轮轨结构横向变形对轮轨滚动接触蠕滑力的影响

从数值方面详细分析轮轨结构横向弹性变形对轮轨蠕滑力的影响。借助于有限元方法分析计算轮对和轨道结构横向弹性变形与横向作用力的关系，确定轮轨接触斑处横向单位作用力引起轮轨横向变形的影响系数。用这些影响系数修正Kalker非赫兹滚动接触理论中无限弹性半空间上单位力的影响系数，并分别用没有修正的和修正了的Kalker三维弹性体非赫兹滚动接触理论分析计算轮轨滚动接触蠕滑力。从数值结果看，轮轨的结构变形对轮轨蠕滑力的影响是十分大的。因此，用现有基于弹性半空间理论的滚动接触理论分析轮轨蠕滑力，其结果大于实际轮轨滚动接触蠕滑力。     

单轮对轮轨蠕滑力试验研究

利用原型尺寸单轮对试验装置和滚振试验台,进行单轮对（货车）运动过程中轮轨之间蠕滑力试验研究,试验中考虑到轮对位置和轮轨表面之间有污染因素影响。试验结果反映了轮轨之间蠕滑力和轮对运动位置（轮对横移和摇头角）之关系,对其进行了详细讨论。并对部分试验结果同Kalker三维弹性体非赫兹滚动接触理论计算的结果作了比较。     

两种型面轮轨滚动接触应力分析

利用非Hertz滚动接触理论分析计算了磨耗型轮对、锥型轮对与钢轨之间滚动接触斑的作用力分布。再利用弹性力学中Bossinesq-Cerruti力/位移计算公式并借助Gauss数值积分方法,确定了两种型面轮轨滚动接触时体内的弹性位移、应变和应力的分布情况。数据结果为轮轨型面优化设计和轨底坡的设计提供了重要的参考依据。     

轨底坡对轮轨滚动接触行为的影响

为了探讨轨底坡与轮轨滚动接触行为的内在联系,针对高速客运专线轮轨接触状况,即轮对踏面为LMA和钢轨为国产CN60,利用改进的三维接触几何程序、Kalker的三维弹性体非赫兹滚动接触理论及其CONTACT数值程序,分析比较轨底坡对轮轨接触几何参数、接触斑形状、接触斑滑动量、摩擦功、接触应力等的影响.通过分析计算可得,轨底坡对轮轨滚动接触行为有很大影响.尤其当轮对相对轨道横移在6 mm～9 mm范围内变化时,随着轨底坡从1/20到1/40的逐渐减小,轮对左右轮滚动半径差和等效锥度增大,这说明在1/40轨底坡下,轮对恢复对中的能力更好,更有利于曲线通过.1/40轨底坡对应的最大正压力、等效应力等较小,其对应的摩擦功较大.1/20轨底坡的情况刚好相反.综合考虑各种因素,对于LMA-CN60轮轨接触副,1/40轨底坡较1/20轨底坡的接触状态更好.数值结果为轨底坡的设计提供重要的参考依据.     

EFFECT OF DISCRETE SUPPORTS OF RAIL ON INITIATION AND EVOLUTION OF RAIL CORRUGATION

The effect of discrete support of rail on the formation and evolution of rail corrugation is primarily investigated with numerical method in the situation of wheelset curving steadily and repeatedly. In the numerical analysis of corrugation it is considered that a combination of Kalker's rolling contact theory with non-Hertzian to be modified, a linear frictional work model and a vertical dynamics model of railway vehicle coupled with a curved track. And the uneven support stiffness of rail in the vertical direction due to discrete sleeper support and the different running speed of the wheelset are taken into consideration. The damage on the running surface of rail, concerning rail corrugation formation, is restricted to wear mechanism of rail material. The numerical results obtained indicate that the discrete supports of rail by sleepers have a great influence on the formation of the corrugation under the condition of non-zero and stable creepages of wheelset and track.     

Effect of a scratch on curved rail on initiation and evolution of rail corrugation

The effect of a scratch formed on the running surface of a curved rail, due to the slide of a locomotive wheel, on the formation and evolution of rail corrugation is investigated in detail with numerical methods when a wheelset is steadily and repeatedly curving. In the calculation we consider a combination of Kalker’s rolling contact theory with non-Hertzian to be modified, a linear frictional work model and a vertical dynamics model of railway vehicle coupled with a curved track. Also the influence of different speeds of wheelset curving through the scratch on the development of the corrugation is taken into account. The numerical results indicate that a scratch causes strong contact vibration between the wheel and rail, and initiation and development of rail corrugation under the condition of steady creepage occurring between the wheel and curved rail. The wave-length of the corrugation depends on the speed of wheelset curving and the natural frequencies of the track.     

轨道结构参数对轮轨滚动接触应力影响

利用三维弹性体非Hertz滚动接触理论及数值程序CONTACT,并借助于弹性力学中的Bossinesq-Cerruti力1位移公式和Gauss数值积分方法,分析JM3型踏面轮对沿曲线轨道滚动接触时轨底坡、轨距和曲线半径等轨道参数对轮轨滚动接触斑最大切应力、等效应力、正压力和磨耗数的影响.数值结果表明,当内外轨底坡为1/20时,轮轨接触斑的应力、磨耗数及正压力分布达到最小值,其中最大切应力与等效应力可分别降低40.15%、39.37%;现行使用1/40轨底坡情况下轮轨接触斑正压力较大,建议对磨耗型车轮踏面进行优化设计.适当增加轨距能达到降低轮轨最大切应力、等效应力和正压力的效果.曲线工况下接触斑正压力值显著增加,曲线半径能改变轮轨接触斑粘滑区的分布且减小曲线半径值会增加接触斑的总滑动量,从而导致轮轨磨耗数的显著增加.     

轮缘润滑对列车曲线通过动态响应影响分析*

为研究轮缘润滑对重载列车曲线通过性能的影响,建立重载列车-轨道三维耦合动力学模型,该模型主要包含重载列车系统模型、有砟轨道系统模型和考虑多点接触和复杂接触状态的轮轨滚动接触模型。利用该模型对比分析惰行工况和驱动工况下,轮缘润滑对重载列车曲线通过时轮轨动态相互作用的影响。研究结果表明：轮缘润滑对机车曲线通过时的轮轨动力相互作用影响显著,在机车轮对通过小半径圆曲线过程中,当存在轮缘润滑时,外侧轮缘位置处的轮轨纵向蠕滑力明显较无轮缘润滑时明显降低,轮对导向能力削弱;在惰行和牵引工况下通过圆曲线时,存在轮缘润滑的轮对冲角均明显增大;轮缘润滑对重载列车钩缓系统响应影响不大。     

An investigation into the effect of train curving on wear and contact stresses of wheel and rail

Some important papers concerning the studies on rail wear and wheel/rail contact stresses are briefly reviewed. The present paper utilizes a numerical method to analyze the effect of railway vehicle curving on the wear and contact stresses of wheel/rail. The numerical method considers a combination of Kalker's non-Hertzian rolling contact theory, a material wear model and a vertical and lateral coupling dynamics model of the vehicle/track. In the analysis, the important factors influencing on the wear and the contact stresses are, respectively, the curving speed, the curved track super-elevation and the rail cant. Compared to the present model, some concerned models and results in the published papers are in detail discussed. Through the detailed numerical analysis, it is found that the difference between the normal loads of the left and right of the wheelset increases linearly with increasing the vehicle curving speed. The material wear volume per length along the rail running surface has a tendency to grow. However, the variation of the maximum normal contact stress has a large fluctuation as the curving speed increases. The increase of the maximum contact stress depends greatly on not only the normal load but also the profiles of the wheel/rail. Increasing the track super elevation efficiently lowers the normal load difference of the left and right of the front wheelset, and the contact stresses and the wear. The rail cant has a great influence on the low rail wear of the curve track. An increase in rail cant results in a great increase in the low rail wear of the curved track, and a decrease in the outside rail wear. These conclusions are very useful in the maintenance of the track.     

轮轴弯曲刚度对轮轨垂向动态载荷影响分析

以国内某型地铁车辆为例,研究轮轴弯曲刚度对轮轨垂向动态载荷和轮对垂向振动的影响。在常规多刚体动力学模型的基础上,结合BM3000轮对和北京地铁轮对两种不同的弹性轮对模型,对比分别采用刚性轮对模型和弹性轮对模型时的轮对垂向振动加速度和轮轨垂向力。结果表明,对BM3000弹性轮对模型来说,由于其弯曲刚度相对较小,随着运行速度的增大,轮对垂向振动加速度和轮轨力与刚性轮对的差距不断加大,而对于轮轴弯曲刚度较大的北京地铁轮对来说,其弹性轮对模型和刚性轮对模型的结果比较接近,在计算的速度下轮对的振动峰值及频率均有明显的降低。因而,通过加大轮轴弯曲刚度可明显改善轮对的垂向振动和轮轨垂向力,实现改善轮轨动态接触状态的目的。     

轮轨配合对重载货车轮轨磨耗的影响*

在中国既有线路的参数设置下,建立标准LM车轮与R60轨和R75轨配合时的轮轨接触和磨耗模型,对比研究不同轮轨配合时的磨耗性能。计算表明R75轨轮轨接触点集中分布在轨侧、轨头和轨顶三个区域,接触线不连续。在当轮对横移小于3 mm时,两种钢轨滚动圆半径差和接触角差基本一致,轮对横移大于3 mm时,R75轨的滚动圆半径差和接触角差稍小。R75轨与LM车轮配合时,在车轮踏面和轮缘、钢轨轨顶和轨角两段圆弧的过渡段的接触斑面积和应力变化剧烈。车辆在直线上运行时,R75轨的轮轨磨耗将增大数倍,动态通过800 m半径曲线时,外轨磨耗增大约45%。轮轨配合的理论分析表明R75轨不适应我国重载运输,采用提高强度的R60轨更符合我国重载铁路的实际情况。     

变轨距高速列车的动力学

高速列车通过改变轮对的内侧距实现在不同轨距线路上联运,而轮轴装配间隙及轨距、轨底坡、钢轨廓形等参数变化将引起轮轨接触关系改变,进而引起车辆动力学性能变化。分析我国两种高速踏面在准轨和宽轨线路上的轮轨接触关系发现,轨底坡由1/40变为1/20时,LMA踏面等效锥度降低约30%,LMB 10踏面可兼容两种轨底坡,磨耗后的踏面对轨底坡变化更敏感。理论公式推导表明准轨和宽轨线路上自由轮对、刚性和柔性定位转向架的蛇行频率相同,但含轮轴间隙的变轨距高速列车动力学模型仿真表明,间隙导致宽轨线路上的车辆稳定性略差,间隙达到0.6 mm时发生低速小幅蛇行;间隙对车辆运行安全性和平稳性影响仅9%。因宽轨线路的欠超高量大和车辆稳定性差,其运行安全性和横向平稳性比准轨差15%和38%。间隙横向力与轮轨横向力幅值相同但反向,造成轮对内侧距动态变化;左右侧旋转间隙扭矩的幅值相同但反向,在纵向蠕滑力作用下间隙压死-分离状态反复。研究成果有助于掌握变轨距转向架的轮对内侧距动态变化、间隙载荷和车辆动力学性能。     

车轮滚动接触疲劳与磨耗耦合关系数值模拟

滚动接触疲劳和磨耗是车轮失效的主要方式。通过三维弹性体非赫兹滚动接触理论得到接触斑内的法向、切向应力和材料上不同深度处的最大切应力分布,以CL60钢和贝氏体车轮钢为例,基于"layer"滚动接触疲劳失效模型和Zobory车轮磨耗模型,分析LM型车轮踏面和75 kg.m–1钢轨型面匹配时轮轨接触条件和车轮材质对车轮滚动接触疲劳和磨耗竞争关系的影响。计算结果表明,摩擦因数为0.3时,CL60钢在小蠕滑条件下会发生滚动接触疲劳损伤,在大蠕滑条件下只有轴重大于30 t时才会出现滚动接触疲劳损伤,而贝氏体车轮钢只有在大蠕滑条件且轴重为30 t时,载荷循环次数小于1×105的情况下才会出现滚动接触疲劳损伤;摩擦因数为0.6时,CL60钢和贝氏体车轮钢在各种工况下的滚动接触疲劳损伤速度都小于相同条件下的磨耗速度。     

速率变化对轮轨滚动接触蠕滑特性的影响

从研究影响轮轨滚动接触几何关系的机制出发,利用数值计算方法分析横移量和摇头角变化速率对轮轨接触质点间蠕滑力/率、接触斑黏滑区的分布等的影响。分析结果表明:横移量、摇头角的变化速率对轮轨滚动接触蠕滑特性具有重要的影响具有重要的影响;随着横移量变化速率的增加,轮轨接触斑间的横向蠕滑力/率、蠕滑力密度等增大,同时滑动区逐渐增大,黏着区面积逐渐减小,因此当列车在加速过程中要适当考虑增黏措施;随着摇头角的变化速率的增大,轮轨接触斑间的纵向蠕滑力/率、蠕滑力密度等增大,而横向蠕滑力/率、蠕滑力密度等减小,接触斑上滑移区面积逐渐增大,直至接触斑切向力达到饱和处于全滑动状态。     

轮轨滚动接触疲劳现象分析

论述轮轨滚动接触疲劳破坏的几种典型现象，定性地分析它们的起因和发展过程。介绍我国部分铁路现场轮轨接触表面的疲劳破坏调查情况，给出由非赫兹滚动接触理论分析计算的我国铁路轮轨接触表面作用力分布情况。计算结果表明我国铁路轮轨接触表面疲劳现象如此严重的主要原因之一是轮轨型面不配匹和轨底坡设置不合理。并论述该领域今后的进一步研究方向。     

Study of the Falling Friction Effect on Rolling Contact Parameters

The existence of a wheel–rail friction coefficient that depends on the slip velocity has been associated in the literature with important railway problems like the curving squeal and certain corrugation problems in rails. Rolling contact models that take into account this effect were carried out through the so-called Exact Theories adopting an exact elastic model of the solids in contact, and Simplified Theories which assume simplified elastic models such as Winkler. The former ones, based on Kalker’s Variational Theory, give rise to numerical problems; the latter ones need to adopt hypotheses that significantly deviate from actual conditions, leading to unrealistic solutions of the contact problem. In this paper, a methodology based on Kalker’s Variational Theory is presented, in which a local slip velocity-dependent friction law is considered. A formulation to get steady-state conditions of rolling contact by means of regularisation of the Coulomb’s law is proposed. The model allows establishing relationships in order to estimate the global properties (creepage velocities vs. total longitudinal forces) through local properties (local slip velocity vs. coefficient of friction) or vice versa. The proposed model shows a good agreement with experimental tests while solving the numerical problems previously mentioned.     

Analysis of the wheel/rail rolling contact fatigue of a high-speed train under the transient mechanism

The Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) damage of high-speed wheels is a main factor that affects railway safety. This paper presents a Finite element model (FEM) of high-speed transient rolling contact that considers kinetic parameters as initial conditions. This model is used to calculate wheel/rail RCF. With a CRH2 high-speed train as the research object, a head car model is established with the multibody dynamics software UM. The train is driven on a straight track at a speed of 300 km/h. Different contact geometric parameters, such as lateral displacement and attack angle, are obtained. A 3D high-speed transient elastic-plastic FEM of wheel/rail rolling contact is then developed by using ABAQUS with the initial dynamic contact geometric parameters. The actual geometries of the wheel tread and rail head as well as the elastic-plastic properties are considered in this model. This consideration makes the model highly suitable for solving 3D transient rolling contact behavior. The normal force, creep force, and contact area in the contact patch are solved and used in the fatigue model. Owing to the hunting movement of wheels, the wheel/rail force and lateral displacement change significantly at 0.2 and 0.5 s. The longitudinal and lateral creep force increase sharply with the increase in shear stress. The work states of the wheel/rail at 0.2 and 0.5 s easily reach the ratchet effect zone, and the fatigue index is large. The fatigue damage of the wheels is generally near the nominal rolling circle.     

单侧钢轨波磨对两侧轮轨瞬态响应的影响分析

基于我国某地铁钢轨波磨的调研,采用显式有限元法建立了考虑车轮、车轴和钢轨连续体振动以及车辆、轨道高频结构振动的全轮对三维瞬态轮轨滚动接触模型,在时域内数值再现了轮对通过单侧钢轨波磨轨道段时的滚动接触行为,系统分析了单侧钢轨波磨对两侧轮轨瞬态响应的影响。相比于作者之前开发的半轮对滚动接触模型,该模型可将轮轨横向蠕滑和大自旋考虑在内。结果表明：地铁运行速度越高,波磨侧的不均匀磨损现象越严重;计算的五个速度中,波磨造成的瞬态激励在30和120 km/h时更易传递至无波磨侧,进而促进无波磨侧钢轨萌生波磨;轮对越是向波磨侧横移,波磨侧不均匀磨损越严重,但无波磨侧不均匀磨损逐渐降低,即相较于直线段,横移更大的曲线段上的外侧钢轨波磨更不易引发另一侧钢轨的波磨。     

ANALYSIS OF THERMAL-ELASTIC STRESS OF WHEEL-RAIL IN ROLLING-SLIDING CONTACT

A coupling thermo-mechanical model of wheel/rail in rolling-sliding contact is put forward using finite element method. The normal contact pressure is idealized as the Hertzian distribution, and the tangential force presented by Carter is used. In order to obtain thermal-elastic stress, the ther-mal-elastic plane stress problem is transformed to an elastic plane stress problem with equivalent fictitious thermal body force and fictitious boundary distributed force. The temperature rise and ther-mal-elastic stress of wheel and rail in rolling-sliding are analyzed. The non-steady state heat transfer between the contact surfaces of wheel and rail, heat-convection and radiation between the wheel/rail and the ambient are taken into consideration. The influences of the wheel rolling speed and wear rate on friction temperature and thermal-elastic stress are investigated. The results show the following: ① For rolling-sliding case, the thermal stress in the thin layer near the contact patch due to the friction temperature rise is severe. The higher rolling speed leads to the lower friction temperature rise and thermal stress in the wheel; ② For sliding case, the friction temperature and thermal stress of the wheel rise quickly in the initial sliding stage, and then get into a steady state gradually. The expansion of the contact patch, due to material wear, can affect the friction temperature rise and the thermal stress during wear process. The higher wear rate generates lower stress. The results can help under-stand the influence of friction temperature and thermal-elastic stress on wheel and rail damage.