不同应力状态下的高强钢板断裂机理及预测

板料成形过程的宏观断裂行为依赖于其微观断裂机理，因此成形过程模拟中的断裂准则的准确选择对于断裂预测具有重要意义。以高强钢TRIP780板料为研究对象，设计从剪切到拉伸应力状态的五种断裂试验，结合宏观拉伸试验和扫描电子显微镜（Scanning electron microscope，SEM）分析研究不同应力状态下TRIP780板料的断裂机理，得到不同应力状态下正应力和切应力与断裂机理的关联关系，引入正应力与切应力的影响构建MMC断裂准则，应用于板料压剪应力区间的断裂行为预测。结果表明，反映断裂机理的MMC准则能适用于板料压剪和拉剪变形应力状态下断裂失效的准确预测。     

Experimental research on ductile fracture criterion in metal forming

Ductile fracture criterion is key limitation parameter in material forming. Accuracy predicting surface and internal failure in plastic deformation process affects on the technology design of workpiece and die greatly. Tension, compression, torsion and shearing test on 45# steel are utilized for providing the experimental values of the critical values at fracture, and 11 widely used ductile fracture criterion are selected to simulate the physical experiments and their relative accuracy for predicting and quantifying fracture initiation sites are investigated. The comparing results show that metal forming process under high triaxiality can be estimated successively using both Normalized Cockcroft-latham and the Brozzo ductile fracture criteria, but the Ayada and general Rice-Tracey model work very well for the low triaxiality cases.     

切口试样破坏过程试验与细观数值分析

对切口圆棒试样与切口板试样进行单向拉伸试验和有限元数值分析，以试样最小横截面上各点变化的应力应变场为体胞演化的载荷控制条件，采用三维含球形微孔洞体胞模型分别对各点微孔洞长大规律进行数值模拟。结果表明，在试样得到的断口韧性区域内，微孔洞的生长速度较快；试样失稳前微孔洞相对体积百分数最大的区域与试验时试样的起裂位置一致，因而证实微孔洞的演化是导致试样材料在拉伸条件下破坏的主要原因，同时也证实体胞模型用于局部破坏分析的有效性。     

韧性断裂准则的试验与理论研究

对不同样式的45钢和6082铝合金试件进行了拉伸、压缩、剪切、扭转等材料试验，对工程中使用的11个韧性断裂准则进行对比研究，并利用专业塑性成形分析软件对试验过程进行二维和三维情形的数值模拟。指出目前使用的韧性断裂准则都不可能对材料在任意应力应变状态和变形累积的情况下给出一个固定阈值，并给出了基于等效应变和应力三轴度的韧性断裂准则修正公式，通过厚板普通冲裁和精密冲裁试验证明了结论的有效性。     

Failure in single point incremental forming

This paper revisits the formability limits of single point incremental forming (SPIF) in the light of fundamental concepts of plasticity and ductile fracture mechanics. The paper has a twofold objective of investigating the limiting strain pairs at fracture in parts showing and not showing signs of necking before cracking and of demonstrating that failure by fracture occurs by tension in crack opening mode I. The overall methodology is based on the combination of circle grid analysis, measurement of the ‘gauge length’ strains at fracture and determination of fracture toughness from experimental tests performed with truncated conical SPIF parts and double edge notched test specimens loaded in tension. The work is performed in aluminium AA1050-H111 and is a step towards comprehension of the circumstances under which failure will occur in SPIF. It is shown that fracture strain pairs of truncated conical parts, fracture forming limit lines (FFLs) determined from conventional sheet formability tests and fracture toughness in crack opening mode I can be merged to create a new understanding of plastic flow and failure by fracture above the onset of necking.     

Fracture predicting in bulk metal forming

An important concern in forming is whether the desired deformation can be accomplished without failure of the work material. This paper describes the utilization of ductile fracture criteria in conjunction with the finite element method for predicting failures in cold bulk metal forming. Four previously published ductile fracture criteria are selected, and their relative accuracy for predicting and quantifying fracture initiation sites is investigated. Experiments with ring, cylindrical, tapered and flanged upset samples are performed to investigate the validity of the workability criteria under conditions of stress and strain similar to those usually found in bulk metal forming processes. The implementation of ductile fracture criteria into a rigid—plastic finite element computer program is presented. Local stress and strain distributions throughout the deformation are computed and compared with experimental measurements. A general good agreement is found. However, only two of these workability criteria have successfully predicted the location at which fracture initiates for all the upset tests performed in this work. The paper concludes with a discussion of the importance of the critical damage at fracture to remain independent from the technological processes.     

Gurson-Tvergaard模型的发展及在韧性断裂分析中的应用

介绍了G -T模型提出的历史背景及其发展过程 ,并对G -T模型在韧性断裂分析中的应用进行了阐述 ,还介绍了国内外研究状况及最新发展。对G -T模型在应用中所表现出的优缺点进行了探讨 ,并展望其扩大应用的前景 ,利用基于G -T模型所开发出的软件 ,对韧性断裂的过程进行更加准确的模拟和预测。     

An investigation of the tribological interaction between die damage and billet deformation during MMC extrusion

This study deals with material flow behaviour during the extrusion process of a metal-matrix composite (MMC), and the effects of this behaviour on the damage to die flat surfaces. AA 6063 aluminium matrix composite billets reinforced with SiC particles (167 μm) were prepared using the stir-casting method for extrusion. Extrusion of the MMC billets were conducted at 500 °C with a ram speed of 2 mm s⁻¹ and an extrusion ratio of 25:1 under laboratory conditions. The extrusion die with two different channel profiles was manufactured from AISI H13 steel that was hardened, tempered and grounded. The flow patterns of the deformed billet during the MMC extrusion determine the positions of the SiC particles in the deformation zone. While some of the SiC particles flow within the deformed material, some flow at the deformed billet surface; these SiC particles play the most important role in the damage mechanism of the die-bearing surface and the geometry of the dead metal zone (DMZ). The possible damage to the die-bearing surfaces is severe at the entrance of the die bearing. On the other hand, some SiC particles are broken in this zone due to the severe deformation stress of the MMC billet.     

复杂应力作用下结构陶瓷材料的断裂强度

通过对已有的多轴断裂理论进行综合分析及对现有的陶瓷材料在多轴应力作用 下的实验数据在这些理论框架下的适用性进行对比研究后，提出了新的陶瓷材料拉 拉和拉压多轴应力断裂模型，此模型不但和已有的实验数据相符，而且也和本文所 做的实验结果相符。     

低周疲劳下45钢的寿命预测

选取带有V型缺口45钢试样,通过控制加载过程中的应变幅,研究缺口对试样疲劳寿命的影响.并应用低周疲劳寿命预测理论,提出了修正的Manson寿命预测模型,用来预测带有V型缺口中45钢的低周疲劳寿命.模型的预测结果和试验结果吻合很好.     

Finite element analysis of limit strains in biaxial stretching of sheet metals allowing for ductile fracture

To predict limit strains in biaxial stretching of sheet metals, a criterion for ductile fracture is combined with the finite element simulation. The limit strains are determined by substituting the values of stress and strain obtained from the finite element simulation into the ductile fracture criterion. Material constants in the criterion are obtained from the fracture strains measured in the biaxial stretching tests. Calculations are carried out for various strain paths from balanced biaxial stretching to uniaxial tension of aluminium alloy sheets, and compared with the experimental results. The predicted limit strains are in good agreement with the measured ones not only just at the fracture site but also at outside of the fracture site. It is demonstrated that the forming limit diagrams are successfully predicted by the present approach.     

拉/扭复合载荷下氧化铝的切口强度及预测

提出了适用于陶瓷切口件拉／扭复合应力下的断裂准则，其中不合经验参数。采用具有不同应力集中系数的Al2O3陶瓷管状试样，在不同的拉／扭复合应力状态下测定了断裂强度。试验结果证明了该断裂准则的有效性和通用性。利用现有文献中的相关试验结果，对上述断裂准则作了进一步的客观校核。根据该断裂准则和陶瓷材料拉伸强度的概率分布参数，还可预测陶瓷材料光滑试样和切口件在拉／扭复合应力下具有存活率的断裂准则。提出的断裂准则具有工程应用意义。     

Calibration and evaluation of seven fracture models

Over the past 5 years, there has been increasing interest of the automotive, aerospace, aluminum, and steel industries in numerical simulation of the fracture process of typical structural materials. Accordingly, there is a pressure on the developers of leading commercial codes, such as ABAQUS, LS-DYNA, and PAM-CRASH to implement reliable fracture criteria into those codes. Even though there are several options to address fracture in these and other commercial codes, no guidelines are given for the users as to which fracture criterion is suitable for a particular application and how to calibrate a given material for fracture. The objective of the present paper is to address the above issues and present a thorough comparative study of seven fracture criteria that are included in libraries of material models of non-linear finite element codes. A set of 15 tests recently conducted by the authors on 2024-T351 aluminum alloy is taken as a reference for the present study. The plane stress prevails in all these tests. These experiments are compared with the constant equivalent strain criterion, the Xue–Wierzbicki (X–W) fracture criterion, the Wilkins (W), the Johnson–Cook (J–C) and the CrachFEM fracture models. Additionally, the maximum shear (MS) stress model, and the fracture forming limit diagram (FFLD) are included in the present evaluation. All criteria are formulated in the general 3-D case for the power law hardening materials and then are specified for the plane stress condition. The advantage of working with plane stress is that there is one-to-one mapping from the stress to the strain space. Therefore, the fracture criteria formulated in the stress space can be compared with those expressed in the strain space and vice versa. Fracture loci for all seven cases were constructed in the space of the equivalent fracture strain and the stress triaxiality. Interesting observations were made regarding the range of applicability and expected errors of some of the most common fracture criteria. Besides evaluating the applicability of several fracture criteria, a detailed calibration procedure for each criterion is presented in the present paper. It was found rather unexpectedly that the MS stress fracture model closely follows the trend of all tests except the round bar tensile tests. The X–W criterion and the CrachFEM models predict correctly fracture in all types of experiments. The W criterion is working well in certain ranges of the stress triaxiality.     

Derivation of creep long-term fracture criteria under plane state of stress

A new approach has been suggested for the construction of long-term fracture criteria under creep conditions and multi-axial loading. The method developed overcomes former problems with a view to identifying stresses responsible for failure and material constants, and is based on the equivalent long-term strength diagrams. The criteria are chosen in the form of a mixed invariant relating two stress components, which give rise to brittle and viscous fracture. The values of stress characteristics combined in a mixed invariant take signs of principal stresses into account. The fracture criteria derived have been approved on unified long-term strength diagrams of thin-walled tubular specimens under internal pressure, internal pressure with tension, pure torsion and tension with torsion.     

6061-T651铝合金动态力学性能及J-C本构模型的修正

为合理描述6061-T651铝合金的应力流动行为,利用万能材料试验机和霍普金森压杆,分别进行准静态、高温和高应变率下的材料力学性能测试,获得材料在不同条件下的应力应变曲线。基于试验结果,修正Johnson-Cook本构模型得到MJC(Modified Johnson-Cook)模型,并标定MJC模型各项参数。为校验MJC模型及参数的有效性,利用一级气炮发射直径为5.95 mm的圆柱弹体冲击刚性靶的Taylor杆试验以及直径为12.68 mm的刚性弹撞击厚度为2 mm靶板的试验。最后,采用ABAQUS/Explicit有限元软件建立Taylor杆和弹靶冲击试验的三维模型,基于MJC本构模型进行Taylor杆冲击、以及结合MMC(Modified Mohr-Coulomb)断裂准则进行弹靶冲击的数值模拟计算。研究结果表明,修正的MJC本构模型能够有效地描述6061-T651铝合金材料在大应变、高应变率和高温下材料的应力流动行为和变形行为。     

气动柔性扭转关节静态模型

基于气动柔性驱动器(Flexible pneumatic actuator, FPA)研制一种气动柔性扭转关节,该关节主要由两个弧形的FPA组成,向这两个FPA充入压缩气体,关节转过一定的角度。分析扭转关节中FPA壁厚变化规律,对单个FPA的自由端进行力矩平衡分析,建立该关节的静态模型,构建试验系统对气动柔性扭转关节进行压力转角关系试验。试验结果与仿真曲线存在一定误差,分析影响扭转关节静态模型准确性的因素,并根据试验结果对扭转关节的数学模型进行修正,得到的修正模型能够较好地描述关节的充气过程和放气过程。     

铝型材挤压成型数值模拟及优化设计

应用有限元法,通过对AA6063铝合金方管挤出过程进行数值模拟,优化了分流组合模的工作带,以模孔出口处型材挤出速度的流速均方差为目标,使模孔出口处型材挤出速度均匀;同时通过对影响型材焊合品质的3个重要工艺参数:挤压速度、模具预热温度和坯料预热温度进行正交试验,以焊合面上的压力大小作为评定型材焊合品质好坏的标准,获得了AA6063铝型材挤压的最佳工艺参数组合。     

韧性材料的几种断裂形式及判据讨论

考察几种韧性材料的复合型断裂试验过程，用传统强度理论思想认定启裂位置与启裂方向，通过对不同物理机制的断裂形式变化规律的研究，判定韧性材料的主要断裂形式有三类，以空穴成核、扩张、聚合为主导机制的正拉断，和以局部剪切带形成、发展为主导机制的两种不同类型的剪切断裂。局部大塑性变形的出现在材料内引起损伤，空穴的聚合或局部剪切带的出现仅发生在载荷达到某一临界值时。导致材料断裂发生的根本因素，是危险点上某应力参数达到了材料的断裂临界值，以此对不同断裂形式的断裂判据进行讨论，提出新的韧性断裂判据。     

动态条件下Fe-24Mn-0.5C孪晶诱发塑性钢的断裂机制

对Fe-24Mn-0.5C孪晶诱发塑性钢进行了动态冲击拉伸试验,并采用扫描电镜、透射电镜等研究了该钢的断裂机制。结果表明:试验钢的抗拉强度为1 100 MPa,断后伸长率为50%;试验钢表现为典型的韧性断裂特征,断口主要由呈阶梯状的韧窝组成;其断裂机制为变形过程中塞积在晶界和孪晶界处的大量位错促使孔洞及裂纹的产生,继续变形则发生断裂。