风机行星齿轮系统齿轮裂纹故障诊断

针对风力发电机实际行星齿轮系统,由于幅值及相位调制现象(各种制造误差不可避免等原因所导致)带来的故障诊断难题,搭建了含各种制造误差的动力学模型。模型考虑了出现裂纹故障以后,故障对时变啮合刚度以及传递误差的影响,通过数值求解,对比行星轮、太阳轮以及齿圈出现故障后与正常齿轮系统的包络谱结构特性,总结了故障特征频率。在风力发电机齿轮箱实验台上进行裂纹故障试验验证,结果表明所总结的故障特征频率可以作为风力发电机裂纹故障诊断及定位的依据。     

基于振动信号耦合调制新模型和参数辨识的 风电齿轮箱齿圈故障监测

针对风电齿轮箱多级传动导致的振动耦合调制问题,提出了一种考虑级间调幅调频的齿圈故障新模型,并通过参数辨 识技术将其应用于齿圈故障监测。 某级齿圈故障特征频率会以调幅、调频方式,调制不同轮系的啮合频率,呈现出耦合调制现 象,本文针对该特殊调制规律,建立了两级齿圈故障下的振动信号耦合调制模型。 在此基础上,提出基于局部均值分解和列文 伯格-马夸尔特算法的参数辨识技术,确定故障辨识模型的调幅系数,进而可方便地构建出状态指标,以达到齿圈故障监测的目 的。 用现场数据进行验证,结果表明,新模型比传统模型描述振动信号更全面;借助参数辨识技术构建的指标能定位故障齿轮。     

风力机叶片蒙皮初始裂纹的盲信号提取

针对风力机叶片初始裂纹特征难以提取的问题,提出了一种逐步提取并消减噪声源信号从而获得微弱裂纹故障特征的盲提取方法.首先基于卷积混合模型极小化改进代价函数推导自适应学习迭代算式,在仿真实验中确定非线性激励函数和滤波器的传输函数,根据输出信号的性能参数证明了改进算法对尖峰噪声的异常点更加敏感稳健.在风力机叶片疲劳实验台上模拟叶片蒙皮的初始横向裂纹,通过声发射信号采集系统获得观测信号,分析噪声源的特性并提取了初始裂纹的声发射信号特征,为风力机叶片状态监测和预警提供了依据.     

风力发电机齿轮故障诊断仿真与模拟试验

为了探讨无传感器故障诊断方法在风力发电机传动系统故障中的感应机理,在SIMULINK环境下,建立了一个双馈风力发电机仿真模型,对风力发电机传动系统故障在发电机定子电流中的响应过程进行理论分析。研制专用的风力发电机组模拟试验台,进行传动系统的断齿故障模拟试验与验证。利用Hilbert变换的幅值和频率解调方法,分析仿真及模拟试验结果,表明定子电流主要反映传动系统的扭矩或速度波动特征,将其用于风力发电机传动系统齿轮断齿类故障的监测与诊断是可行的。     

用激光外差技术高精度测量目标速度

搭建了外差探测实验平台,分别选用漫反射目标及类简谐运动模型作匀转速运动及变速运动的测量目标,应用激光外差探测技术实现了对匀转速运动及变速运动物体的速度测量.在匀转速测量过程中,同时采用外差探测法和振幅调制法测量了漫反射目标正负两个方向转动的速度,共得到133组不同的转速结果.通过调整实验系统,亦实现了对类简谐运动目标的...     

Tonality evaluation of wind turbine noise by filter-segmentation

Wind turbine (WT) noise is one of the major hindrances for the widespread use of wind energy. Noise tone can greatly increase the annoyance factor and the negative impact on human health. The national standard for measuring WT noise tonality IEC 61400-11 does not ensure consistency and accuracy in the tonality analysis of strongly non-stationary noise. The aim of this study is to explore a new tonality evaluating methodology that is based on noise separation and stationary processing. An effective Gabor filtering method is proposed to remove background noise embedded in the sound signal of operating wind turbine. One-minute wind-turbine sound signal without background noise is optimally divided into relatively stationary sub-segments, by making full use of the close relationship between the wind-turbine rotor speed and the tonal noise emitted from WT. The proposed method’s theoretical advantages over conventional evaluation in IEC are illustrated. Results of experiments for GOLDWIND 77/1500 WT are presented, which show the capability of the proposed methodology.     

A combined mono- and multi-turbine approach for fault indicator synthesis and wind turbine monitoring using SCADA data

The monitoring of wind turbines using SCADA data has received lately a growing interest from the fault diagnosis community because of the very low cost of these data, which are available in number without the need for any additional sensor. Yet, these data are highly variable due to the turbine constantly changing its operating conditions and to the rapid fluctuations of the environmental conditions (wind speed and direction, air density, turbulence, …). This makes the occurrence of a fault difficult to detect. To address this problem, we propose a multi-level (turbine and farm level) strategy combining a mono- and a multi-turbine approach to create fault indicators insensitive to both operating and environmental conditions. At the turbine level, mono-turbine residuals (i.e. a difference between an actual monitored value and the predicted one) obtained with a normal behavior model expressing the causal relations between variables from the same single turbine and learnt during a normal condition period are calculated for each turbine, so as to get rid of the influence of the operating conditions. At the farm level, the residuals are then compared to a wind farm reference in a multi-turbine approach to obtain fault indicators insensitive to environmental conditions. Indicators for the objective performance evaluation are also proposed to compare wind turbine fault detection methods, which aim at evaluating the cost/benefit of the methods from a production manager’s point of view. The performance of the proposed combined mono- and multi-turbine method is evaluated and compared to more classical methods proposed in the literature on a large real data set made of SCADA data recorded on a French wind farm during four years : it is shown than it can improve the fault detection performance when compared to a residual analysis limited at the turbine level only.     

参数优化的组合形态-hat变换及其在风力发电机组故障诊断中的应用

开闭-闭开组合形态滤波(Combination morphological filter,CMF)可以有效剔除振动信号中的脉冲干扰,顶帽(Top-hat,TH)变换充分反映出信号周期性的冲击特征,借鉴此两种形态算子的理论思想,提出一种新的数学形态算子——组合形态-hat变换。为准确描述形态学算子在振动检测应用中的理论依据,通过非线性滤波器频响特性的分析方法考察形态学算子的滤波性质。此外,针对数学形态算子中结构元素的尺度按经验选择的问题,采用粒子群优化算法(Particle swarm optimization,PSO)对组合形态-hat变换的结构元素尺度进行参数优化,提高数学形态算子在振动信号处理中的精确度。通过仿真信号和实测风力发电机组振动信号的分析结果表明,参数优化的组合形态-hat变换在抑制背景噪声和提取冲击特征方面具备优良的性能,并能够准确高效地识别出风力发电机组齿轮箱高速轴齿轮的磨损故障,具有一定的实际工程应用价值。     

低噪声风力机叶片气动外形优化设计

针对目前兆瓦级风力机叶片噪声污染问题,基于动量叶素理论及叶片噪声计算模型,提出在给定工况条件下,以功率系数与噪声的最大比值为目标函数,以影响叶片气动噪声性能的弦长及扭角为设计变量,建立了低噪声风力机叶片优化设计数学模型。对某实际2.3MW风力机叶片进行优化设计,并与噪声实验数据对比,结果表明：在主要频率域范围内,叶片噪声预测值与实验数据较吻合;相比原叶片,新叶片具有更低的噪声特性,噪声声压级降低了约7.1%,同时风轮功率系数略有增大,从而验证了该设计方法的可行性。     

基于EMD与响度的有源噪声控制系统

为了提高有源噪声控制系统的降噪效果,提出了基于经验模态分解( empirical mode decomposition,EMD)和响度的控制系统.该系统首先采用EMD方法对噪声源进行自适应分解,并对分解后的各个固有模态函数(intrinsic mode function,IMF)分量的响度进行计算,然后根据各个分量的响度大小进行残差滤波器的设计.与基于A计权曲线设计的残差滤波器相比,该方法所设计滤波器能更好地抑制响度较小的信号频率成分.对有源噪声控制系统的降噪效果进行了仿真,结果表明,所提出的控制系统比传统滤波-X LMS(filtered-X least mean square)方法和采用基于A计权残差滤波器的系统降噪效果更好.     

Numerical simulation for prediction of aerodynamic noise characteristics on a HAWT of NREL phase VI

The purpose of this study is to numerically predict the characteristics of aerodynamic noise generated from rotating wind turbine blades according to wind speeds using commercial CFD code, FLUENT. The near-field flow around a HAWT of NREL Phase VI is simulated directly by LES, whereas the far-field aerodynamic noise for frequencies below 500 Hz is modeled using FW-H analogy. As there was no experimental noise data, we first compared aerodynamic noise analysis with experimental data. This result showed a difference of power outputs by 0.8% compared with the experimental one with 6.02 kW. Then the characteristics of aerodynamic noise were predicted at a specific location P1 according to IEC 61400-11 international standard. When the wind turbine blades rotate with time, tip-vortices occur at the tip of two blades and are generated periodically in a circle. These vortices in the vicinity of the blade tip cause intense aerodynamic noise due to the tip vortex-trailing edge interaction by local cross flows along the trailing edge. In a wind speed of 7m/s the sound intensity ratio of quadrupole to dipole at P1 location is about 21.1%, but as wind speed increases the sound intensity ratio increases up to 54.3% in the case of no-weighted correction. This means that there is a considerably close relation between the quadrupole noise by small and large scales and the increase of wind speeds. With the purpose of a rough prediction of sound power level, CFD results were compared with a simple model of previous researchers and showed a good agreement with one by Hagg of three other models.     

小型垂直轴风力发电机的气动噪声数值模拟与试验验证

为了降低小型垂直轴风力发电机的气动噪声,对其噪声产生机理进行了分析。首先,在瞬态计算时运用大涡模拟(LES)模型对在一定工况下的三维风轮周围的流场进行分析;其次,在声学计算时运用FW-H方程对风轮产生的气动噪声进行分析并得出频谱;最后,通过实例验证了该方法能有效预测其气动噪声。结果表明:小型垂直轴风力发电机的气动噪声主要是涡流噪声;监测点的噪声值随着离风轮旋转轴半径的增加而减小,且在垂直于叶轮旋转轴的平面上具有指向性。小型垂直轴风力发电机的气动噪声分析为其进一步低噪声优化提供了依据。     

风力机专用翼型综合优化设计方法

为了得到拥有优良气动特性且低噪声水平的风力机专用翼型的轮廓线,提出了翼型多工况点多目标综合优化设计方法。该方法应用Bezier曲线对翼型的轮廓线进行参数化表达,并推导出由翼型离散数据点反求Bezier曲线控制点的一般方程。基于翼型噪声预测半经验模型,采用XFOIL计算翼型的气动性能,结合遗传优化算法得到优化翼型。以美国NREL风力机翼型S834为初始翼型,对多工况多目标权重分配方案进行综合设计。研究表明,相对于初始翼型,优化翼型在主攻角范围具有更好的气动性能和声学性能。     

Short-term annoyance reduction evoked by active noise control method on turboprop regional aircraft cabin noise

Since the 2000s, the advancing global economy has increased the demand for turboprop regional aircraft, and various studies have been conducted to resolve aircraft noise-related problems. Despite the progress made by previous studies, turboprop regional aircraft still have a poor noise environment compared to other vehicles. In addition, although an application of active noise control (ANC) method had improved the noise environment of the cabin, none of studies were conducted in consideration of a relationship between the application of ANC method and the resulting change of an (short-term) annoyance. Therefore, in the current study, an annoyance reduction evoked by active noise control (ANC) methodology on a turboprop regional aircraft cabin noise was investigated in three experiments. In the first experiment, 50 participants estimated the perception limit of psychoacoustic parameters on aircraft interior noise to identify the cognitive characteristic of the noise. Furthermore, the noise reduction achieved by applying ANC was identified based on the empirical results of the second experiment. Finally, the third experiment examined the relationship between psychoacoustic parameters (loudness and sharpness) and annoyance with the assistance of 50 participants. As a result, the difference between the noise reduction and the annoyance reduction was identified. Furthermore, the degree of annoyance reduction of implementing ANC in cabin noise was identified.

     

A novel procedure for diagnosing multiple faults in rotating machinery

In analyzing signals from a wind turbine gearbox this paper suggests a new signal processing procedure named as CMF-EEMD method which is formed by applying conventional EEMD to a new type of combined mode function (CMF). This CMF consists of a low frequency CMF, denoted as C_L, and a high frequency CMF, denoted as C_h. Then it optimizes the amplitude of the added noise in decomposing C_h and C_L using EEMD. Finally, it calculates cyclic autocorrelation function (CAF) for every characteristic IMF from EEMD. The proposed procedure is applied to analyze the multi-faults of a wind turbine gearbox and the results confirm better performances in resolving different signal components by the proposed method than that from the cyclic autocorrelation function (CAF) of a direct EEMD analysis.     

基于SimHydraulics的风力机液压变桨执行机构建模与稳定性分析

该文在前期液压变桨执行机构系统设计的研究基础上,利用Matlab/Simulink中SimHydraulics建立了完整的风力机液压变桨执行机构物理仿真模型,同时给出了传递函数数学建模结果,并对两种建模方法得到的液压变桨执行机构模型的稳定性作了比较分析,最后通过SimHydraulics所建液压变桨执行机构模型与风力机整机模型联合仿真,完成了风力机的变桨功率控制仿真实验.仿真结果表明,相比传递函数、状态方程、功率键合图等数学建模方法,SimHydraulics物理建模方法所建模型精确性更高,基于该模型的风力机功率控制、稳定性、可靠性等相关分析研究的准确性和可靠性也较高.     

基于钝尾缘翼型叶片的三维风力机性能分析

随着风力机向大型化发展,为有效提升风力机叶片的性能以及结构强度,将钝尾缘翼型应用于风力机叶片设计。以NACA639XX系列翼型为基准翼型,通过Hicks-Henne型函数和钝尾缘函数对翼型进行参数化拟合,使用多岛遗传算法优化得到层流钝尾缘翼型族(USST-XXX)。将此翼型族中相对厚度为21%的USST-211翼型与NACA63921层流翼型替换NREL PhaseVI叶片截面的S809翼型,建模得到两种三维风力机叶片,采用数值模拟的方法,对这两种叶片不同风速下的流场进行分析,并与NREL Phase VI风力机叶片的气动性能进行对比。数值模拟结果表明,在额定风速附近,采用层流钝尾缘翼型所构造的新叶片风力机的风能利用系数高于其他两种叶片。研究结果表明优化得到的层流钝尾缘翼型族可以有效提升风力机气动性能,在大型水平轴风力机叶片设计方面具有良好的应用前景。     

新能源主动支撑电网能量获取及调配策略研究

为满足新能源风电主动支撑电网的调频需求,实现风电大比例友好接入电网,分析了风机实物轴上能量获取及转化特征,推导了实物轴上惯性能变动量化公式,同时推导了变桨方式能量调配计算方法,得到三维动态联合储能及能量调配控制实现策略.然后,把风机能量调配策略应用于风机虚拟同步机控制中,设计了风机虚拟同步机控制策略,融入正常风机控制逻辑中,实现了风电主动支撑电网的控制策略.控制策略经仿真及现场实验的检验,结果表明,风机能量调配策略能精确预留风机调频备用能量,风机虚拟同步机控制能实现电网主动支撑.     

The conceptual design of grid-connected wind turbine based on speed regulating differential mechanism

In view of problems arising from the grid-connected wind turbine with the frequency converter, we propose a conceptual design of grid-connected wind turbine based on speed regulating differential mechanism (SRDM). The SRDM regulates its output speed and torque self-adaptively referring to wind rotor and makes the synchronous generator (SG) keep a constant speed to output electricity in steady frequency without the normal frequency converter and it has excellent low voltage ride through (LVRT). This paper offers the kinematics and dynamics analysis of the designed wind turbine and builds the SIMULINK model based on FAST (fatigue, aerodynamics, structures and turbulence) software. The simulation of speed, torque and power of wind rotor under average wind speed of 12 m/s and turbulence intensity of 20% can verify the feasibility of the designed wind turbine.     

QIM digital watermarking based on LDPC code and message passing under scaling attacks

基于量化索引调制(QIM)的数字水印系统,被越来越广泛地应用于数字水印信号的嵌入和提取,但是它对于幅度缩放攻击有明显的脆弱性。本文结合LDPC编码辅助和消息传递算法进行水印信号的提取和参数估计,改善了QIM数字水印系统的性能。对于固定幅度缩放攻击,本文提出的算法比利用重复码编码辅助的消息传递算法,更接近于脏纸码代码香农限。