制动力对制动尖叫噪声及磨损特性的影响

在自行研制的新型摩擦制动噪声试验台上,采用锻钢制动盘和铜基粉末冶金制动片作为摩擦副,研究制动力对制动尖叫噪声特性和界面磨损特征的影响。结果表明:随着制动力的增大,摩擦系统不稳定振动加强,系统产生高强度制动尖叫噪声的倾向增强;制动力的增大导致摩擦界面磨损更加严重,黏着撕裂和剥落、犁削、磨屑堆积等"不平顺"因素对接触界面产生连续激励并加剧系统的不稳定振动,进一步诱导高强度制动尖叫噪声的产生。     

芳纶纤维在制动摩擦过程中的摩擦磨损特性研究

将芳纶纤维作为摩擦材料增强材料,通过摩擦磨损试验,借助于扫描电镜和X射线能谱仪,研究了芳纶纤维在制动摩擦表面的形貌特征和摩擦残留物,探讨了芳纶纤维在制动摩擦过程中所起的作用,分析了在高强度的制动条件下,芳纶纤维的摩擦磨损机制.结果表明:在高强度的制动摩擦条件下,处于表面层的芳纶纤维由于局部的过热,软化、熔化,芳纶纤维完全失去原有的机械强度,此时熔融的芳纶纤维在摩擦界面起到一定的润滑作用,这时摩擦材料的摩擦因数会显著降低.     

沟槽形表面织构对摩擦噪声的影响

用电加工方法在制动盘蠕墨铸铁材料表面加工出沟槽形表面织构(沟槽深度为30μm、宽度为150μm、间距为500μm),采用球—平面接触方式,选取直径为10mm的Si3N4球为对磨副,对沟槽形织构表面和光滑表面进行了摩擦噪声对比试验,研究了沟槽形表面织构对界面摩擦振动噪声的影响。试验结果表明(以下结论只针对本试验选定尺寸规格的沟槽形表面织构):法向载荷对织构表面产生摩擦噪声强度的影响较小,而对光滑表面产生摩擦噪声的水平具有重要影响;沟槽形织构表面在低法向载荷下较光滑表面更易产生摩擦噪声,但随着法向载荷从5N增大到10N,光滑表面产生的摩擦噪声强度迅速增大并与织构表面的接近;沟槽形表面织构使摩擦系统更易产生多频率的摩擦振动,较早地产生摩擦噪声且其主频率成分较复杂;沟槽形织构表面比光滑表面具有较高的摩擦因数和耐磨性,沟槽形织构的存在明显地改变了接触界面摩擦磨损行为和摩擦噪声特性,但其对应关系需要进一步深入研究。     

高速列车制动摩擦块切入端特征对制动界面特性的影响

在自行研制的高速列车制动缩比试验台上,对四种不同安装方向下的三角形摩擦块进行拖曳制动试验,研究了摩擦块的切入端特征对制动界面特性的影响,并采用有限元方法分析不同摩擦切入端特征下摩擦块的接触压力分布特点,探讨了摩擦块表面接触压力分布与其表面热分布、振动噪声特性的内在关联。结果表明:在摩擦制动过程中,摩擦块的切入端存在应力集中现象,尤其是当摩擦切入端是一个角的两条边时,摩擦切入端的角附近区域应力集中更为明显,从而引起制动系统产生高强度的振动噪声并导致摩擦块表面局部高温现象。     

公交车用环保型制动块的研制

以腰果油改性酚醛树脂为基体,芳纶浆粕、矿物复合纤维和纸纤维为增强材料,多孔型、韧性好以及绿色无害的材料为填料,开发一种适用于公交车盘式制动器的高性能环保型制动块,并试验研究摩擦片的硬度对制动噪声的影响。结果显示,摩擦片的硬度对制动噪声有显著影响,硬度越低,越不易产生制动噪声。利用二次响应曲面回归数学模型优化摩擦片的配方,并对优化配方制备的制动块进行摩擦性能试验、制动噪声试验及道路试验。结果表明,研制的制动块的摩擦因数稳定性高、磨损率低,无制动噪声;制动块的平均使用寿命比原配套制动块显著提高,其中前轮制动块提高了约59%,后轮制动块提高了约74%。     

[轮轨磨耗及预测]高速列车制动摩擦块切入端特征对制动界面特性的影响

在自行研制的高速列车制动缩比试验台上，对四种不同安装方向下的三角形摩擦块进行拖曳制动试验，研究了摩擦块的切入端特征对制动界面特性的影响,并采用有限元方法分析不同摩擦切入端特征下摩擦块的接触压力分布特点，探讨了摩擦块表面接触压力分布与其表面热分布、振动噪声特性的内在关联。结果表明：在摩擦制动过程中，摩擦块的切入端存在应力集中现象，尤其是当摩擦切入端是一个角的两条边时，摩擦切入端的角附近区域应力集中更为明显，从而引起制动系统产生高强度的振动噪声并导致摩擦块表面局部高温现象。     

CRH2盘形制动系统制动尖叫噪声研究

为了研究高速动车组的制动尖叫噪声,建立CRH2拖车盘形制动系统的摩擦耦合有限元模型,对其进行运动稳定性和制动自激振动的瞬态动力学分析,研究了摩擦因数、闸片以及制动盘弹性模量对制动系统尖叫噪声的影响。结果表明：随着摩擦因数μ的增大,盘形制动系统发生制动尖叫噪声的趋势增加;随着闸片弹性模量的增大,制动系统发生制动尖叫噪声的趋势增加,并且激发的噪声频率也明显变大;随着制动盘弹性模量增大,制动系统发生制动尖叫噪声的趋势先降低后增大。     

摩擦副结构与制动盘温度关系的试验与模拟研究

摩擦副结构是影响制动盘温度分布的重要因素之一。针对闸片形状为圆形、三角形和六边形三种结构的摩擦副,采用制动试验台进行了速度为50～250 km/h的制动试验,并利用ABAQUS软件数值模拟了三种摩擦副不同工况条件下制动盘温度场的变化过程。结果表明：数值模拟温度场与试验测试结果具有良好的相似性。摩擦副结构对盘面温度分布的影响程度与制动条件密切相关,其结构形式对制动盘面温度的影响程度在制动初期最为明显,且随制动初速度和制动压力的增加而增加。这缘于闸片结构的不同导致了摩擦面摩擦弧长分布的不同,随制动速度升高和压力增加,摩擦弧长的差异起到了放大能量差别的作用,从而表现制动盘温度分布对闸片结构的敏感程度增加。     

稀土复合纳米材料改性树脂基制动片摩擦学性能

为提升风电偏航树脂基制动片高温下的摩擦磨损性能,采用稀土和纳米材料对树脂基制动片进行改性。采用热压成型工艺制备改性树脂基制动片,对试样进行力学性能测试和摩擦磨损试验。采用SEM、EDS、XRD对试验后试样摩擦表面进行观察和分析,探究稀土和纳米材料对树脂基复合材料的作用机制。结果表明：添加稀土和纳米材料后试样的相关力学性能和摩擦学性能均有提高,其中质量分数1%的氧化铈和氧化钇、4%的纳米二氧化硅可使复合材料350℃高温下的摩擦因数提高9.09%,磨损率下降64.28%。稀土和纳米二氧化硅通过优异的界面效应,提高了高温下试样的抗热衰退性,降低了高温下试样的磨损量,使试样磨损形式从磨粒磨损为主转变为黏着磨损为主。     

拖曳与启停制动模式下盘式制动器热-机耦合特性研究

建立起盘式制动器三维热-机耦合有限元模型,分析在拖曳制动和启停制动两种模式下制动器的热-耦合特性和摩擦振动特性,并探讨了在启停制动模式下,不同的减速行为对热-机耦合和振动特性的影响。结果表明:制动器在热-机耦合作用下,制动盘两侧摩擦片的热变形形式完全不同,导致两侧摩擦片的温度分布差异显著,活塞侧的摩擦片表面温度大于钳指侧摩擦片温度,这种温度差异也表现在制动盘两侧的盘面温度上;随着摩擦界面温度升高,制动系统的振动强度逐渐降低,但由于温度差异导致制动盘两侧的热变形程度不同,因此制动器活塞侧的振动强度大于钳指侧的振动强度;制动盘的减速行为对系统的热-机耦合特性和摩擦振动特性影响显著,在快速制动模式下制动器与外界热交换效应显著,界面温度较低,但是振动强度较大;慢速制动和分步制动模式下,界面温度迅速升高,但是由于摩擦过程较为缓慢,系统振动强度较低;尤其是分步制动的情况下,在某一阶段的振动强度有可能非常微弱。以上研究结果对认识制动系统的温度分布特性和改善制动器振动噪声问题具有一定指导意义。     

Effect of the Friction Block Shape of Railway Brakes on the Vibration and Noise under Dry and Wet Conditions

In this study, vibration and noise experiments are conducted under dry and wet conditions using a customized small-scale brake dynamometer and testing three friction blocks with different geometrical shapes. The effect of the block shapes on the generation and characteristics of the vibration and noise is evaluated and analyzed. The results show that the friction blocks with different geometrical shapes exhibit differences under dry and wet conditions. In the dry state, all three block samples exhibit successive vibration. The triangular block exhibits the strongest vibration acceleration and the highest sound pressure level, which resulted from the higher contact stress at the leading edge of the triangular block. In the wet state, no vibration noise occurs for the circular block and intermittent oscillations of the vibration signals are observed for the triangular and hexagonal blocks, and a low-frequency groaning noise is much more likely to occur when the brake interface is wet.     

石油钻机盘式刹车副材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

为提高深井石油钻机盘式刹车副的摩擦学性能和使用寿命,研制开发了新型刹车盘表面堆焊材料和无石棉刹车块摩擦材料,并通过变温摩擦磨损性能实验,研究了刹车副的摩擦学性能。研究表明,刹车副具有良好的变温摩擦特性和高温抗热衰退性能,高温下的摩擦因数比较稳定;刹车块和刹车盘的磨损率均随温度的升高而增大,但刹车盘表现出相对稳定的耐磨性能。载荷对刹车副的摩擦因数影响不大,变化比较平稳;刹车块和刹车盘的磨损率均随载荷的增大而增大,但刹车块表现出相对稳定的耐磨性。刹车副的摩擦因数随滑动速度的增加而增大,并趋向平稳;但速度对刹车块和刹车盘的磨损率影响不大,变化相对稳定。研制的刹车副材料能够满足石油矿场钻机作业的要求。     

Wear mechanism of disc-brake block material for new type of drilling rig

To improve friction and wear performance and service life of the disc-brake pair material of a drilling rig, a new type of asbestos-free frictional material with better performance for disc-brake blocks is developed, and its wear mechanism is investigated by friction and wear experiments. Topography and elementary components of the brake block’s wear surface are analyzed by employing SEM and EDAX patterns, revealing its tribological behaviour and wear mechanism. When the frictional temperature is lower, the surface film of the brake block is thinner, dense, smooth with plasticity, and divided into the mixture area, Feabundant area, carbon-abundant area and spalling area. The mixture area consists of various constituents of frictional pairs without ploughing and rolling trace. The Fe-abundant area mainly consists of iron and other constituents. The carbon-abundant area is the zone where graphite and organic fibre are comparatively gathered, while the spalling area is the zone where the surface film is spalled and its surface is rough and uneven, with a loose and denuded state. During the period of high frictional temperature, the frictional surface is also divided into the mixture area, Feabundant area and spalling area. In this case, the mixture area consists of abrasive dust from friction pairs, and the surface film is distributed with crumby hard granules, exiguous oxide, carbide granules and sheared slender fibre. The Fe-abundant area is mostly an oxide layer of iron with a flaky distribution. Fracture and spalling traces as well as an overlapping structure of multilayer surface films can be easily found on the surface film. The components of the spalling area are basically the same as that of the matrix. At the beginning of wear, the hard peaks from the friction surface of the disc-brake plough on the surface of the brake block. With increasing frictional temperature, the friction surface begins to soften and expand, and oxidized wear occurs at the same time. During the high-temperature wear period, severely influenced by friction heat, obvious softening and plastic flow can be found on the friction surface of the brake block, its anti-shearing ability is weakened, and adhesive wear is intensified. Thermal decomposition of cohesive material in the brake block is simultaneously strengthened, so that constituents shed due to loss of adhesion. Organic fibre is in a flowing state and obviously generates drawing, shearing, carbonization and oxidization. In addition, thermal cracking, thermal oxidization, carbonization and cyclization of organic substances on the surface of brake block can make the friction surface produce pores or cracks, thus fatigue wear occurs.     

基于接触压力分布和非均匀热流密度的列车制动盘热机耦合分析

针对铁路列车制动闸片摩擦块排布方式对制动盘热机耦合响应状态影响显著的问题，提出了一种考虑接触压力分布和非均匀热流密度的热机耦合仿真分析方法。通过在轨道车辆制动性能试验台上进行的制动台架试验，从温度的角度验证了所提方法的正确性。在此基础上，建立了列车全尺寸盘型制动系统有限元仿真分析模型，对现有铁路列车制动闸片摩擦块的排布方式进行了优化分析。结果表明，合理的制动闸片摩擦块排布方式可以显著降低制动盘面的温度和应力峰值，在改善制动盘面温度和应力分布的同时，提供较为优异的制动性能。研究成果可为铁路列车盘型制动系统热机耦合分析提供一种快速有效的仿真分析方法，同时可为铁路列车制动闸片摩擦块的排布优化提供指导方向。     

Wear mechanism of disc-brake block material for new type of drilling rig

To improve friction and wear performance and service life of the disc-brake pair material of a drilling rig, a new type of asbestos-free frictional material with better performance for disc-brake blocks is developed, and its wear mechanism is investigated by friction and wear experiments. Topography and elementary components of the brake block’s wear surface are analyzed by employing SEM and EDAX patterns, revealing its tribological behaviour and wear mechanism. When the frictional temperature is lower, the surface film of the brake block is thinner, dense, smooth with plasticity, and divided into the mixture area, Fe-abundant area, carbon-abundant area and spalling area. The mixture area consists of various constituents of frictional pairs without ploughing and rolling trace. The Fe-abundant area mainly consists of iron and other constituents. The carbon-abundant area is the zone where graphite and organic fibre are comparatively gathered, while the spalling area is the zone where the surface film is spalled and its surface is rough and uneven, with a loose and denuded state. During the period of high frictional temperature, the frictional surface is also divided into the mixture area, Fe-abundant area and spalling area. In this case, the mixture area consists of abrasive dust from friction pairs, and the surface film is distributed with crumby hard granules, exiguous oxide, carbide granules and sheared slender fibre. The Fe-abundant area is mostly an oxide layer of iron with a flaky distribution. Fracture and spalling traces as well as an overlapping structure of multilayer surface films can be easily found on the surface film. The components of the spalling area are basically the same as that of the matrix. At the beginning of wear, the hard peaks from the friction surface of the disc-brake plough on the surface of the brake block. With increasing frictional temperature, the friction surface begins to soften and expand, and oxidized wear occurs at the same time. During the high-temperature wear period, severely influenced by friction heat, obvious softening and plastic flow can be found on the friction surface of the brake block, its anti-shearing ability is weakened, and adhesive wear is intensified. Thermal decomposition of cohesive material in the brake block is simultaneously strengthened, so that constituents shed due to loss of adhesion. Organic fibre is in a flowing state and obviously generates drawing, shearing, carbonization and oxidization. In addition, thermal cracking, thermal oxidization, carbonization and cyclization of organic substances on the surface of brake block can make the friction surface produce pores or cracks, thus fatigue wear occurs.     

无纬带绑扎机带式制动器摩擦热效应分析

根据无纬带绑扎机带式制动器的摩擦力学与热力学模型,进行了制动器稳态与瞬态热效应分析,确定了摩擦热与摩擦功率之间的关系.探讨了摩擦热量在摩擦副材料中的分配状况,研究并得到了摩擦副平衡温度和摩擦副可长期连续工作的条件.建立了基于ANSYS的制动器热效应分析模型,得到不同时间摩擦副温度场分布状况和温度随时间变化的状况.     

冰面上橡胶滑动摩擦特性的数值分析

基于摩擦熔化理论,考虑流体动力润滑和热传导的耦合作用,采用打靶法和线性插值法获得了冰面上滑动橡胶块摩擦界面上的压力、流体膜厚及温度的无量纲分布规律,研究了胶块的摩擦特性。结果表明,摩擦界面上的压力峰值随载荷的减小向界面中部移动,摩擦因数与滑动速度的平方根成正比,而与载荷和试样长度的平方根成反比。所用方法可应用于其它材料在冰面上的摩擦及其它情况下的摩擦熔化问题。     

Fundamental studies on the brake friction of resin-based friction materials

The effects of various factors on brake friction were studied on the braking of a cast iron disk by small brake specimens made of resin, resin-asbestos composites and three-component composites. When the disk temperature rises, the resin-based composites containing asbestos and high melting point additive exhibit considerably lower friction during braking following high friction in the initial braking stage. The initial high friction is attributed to the deformation resistance of the resin in the composite. Low friction is attributed to the lubricating action of resin decomposition products in the neighbourhood of the filler raised to a high temperature by frictional heating. Increase of friction toward the end of braking is mainly due to increase of the true contact area as the frictional speed decreases. Variation of the average frictional coefficient during braking with load and the initial speed is generally small. There is no correlation between the mechanical properties and the brake frictional behaviour of resin-based composites.