime importance to assess the relationships between processing conditions and material flow. More precisely, detailed knowledge of the plastic strain distribution in the extruded material in relation to the ECAE processing variables is required. The key parameters of the ECAE process are primarily die geometry, ram speed, extrusion temperature, use of back-pressure, number of extrusion sequences and processing route (e.g. rotation of the sample between successive passes). A numerical investigation was achieved to check out the influence of these parameters on the homogeneity of plastic strain distribution in the case of a conventional thermoplastic polymer. Material parameters of a phenomenological elastic viscoplastic model were deduced from compressive deformation tests at different temperatures and strain rates on high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Recommendations on tool geometry and processing conditions can then be provided, according to the numerical results.It was found that optimum ECAE die geometry is strongly material dependent. The application of a back-pressure significantly contributes to reduce the corner gap and consequently promotes the homogeneity of the plastic strain field. A slight sensitivity of plastic strain to ram speed and friction conditions was pointed out. The extrusion temperature strongly influences the magnitude of the plastic strain and has a slight effect on its homogeneity. The number of passes has a significant effect on the magnitude of the plastic strain but has a negligible influence beyond a certain temperature. The extruded material reaches a stationary strain state after few passes. The homogeneity of the plastic strain field is strongly affected by the processing route.     

Effect of ECAE on Microstructure and Tribological Properties of Cu–10%Al–4%Fe Alloy

Equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) process was carried out for a commercial aluminum bronze alloy (Cu–10%Al–4%Fe) produced by hotrolling at high temperature. The effect of ECAE on microstructure, mechanical, and tribological properties of the alloy was investigated. Experimental results showed that the grain size of the alloy decreased with the increase of the pass number of ECAE. After applying ECAE with six passes, the hardness and yield strength of the alloy increased from 118 kgf/mm² and 356 MPa to 165 kgf/mm² and 588 MPa, respectively. The friction coefficient and wear rate of the aluminum bronze alloy were largely reduced due to the improvement of mechanical properties after ECAE. The adhesive wear was the primary wear mechanism for the specimen without ECAE, while abrasive wear was dominant for the specimen with ECAE after six passes.     

Influence of processing parameters on wear resistance of nanostructured OFHC copper manufactured by large strain extrusion machining

The tribological behaviour of three ultra-fine grained oxygen-free high conductivity (OFHC) copper materials manufactured by large strain extrusion machining (LSEM), under variable shear strain, is studied under ball-on-flat reciprocating configuration and compared with that of conventional microstructured copper. The results are discussed as a function of microstructure and sliding direction. The lowest wear volume is obtained when the sliding takes place in the perpendicular direction to that of grain orientation. The highest wear resistance is observed for nanostructured copper material with an elongated grain structure in the extrusion direction. The wear resistance of this anisotropic material depends on the sliding direction. Wear mechanisms are discussed from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) observations.     

多模式超声振动等径角挤压超细晶纯铝成形机理研究

超细晶金属材料由于具有优异的力学性能,特别适合微小金属零件的塑性成形。大塑性变形法是制备超细晶金属材料的常用方法,等径角挤压法被认为是最具有发展前景的大塑性变形方法之一。传统等径角挤压需要通过多道次的应变量累积来获得超细晶材料,制备效率较低。将超声振动与等径角挤压过程相结合可以有效减小挤压成形载荷,提高等径角挤压制备超细晶的性能和效率。现有研究主要采用工具辅助超声振动模式,提出并研发基于工件辅助超声振动模式的等径角挤压成形工艺,并对不同超声振动模式1070纯铝等径角挤压成形机理进行对比研究,研究工具超声振动和工件超声振动两种不同振动方式对晶粒道次细化能力的影响规律。结果表明,随着超声功率的增大,工具超声振动和工件超声振动的超声软化效应逐渐增强,能更大幅度降低等径角挤压成形力,并提高晶粒道次细化能力。工件超声振动比工具超声振动更有利于吸收超声能量,从而能更有效提升超细晶金属的制备效率。     

斗轮堆取料机回转支承螺栓连接疲劳寿命分析

常规螺栓连接中,螺栓承受的预紧力和工作载荷是拉力,而斗轮堆取料机回转支承联接螺栓承受轴向压力而产生压缩,轴向工作载荷和变形不同于常规螺栓连接。本文在对受偏心轴向压力的回转支承高强度螺栓群进行受力分析的基础上,对螺栓群疲劳寿命进行了分析。     

机翼整体壁板数字化制造技术

随着现代机翼整体壁板设计水平的不断提高,传统的制造模式已不能满足其制造要求。分析了现代机翼整体壁板制造过程,论述了现代机翼整体壁板数字化制造的优势及数字化设计、成形性评估、展开与板坯建模、喷丸路径规划与映射、辅助工艺设计等主要支撑技术,同时阐述了各支撑技术的具体关键技术。     

On the potential of single point incremental forming of sheet polymer parts

The aim of this paper is to provide an overview into the development and application of single point incremental forming in rapid prototyping and rapid manufacturing of polymer sheet products that will enable the readers to recognize the key influential variables, to identify the process feasibility window, to diagnose possible sources of failure and to understand the routes for selecting the most appropriate materials and operative conditions. The methodology draws from independent determination of mechanical properties and formability limits of polymers to rapid prototyping of truncated conical and pyramidal parts. The investigation is supported by circle grid analysis. Results and observations are explained in the light of theoretical framework based on membrane analysis that is capable of modelling the cold plastic deformation of polymers with pressure-sensitive yield surfaces. The results show that the single point incremental forming of polymer sheets, performed on conventional CNC machining centres, is a cost-effective innovative technology for product development in a manufacturing environment. Applications may span from products with very high depths, taking advantage of the excellent formability of polyethylene terephthalate, to applications in polycarbonate where transparency is kept during cold forming.     

An analytical solution of the ECAE process of bi-layer strip using a Bezier type streamline

Co-extrusion of strips of different strength and ductility is a process in the production of bimetal rods of desirable physical and mechanical properties. Equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) is an innovative process for applying severe plastic deformation to materials. The present study is concerned with the ECAE of different bi-layer strips. Developing a kinematically admissible velocity field using a Bezier-type streamline is the aim of present research. In this analysis, using the mentioned velocity field and the upper bound theorem, the extrusion force as well as the strain distribution in the deformation zone of the ECAE process are predicted. The solution takes into account the die profile, friction conditions, strength, arrangement and thickness ratio of the layer materials. Experimental results of ECAE of aluminum/copper and aluminum/mild steel bi-layer strips showed a good agreement with the predicted results.

     

温度和背压方式对等通道转角挤压过程的影响

建立了用于分析等通道转角挤压过程的热力耦合有限元模型。通过对纯钛等通道转角挤压过程的数值模拟,获得了模具及试件内部的应力、应变和温度分布。研究结果表明,等通道挤压过程中试件温度分布不均匀,在模具转角剪切部位温度最高且存在明显的温度梯度。在较高的温度条件下进行挤压,有利于降低成形压力和获得较大的变形量;接触摩擦的存在导致模具受力状况恶化及试件变形的不均匀;而带背压的挤压方式可以在有效地增加试件变形量和变形均匀性的同时降低材料产生破坏的可能性。     

微流挤出成形工艺中新型挤出结构的研究

微流挤出成形工艺是基于陶瓷3D打印技术的兴起而出现的一种新兴制造工艺,其具有微米级高精度的特点,适用于高精度陶瓷制造领域。而在微流挤出成形工艺中,挤出结构设计是提高陶瓷零件成形性能的关键因素,将直接影响到成形能否顺利进行。在比较了几种目前国内外使用较为广泛的陶瓷3D打印挤出结构后,提出了一种以微型螺杆泵为核心部件的新型挤出结构。微型螺杆泵具有稳定的压力,可以输送高固含量的介质,并且能够根据转速调节流量,能够满足3D打印的稳定控制、高精度的工艺要求。还详细介绍了微型螺杆泵的工作原理,性能参数,对其应用在微流挤出自由成形工艺上的可行性以及入口压力、转速对其挤出流量的影响。     

铝合金磁脉冲辅助板材冲压技术研究进展

铝合金板材室温下的成形性较差,但在高速变形条件下成形极限大幅提高。为了促进铝合金板材在汽车制造、航空航天及3G领域的应用,需要开发先进的板材成形技术。磁脉冲辅助板材冲压成形技术（EMAS）通过在普通冲压模具中嵌入线圈,能有效控制和改善变形板料的应变分布。针对这些问题,重点介绍和讨论了EMAS技术的国内外研发现状,阐明了开展该技术研究的必要性和重要意义。     

T6态7075铝合金的温拉深成形研究

温热成形是铝合金板料成形的重要方法。通过改造后的极限拉深比试验与方形盒试验,研究了T6态的7075板料在不同温度下的等温以及非等温拉深性能,并通过对成形后材料强度进行单向拉深试验,分析了经过温成形后材料强度和硬度的变化。结果表明,T6态铝合金在140～220℃左右拉深性能最好,且成形后可以保持足够的强度和硬度,所以最佳的温拉深成形温度为140～220℃。     

Grinding path planning for the cutting teeth of helical broaching tool

Despite helical broaching being an excellent method for internal helical ring gear manufacturing with regard to its machining efficiency and precision, the manufacture of this special helical broaching tool is a severe challenge because of its complex geometric structure like dual-spiral and step-feed pattern of cutting teeth as well as the tiny offset of its cutting edges, particularly considering the expensive tool cost and long manufacturing period. Aiming at finding an efficient and reliable machining method for this type of helical broaching tool, this paper developed a complete set of machining routes and corresponding paths to grind its cutting teeth. Through detailed investigation, the geometric structure of the helical broaching tool, the tooth index model, and two kinds of tooth coordinate calculating methods were proposed. The rough cutting section is suggested to be machined in four stages, while the length-varying reciprocating path and the single-tooth grinding path patterns are presented. Then, a special step-feed structure-driven grinding path pattern and three stages are developed to perform the manufacture of the finishing cutting section. Finally, the progressively truthful machined entities validate that the developed machining routes and three path patterns are practicable for helical broaching tool manufacturing and that they are effective in enhancing the machining efficiency and quality. In addition, the concise operations prove the friendly programmability of the grinding paths.     

Accumulative radial-forward extrusion (ARFE) processing as a novel severe plastic deformation technique

A novel severe plastic deformation (SPD) technique entitled accumulative radial-forward extrusion (ARFE) is introduced for producing ultra-fine grained bulk materials. This method is based on radial-forward extrusion process because of inherent capabilities for imposing extremely high plastic strains on material. ARFE was applied to AA1050 and the ability of this process in significant grain refinement is determined even after single cycle. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination showed ultra-fine grains (UFGs) with the average grain size of 450 nm after one cycle of ARFE. Furthermore, micro-hardness distribution through the part’s section indicates the hardness increase to ～52 Hv from the initial value of ～28 Hv after one cycle of ARFE. In order to further investigate of the accumulated strains, ARFE process was also numerically modelled by finite element method.     

接触分析在TLJ400连续挤压机中的应用

连续挤压机是一种绿色高效的有色金属塑性加工设备,广泛应用于铝材和铜材的连续挤压生产。利用有限元分析软件ANSYS对TLJ400连续挤压机建立三维实体模型,在某一工况下进行接触分析,得到了底座、机架及螺栓精确的强度值和应力分布情况,并对底座、机架和螺栓进行强度校核,提出改进方案,并通过有限元仿真分析验证了其可行性。根据计算结果提出了挤压机结构设计的建议,为连续挤压机的轻量化设计提供了参考价值。     

聚四氟乙烯对聚丙烯复合材料等通道转角挤压加工性的影响

研究了聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）对聚丙烯（PP）共混物固态等通道转角挤压（ECAE）加工性及性能的影响.结果表明：在PP中加入少量（小于2%的质量分数）PTFE使PP共混物的摩擦因数从纯PP的0.32减小到0.28,ECAE加工挤出压力从纯PP的130 MPa降低到115 MPa;含有少量PTFE的PP共混物使ECAE加工挤出过程更容易,挤出更稳定,其挤出物呈现出较好的形变均匀性,因此,PTFE对PP共混物的固态ECAE加工具有较大的促进作用,少量PT-FE的加入对PP共混物的力学性能影响较小.     

工艺路径对纯铝粉末材料多道次等径角挤扭变形的影响

结合实际变形过程,采用DEFORM-3D对不同变形工艺路径下纯铝粉末材料等径角挤扭(ECAPT)多道次变形过程进行了三维数值模拟。有限元模拟结果表明:A和C工艺路径可在较小的挤压载荷下实现有效的应变累积和均匀的变形分布,是两种较为理想的变形路径;BA和BC两种工艺路径虽然能够使变形材料累积的等效应变量大大增加,但却会造成试样变形分布的严重不均匀。电子背散射衍射(EBSD)实验结果表明,A路径下纯铝粉末材料经4道次等径角挤扭变形后,可获得组织均匀、性能优良的块体超细晶铝,材料平均晶粒尺寸约为0.8μm,抗压强度高达123.3MPa,验证了前述模拟结果的可靠性。     

Micro-extrusion of ultra-fine grained aluminium

Microforming of normal, coarse grain (CG) metals leads to scale problems which originate from the fact that the grain size becomes comparable to the part size. A possible way of dealing with these problems is replacing CG metals with ultra-fine grained (UFG) metals. UFG metals can be produced in bulk by severe plastic deformation (SPD). This paper describes using UFG aluminium 1070 for preliminary trials of micro extrusion of a cylindrical cup. The process of producing bulk UFG aluminium by SPD is explained and the material obtained characterised. The preparation of micro billets for the extrusion operation is discussed. Backward extrusion is carried out for two types of material, CG and UFG. This enables a comparison of the material behaviour and product characteristics. Using UFG aluminium in microforming results in more uniform products with improved mechanical properties.     

镁合金等径角挤压的研究与进展

对等径角挤压工艺的基本原理及其工艺参数在挤压过程中对镁合金显微组织、力学性能的影响,等径角挤压过程中镁合金的晶粒细化机理、变形机理及其微观结构、力学性能等的演变规律作了综述,并对等径角挤压镁合金超塑性研究现状和镁合金等径角挤压发展趋势作了介绍.     

基于零件强度衰减的螺栓抗挤压疲劳可靠性分析研究

螺栓联结是机械系统中常见的结构,联结螺栓通常要受到联结装置接触面的挤压,从而导致螺栓接触面压溃失效,螺栓的失效是其抗挤压强度可靠性下降到一定程度的体现。结合机械零件强度衰减理论分析了螺栓抗挤压强度可靠性随时间的下降的过程,最后通过举例验证了这一结论。