基于多尺度晶体塑性有限元的GCr15轴承钢拉-压不对称性研究

将应力三轴度引入晶体塑性本构模型,从宏、细观尺度阐明了造成GCr15轴承钢拉-压不对称性的原因.首先,拓展晶体塑性本构模型,在滑移系中引入应力三轴度对屈服准则和流变准则的影响.其次,采用了基于代表性体元(RVE)的多尺度晶体塑性有限元仿真模拟,对GCr15轴承钢的准静态单向拉伸和压缩试验进行了数值实现.研究结果表明,由于多晶体晶粒间的晶向差异,在晶界处会产生应力集中现象,且在应力三轴度的影响下,该应力集中现象出现了显著的拉-压不对称性.故得出在以位错滑移为主的金属塑性变形中,应力三轴度对细观晶体织构的影响是造成拉-压不对称性的重要因素.     

变温情形下单晶体热-粘塑性有限变形的分析方法

提出一种对单晶体热-粘塑性力学行为的分析方法.该方法跟随加载路径对考虑变温过程的单晶体粘塑性构形演化进行增量计算,而用Hencky对数弹性应变在卸载构形的基础上来计算总量的应力;在对滑移系增量分切应力、分切应变及硬化函数的增量非线性本构关系的计算过程中采用泰勒展开得到了便于求解的线性方程组,同时得到了用于计算有限元刚度矩阵的本构矩阵,该格式在本构计算时不需进行迭代因而有较高的计算效率.     

[成形过程仿真优化与集成计算材料工程]钛合金热成形工艺形变与组织演变耦合多尺度仿真研究进展

讨论了钛合金高温变形晶体塑性有限元模拟的研究进展，并分析了晶体塑性模型在钛合金细观尺度不均匀变形和组织演化方面的应用；围绕钛合金热成形过程变形与组织演变耦合模拟需求，讨论了钛合金高温成形统一黏塑性本构模型的发展过程，并介绍了统一黏塑性本构模型在钛合金热成形工艺的应用实例。统一黏塑性本构模型考虑了钛合金高温变形过程中回复、再结晶、相变、损伤等组织演变行为与宏观应力应变之间的耦合作用，为实现钛合金构件形状尺寸和组织性能的精确预测和成形工艺优化提供了有效的手段。最后分析了钛合金热成形工艺多尺度建模仍存在的问题，并展望了多尺度建模的发展趋势。     

板材冲压成形的晶体塑性有限元模拟

将率相关晶体塑性本构理论引入Mindlin曲壳单元模型与动力显式有限元法,采用切线系数法计算剪切应变率,根据晶体取向正态分布规律在单元积分点处分配晶体取向,按各晶体取向体积分数的加权平均计算多晶体应力,开发晶体塑性动力显式有限元程序,实现板材冲压成形过程模拟和晶体取向演化预示.以主要初始织构为铜织构和S织构的轧制铝板为对象,对方盒件冲压成形过程及织构演化进行数值模拟,计算结果与试验结果呈现出较好的一致性.通过晶体弹塑性有限元法不仅可以预示板材宏观成形构形变化,而且能够预测板材织构的演化情况.模拟结果显示在方盒件冲压成形过程中,铜织构和S织构为不稳定取向,变形后逐渐转到其他取向.     

基于应变梯度塑性理论的纪念币压印成形数值模拟

为了准确体现纪念币压印成形工艺中由于精细浮雕导致的尺寸效应,从Taylor位错模型出发,基于应变梯度塑性理论,建立了压印成形的本构方程。采用纳米压痕试验,获得了Ag999的材料内禀尺寸以及统计存储位错密度和几何必须位错密度的非线性耦合关系。将建立的本构方程用于计算某钥匙纪念币压印成形过程中的压印力变化曲线,并与试验结果进行对比,结果表明,建立的本构方程能够体现压印成形工艺中的尺寸效应,可有效改善压印力的预测精度。     

基于连续介质损伤力学的7075铝合金高温成形极限理论预测与数值仿真

开展7075铝合金高温单向拉伸试验和成形极限试验，获得了不同温度和应变率的应力-应变曲线和成形极限曲线。结果表明，在较高的温度和应变率时7075铝合金的强度减小、成形性提高。为描述7075铝合金高温损伤演化过程，提出一种改进的连续介质损伤模型，并建立了耦合损伤的多轴统一黏塑性本构模型。基于试验结果，运用NSGAII遗传算法标定了模型中的参数，标定后的本构模型可以很好地预测7075铝合金的高温热力行为和极限应变。通过有限元软件Abaqus的用户材料子程序VUMAT，该本构模型被编入到Abaqus软件中进行数值仿真计算。结果表明，仿真获得的成形极限曲线和应变场分布与试验和理论结果吻合度好，进一步证明了所建立的耦合损伤的多轴本构模型的正确性及其在高温成形极限有限元仿真中的适用性。     

FCC多晶体的黄铜型织构演化模拟

高层错能FCC材料塑性变形主要靠晶体滑移，而对于低层错能材料，除晶体滑移之外，在维持正常塑性流动方面，变形孪晶也起重要作用。建立了可解释滑移和孪晶导致塑性变形的率相关本构模型，并在研究开发的有限元程序中予以实现，通过弹性／晶体粘塑性分析计算，对面心立方金属在滑移与孪晶作用下的织构演化过程进行了计算机模拟。计算表明，在平面应变压缩下，黄铜晶体织构的演化是滑移和孪晶导致的晶格转动的结果，孪晶是造成低层错能FCC晶体中黄铜型织构的重要原因。     

塑性微成形技术的发展

阐述了塑性微成形研究的目的和意义，重点从尺寸效应、本构模型、摩擦规律、冲压性能和超塑性微成形等5个方面描述了国外塑性微成形技术的发展现状，简单概括了国内微成形技术的发展状况，指出了这一技术面临的挑战和发展趋势。     

基于全局优化算法的超塑性本构模型参数的识别

考虑晶粒长大的超塑性本构模型能否成功模拟成形过程依赖于参数选取的好坏,由于该模型涉及多个物理过程且每个过程都很难同其他过程区别开来,同时模型中包含多个材料参数,因此很难通过试验直接识别模型中的材料参数。模型中材料参数通过反分析方法进行。给出需要识别参数的超塑性本构模型,以使晶粒尺寸—时间关系和应力—应变关系计算值和试验值差值的加权平方和最小化为目标,构造目标函数;基于参数物理意义和数值结果给出参数取值范围。基于目标函数特性构造一全局优化算法,该算法吸收遗传算法能进行全局搜索的优点和Levenberg-Marquardt算法和增广Gauss-Newton算法收敛速度比较快的优点。针对某些参数取值范围比较大的特点,设计出同时使用指数编码和传统实型编码的混合编码的遗传算子。最后以Ti-6Al-4V为例,应用构造的算法识别超塑性本构模型中的材料参数,计算结果和试验结果符合较好。     

低频振动塑性成形粘弹塑性模型的体积效应分析

采用Kirchner对应变时间历程的基本假设,针对振动拉伸建立一个一维粘弹塑性模型;利用MATLAB中的符号计算,推导粘弹塑性本构方程的显式表达式.通过确立粘弹塑性边界并对本构方程进行数值求解,可以确定金属在振动加工过程中,其应力应变在粘弹性与粘塑性之间的变化情况.通过计算瞬时应变的大小与屈服限建立粘弹性变形和粘塑性变形的判断准则.在考虑粘弹塑性本构关系中的后继屈服情况、应变历程、应变率历程及弹性应变等因素后,可以确定单轴振动拉伸时材料变形的动态应力和平均应力.根据所给定的振型参数和材料力学性能参数,结合特定的振动拉伸实例,分别得出金属在准静态拉伸和振动拉伸时的动态应力-时间、动态应力-应变和平均应力-应变率的变化趋势等,实现基于粘弹塑性本构关系的低频振动塑性成形的体积效应机理分析.     

Polycrystalline behavior analysis of pure magnesium by the homogenization method

In this study, mechanical behaviors of pure magnesium polycrystals are numerically investigated. The homogenization method, which combines the crystal and macroscopic scales, is introduced to include the effect of crystalline scale behaviors. The polycrystal plasticity model modified for pure magnesium, in which twinning is considered as asymmetric slip-like deformation, is utilized as a constitutive equation. Within this framework, numerical convergence analyses are conducted, and a representative volume element to present realistic deformation of pure magnesium is investigated. Second, polycrystalline behaviors of pure magnesium are investigated. The present approach is shown to reproduce the typical phenomena induced by crystalline scale structure in pure magnesium: nonuniform strain distribution, asymmetric crystal lattice orientation, strength differential effect, and strongly anisotropic initial and subsequent yield surfaces.     

A micromechanical model for inelastic ductile damage prediction in polycrystalline metals for metal forming

This paper deals with micromechanical modeling of ductile damage and its effects (coupling) on the plastic behavior of FCC polycrystalline metallic materials. The ‘fully coupled’ constitutive equations are written in the framework of rate-dependent polycrystalline plasticity where a ‘ductile’ damage variable has been introduced at a crystallographic slip system (CSS) scale in order to describe the material degradation by initiation, growth and coalescence of microdefects inside the aggregate. Both, theoretical and numerical (FEA) aspects of the proposed micromechanical coupled model are presented. The ability of the obtained model to predict the plastic strain localization, due to the ductile damage effect, in the classical tensile test is carefully analyzed. Application is also made to the fracture prediction in deep drawing of a cylindrical cup using a thin sheet. Finally, some concluding remarks and perspectives are pointed out.     

金属塑性成形的晶体塑性学有限元模拟研究进展

综述了金属塑性成形过程中晶体塑性有限元模拟的理论背景和应用方面的研究进展,同时总结了国内研究者该领域的研究现状,指出了晶体塑性有限元模拟所要解决的问题及研究重点。晶体塑性理论起源于20世纪20 年代,包括单晶塑性本构理论和多晶塑性本构理论,能够深刻揭示材料变形的规律。与此同时,开始于30多年前的有限元法也已经日益成为求解材料成形理论公式的有效工具。晶体塑性有限元法作为一个强大的模拟工具将二者有机地结合在一起,已经广泛地用于模拟材料的微观结构和各种力学响应,越来越被材料界和力学界的研究者所重视;然而,无论是在理论方面还是应用方面晶体塑性有限元法都还不尽完善。未来晶体塑性有限元模拟的理论研究重点是建立系统的理论架构用于预测由滑移和孪晶引起塑性变形材料的各种力学响应,应用研究重点是运用各种模型模拟其他与织构相关的性能或参数。晶体塑性有限元模拟不仅能够深化人们对材料成形规律的理解, 而且可以不断推进晶体塑性理论的发展。     

硬化模型对多晶变形织构预测的影响

基于变形梯度乘法分解 ,推导了延性单晶材料的弹性变形梯度演化方程 ,利用晶体弹粘塑性本构关系的和Taylor多晶假设 ,以面心立方晶体铝、铜作为模型材料比较分析了两种饱和型硬化模型对有限变形下多晶变形织构形成过程的影响     

Effects of texture gradients and strain paths on localization phenomena in polycrystals

Applications of crystal plasticity theory to the numerical modelling of large strain plasticity phenomena are considered. In particular, instabilities and localized deformation phenomena for FCC polycrystals subjected to various deformation modes are investigated. In-house finite element analyses based on a rate-dependent crystal plasticity model have been developed to simulate the large strain behaviour for sheet specimens subjected to plane strain, plane stress, and simple shear deformation modes. In the formulation, the plastic deformation of an individual crystal is assumed to be due to crystallographic slip. In the simulations, polycrystalline aggregates are modelled at various scales. This formulation accounts for initial textures, as well as texture evolution during large plastic deformations. The numerical analyses incorporate parallel computing features. The results of simulations for the above-mentioned deformation modes are discussed, and the formation of localized deformation in the form of shear bands is investigated.     

Numerical simulation of sheet metal stamping by using ODF data

An elasto-polycrystalline plastic finite element method is developed to simulate the deformation behavior and corresponding crystallographic texture evolution of sheet metals in stamping processes. A rate-independent crystal plasticity model and a degenerated shell element are introduced into the explicit finite element formulation. A successive integration method by which the shear rates on the slip systems can be calculated without prior determination of active/non-active state of the slip systems, as generally done in rate-dependent models, is employed to calculate the plastic strain rate of a crystal during the deformation. Representative crystal orientations are extracted from the orientation distribution function (ODF) data and assigned to the integration points of elements according to the distributional characteristic of crystal orientations. The macroscopic stress of a polycrystalline aggregate is evaluated by a volume-averaged response of the representative crystals. Two drawing processes are simulated, one with a cylindrical punch and the other with a square punch. Good agreements between the calculated results and experimental ones are obtained.     

介观尺度磷青铜薄板韧性断裂和变形行为的尺寸效应

借助单轴微拉伸试验研究了磷青铜薄板力学性能和韧性断裂的尺寸效应。结果表明,屈服强度与材料厚度t、晶粒尺寸d之间均存在着第Ⅱ类尺寸效应,但与t/d之间却存在着第Ⅰ类尺寸效应。断口形貌显示,随着t的减小,断裂机制由韧窝-微孔聚集断裂向滑移分离过渡;随着d的增大,韧窝逐渐变大变深,但当t/d<1时,拉伸过程过早形成微裂纹,导致试样迅速断裂。最后,基于表面层模型构建了介观尺度磷青铜薄板的混合本构方程。     

Deformation analysis of micro-sized material using strain gradient plasticity

To reflect the size effect of material (1–15 μm) during plastic deformation of polycrystalline copper, a constitutive equation which includes the strain gradient plasticity theory and intrinsic material length model is coupled with the finite element analysis and applied to plane strain deformation problem. The method of least square has been used to calculate the strain gradient at each element during deformation and the effect of distributed force on the strain gradient is investigated as well. It shows when material size is less than the intrinsic material length (1.54 μm), its deformation behavior is quite different compared with that computed from the conventional plasticity. The generation of strain gradient is greatly suppressed, but it appears again as the material size increases. Results also reveal that the strain gradient leads to deformation hardening. The distributed force plays a role to amplify the strain gradient distribution.