食物中毒事件中致病菌肠毒素检测和分子分型研究

目的 对一起食物中毒事件样本进行检测,查明食物中毒原因,并对分离菌株进行相关性分析。方法 参照国家标准方法GB4789.10-2016,对采集样本进行细菌学检验。应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测葡萄球菌肠毒素。通过脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)进行分子分型,分析菌株之间的相关性。结果 食物中毒事件中5名患者洗胃液、食物、分离菌株,均检测出E型葡萄球菌肠毒素。3株分离菌株PFGE分子分型提示来源不同克隆株,除了产生E型葡萄球菌肠毒素外,还有B、C、D型。结论 该起食物中毒由不同PFGE型别的产毒金黄色葡萄球菌污染食物引起,菌株产葡萄球菌肠毒素的型别不完全相同。金黄色葡萄球菌引起的食物中毒应关注多污染源及菌株肠毒素基因表达情况。     

一起食物中毒事件中产独特肠毒素表型的金黄色葡萄球菌病原学分析

目的对一起疑似为金黄色葡萄球菌所导致的食物中毒事件进行葡萄球菌肠毒素检测,结合金黄色葡萄球菌病原学分析,为明确食物中毒诊断提供依据。方法根据流行病学调查,采用ELISA方法对可疑食物进行葡萄球菌肠毒素检测,同时对可疑食物和患者呕吐物进行金黄色葡萄球菌分离,运用Vitek2 Compact全自动细菌鉴定仪和血浆凝固酶试验鉴定为金黄色葡萄球菌,采用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)对病原菌进行同源性分析,以ELISA方法对检出的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株进行肠毒素检测,用PCR方法对肠毒素基因进行分型。结果食物和患者样品中分别分离出2和11株金黄色葡萄球菌,PCR方法及ELISA方法对肠毒素分型结果显示,其中12株同时存在SEA、SEB、SED、SEE 4种肠毒素及相关基因,PFGE聚类分析显示,其中12株产肠毒素金黄色葡萄球菌具有高度同源性。结论本起食物中毒事件为具有独特肠毒素表型的金黄色葡萄球菌导致,在金黄色葡萄球菌中毒实验室调查过程中,肠毒素检测结合病原菌溯源分析可以为相关公共卫生事件提供科学依据。     

分子生物学技术在一起食物中毒检测中的应用

应用分子生物学技术对一起食物中毒样品进行检测,提高实验室应对食物中毒快速检测和溯源分析能力。方法 应用实时荧光PCR技术对一起食物中毒10份患者粪便和6份可疑食品进行快速检测,并对39份粪便和8份食品进行病原培养分离鉴定,应用PCR技术对分离菌株进行invA毒力基因检测,PFGE及MLST基因分型技术对分离菌株进行同源性分析,并与其他地区菌株进行遗传学差异对比。结果 10份患者粪便和6份可疑食物经实时荧光PCR检测均为沙门菌阳性,从39份粪便和8份食品中共分离到31株肠炎沙门菌。PFGE及MLST分析显示31株菌具同源性,表明食物和患者分离菌株基因型别一致,MLST分型显示本次分离株与其他地区优势克隆有同源性,31株肠炎沙门菌均具有invA毒力基因。结论 实时荧光PCR技术应用于食物中毒病原检测,缩短了病原检测周期,提高了检测的准确性,PFGE及MLST两种基因分型技术可对病原菌进行溯源分析,对于掌握病原菌流行规律具有重要意义。     

应用脉冲场凝胶电泳技术对肠炎沙门菌食物中毒的溯源分析

目的对2016年莆田市某区一起细菌性食物中毒事件进行致病菌分离鉴定和溯源分析。方法将采集到的样品和标本进行细菌分离培养、生化鉴定及血清学分型,应用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)技术进行同源性分析,并对分离菌株进行毒力基因检测和药敏分析。结果共检出23株肠炎沙门菌,其中8株来源于留样食物,2株来源于厨师肛拭子,13株来源于患者肛拭子;所有菌株经BioNumerics软件聚类分析同源性为100%;所有菌株均携带沙门菌毒力基因invA,且具有相同的耐药谱。结论 PFGE技术有利于细菌性食物中毒的溯源分析。该起食物中毒事件是由携带肠炎沙门菌的厨师进行冷盘制作和水果拼盘过程中污染食物所引起。     

一起由金黄色葡萄球菌引起食物中毒的实验室诊断

目的对一起食物中毒进行相关样品的实验室检测,针对分离病原菌进行分子分型溯源和耐药分析。方法对可疑食品(冰激凌、牛奶)样品、患者呕吐物和粪便标本使用国家标准或其他方法进行沙门菌、志贺菌、致泻大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌和诺如病毒检测。对检出的金黄色葡萄球菌进行肠毒素检测、脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分型和抗生素敏感性检测。结果从生产冰激凌剩余牛奶及冰激凌样品中检出金黄色葡萄球菌12株,患者呕吐物和粪便标本中检出4株,菌株均产生A+C+E混合型肠毒素,PFGE显示患者呕吐物、粪便、中毒同批冰激凌样品、生产冰激凌用牛奶中检出的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株同源性为100.0%;药敏结果显示,这16株菌株均对青霉素和红霉素耐药。结论本起事件是由冰激凌加工点使用了被金黄色葡萄球菌污染且产生大量肠毒素的牛奶生产冰激凌所致。建议监管部门加强对农村食品小作坊、牛奶供应站等生产经营场所的监管,预防类似事件的发生。     

北京市朝阳区食物中毒相关金黄色葡萄球菌病原学分析

目的 了解2017年北京市朝阳区11株食物中毒相关金黄色葡萄球耐药性、耐药基因、毒力基因及分子分型。方法 依据GB4789.10-2016对甲、乙饭店留样食品、餐具及厨师手涂抹样品进行金黄色葡萄球菌分离鉴定;荧光定量PCR法检测耐药基因mecA、vanA与毒力基因sea、seb、sec、sed、see;纸片法与微量肉汤稀释法进行药物敏感性试验;脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)进行溯源分析。结果 甲、乙饭店留样食品、餐具涂抹及厨师手涂抹样品共检出11株金黄色葡萄球菌;耐药基因mecA、vanA与毒力基因sea、seb、sec、sed、see均未检出;青霉素100%耐药,四环素、氯霉素耐药率分别为27.3%、9.09%,未发现耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌株;PFGE分型显示：甲饭店餐具涂抹菌株、手涂抹菌株、乙饭店所有菌株为3种带型。 结论 甲乙饭店分别为两起由金黄色葡萄球菌引起的食物中毒事件,皆为携带菌株的厨师污染餐具及食品引起,菌株具有较高耐药性。     

一起多所幼儿园食源性疾病暴发事件的溯源分析

目的 对一起涉及多所幼儿园的食源性疾病暴发事件的可疑食品和致病因子进行溯源调查,为今后类似事件的防控和处置提供参考依据。方法 采用实时荧光PCR法、质谱技术等快速检测技术,结合分离培养、酶联免疫法（ELISA）等传统鉴定方法对3所幼儿园采集的32份样品开展病原检测。使用描述性流行病学调查方法对事件进行调查,脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）方法对致病因子进行分子溯源分析。结果 3所幼儿园共有幼儿568名,62名病例,患病率为10.92%。临床症状主要为呕吐、腹泻等。从10份生物标本和某配餐公司统一配送的2份留存的拔丝肉松蛋糕检出金黄色葡萄球菌,蛋糕中金黄色葡萄球菌量分别为2.0×10⁷ CFU/g、1.4×10⁷ CFU/g,11株分离自病例和蛋糕的金黄色葡萄球菌同时检出葡萄球菌A型肠毒素基因（sea）和A型肠毒素（SEA）。PFGE指纹图谱为同一带型,提示病例和食品的分离株为同一来源。结论 本起暴发事件是由配餐公司统一配送的拔丝肉松蛋糕污染金黄色葡萄球菌产生肠毒素导致的3所幼儿园的食物中毒,应进一步加强对学校配餐食材的监管。     

一起多型别副溶血性弧菌引起农村喜宴食物中毒的溯源分析

目的通过对腹泻患者肛拭子标本和外环境样品的病原菌检测,利用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分子分型技术对一起多型别副溶血性弧菌引起农村喜宴食物中毒原因开展溯源分析。方法对采集的共20份肛拭子标本和外环境样品进行病原学检测,并对检出的副溶血性弧菌进行血清分型、PFGE分型及tdh、trh、tlh、toxR基因检测。结果 20份样品/标本中15份检出副溶血性弧菌,11株为tdh+trh-tlh+toxR+基因型,4株为tdh-trh-tlh+toxR+基因型。其中12份患者肛拭子标本中有9份检出副溶血性弧菌,7份为O3∶K6血清型,2份为O2群;3份墩板涂抹样品中有2份检出O3∶K6血清型,1份为O1群;3份剩余食物样品中有2份检出副溶血性弧菌,分别为O1群和O10群;厨师肛拭子标本检出O11群副溶血性弧菌;PFGE聚类分析显示7份患者肛拭子标本和2份墩板涂抹样品中的O3∶K6型副溶血性弧菌带型高度同源,剩余食物来源的副溶血性弧菌核酸降解未能显示PFGE条带。结论本次事件是可疑食物交叉污染切菜墩板引起的以O3∶K6血清型为主的多种血清型别副溶血性弧菌的食物中毒。     

云南省食源性金黄色葡萄球菌脉冲场凝胶电泳分型分析

目的采用脉冲场凝胶电泳(pulsed-field gel electrophoresis,PFGE)方法分析云南省2013～2015年食源性金黄色葡萄球菌分子分型带型,初步建立金黄色葡萄球菌PFGE分型的数据库。方法用限制性内切酶Smal I酶切113株金黄色葡萄球菌染色体DNA以进行PFGE分析,并利用BioNumerics软件对分离株的指纹图谱进行聚类分析。结果 113株食源性金黄色葡萄球菌的PFGE图谱的相似性系数在56.67%～100%之间,经聚类分析得到89个PFGE型别。结论建立云南省食源性金黄色葡萄球菌PFGE分型数据库,PFGE带型呈现多样性,对今后云南省金黄色葡萄球菌引起食物中毒的诊断和溯源工作有重要意义。     

近红外光谱建模法快速测定桔子精油中柠檬烯的含量

为了解日常检测分离株产肠毒素和耐药情况,探讨食源性金黄色葡萄球菌产毒素的类型及分布状况,研究其耐药特性,对本实验室2016年～2017年日常食品检测中的分离株,分别用全自动荧光酶联免疫法检测肠毒素总量和酶联免疫吸附法对肠毒素SEA～SEE进行分型,并用全自动微生物鉴定药敏分析系统进行药敏试验。结果表明,370份食品中分离到的29株金黄色葡萄球菌,产肠毒素的有16株,阳性率为55.2%,其中食物中毒分离株5株都为肠毒素阳性。产2种及以上肠毒素的菌株为12株,占41.4%。A型～E型常见肠毒素都有检出,其中产SEE的菌株最多,有12株,占41.4%,产SEA的菌株次之,为11株。29株食源性金黄色葡萄球菌对庆大霉素、妥布霉素、青霉素、安苄西林、苯唑西林、阿莫西林-克拉维酸、复方新诺名、克林霉素、红霉素、利福平、四环素均有不同程度的耐药,并出现多重耐药性,其中对青霉素和安苄西林的耐药率最高,均为82.8%,其次为红霉素44.8%。该研究的食品监测中分离到的金黄色葡萄球菌其产肠毒素率较高,主要的类型为SEE和SEA。而且分离得到的食源性金黄色葡萄球菌存在不同程度的耐药性和多重耐药现象,建议从各个环节加强监测,降低因耐药菌带来的食品安全风险。     

Arsenic content of some edible mushroom species

The arsenic contents of 162 fruit body samples of 37 common edible mushroom taxa were analyzed. The samples were gathered from different habitats of Hungary (mainly from mountains) between 1984 and 1999. The arsenic content of the samples was measured by the inductively coupled plasma spectrometry method. Very low [lower than 0.05 mg/kg dry matter (DM)] concentrations were found in the samples of 13 taxa, while higher (or very high) contents were quantified in other common taxa (the highest arsenic content was recorded in the fruit body of Laccaria amethysthea at 146.9 mg/kg DM). The species of eight genera (Agaricus, Calvatia, Collybia, Laccaria, Langermannia, Lepista, Lycoperdon, Macrolepiota) belong to the so-called accumulating taxa, and this tendency is evident on all habitats. This arsenic accumulation capability is found in two orders of Basidiomycetes (Agaricales and Gasteromycetales), which is to say this phenomenon occurs in the families Agaricaceae, Tricholomataceae and Gasteromycetaceae. The accumulating taxa found all have a saprotrophic type of nutrition; arsenic accumulation is not detectable in xilophagous or in mycorrhizal species. The consumption of the accumulating species found has only a low toxicological risk for three reasons: the consumed fresh fruit bodies contain about a tenfold lower arsenic level than the dried ones, the majority of arsenic occurs not in poisonous inorganic, but in less dangerous (or not poisonous) organic forms, and the frequency of consumption is low.     

Organization and localization of the dnaA and dnaK gene regions on the multichromosomal genome of Burkholderia multivorans ATCC 17616

The Burkholderia multivorans strain ATCC 17616 carries three circular chromosomes with sizes of 3.4, 2.5, and 0.9 Mb. To reveal the distribution and organization of the genes for fundamental cell functions on the genome of this bacterium, the dnaA and dnaK gene regions of ATCC 17616 were cloned and characterized. The gene organization of the dnaA region was rnpA-rmpH-dnaA-dnaN-gyrB with a single consensus DnaA-binding box (TTATCCACA) between the rmpH and dnaA genes. This intergenic region, however, did not work as an autonomously replicating sequence in ATCC 17616. On the other hand, the gene organization of the dnaK region was grpE-orf1 (gene for thioredoxin homologue)-dnaK-dnaJ-pabB (gene for p-aminobenzoate synthetase component homologue). A putative heat-shock promoter that showed good homology to the sigma32-dependent promoter consensus sequence in Escherichia coli was found upstream of the grpE gene, suggesting that these five genes constitute an operon. In M9 succinate minimal medium the dnaJ mutant grew more slowly than the wild-type strain, indicating that this operon is functional. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and Southern blot analyses indicated that both the dnaA and dnaK gene regions exist as single copies on the 3.4 Mb chromosome.     

Contamination with storage fungi of human food from Cameroon

In a mycological study, a total of 95 human food samples were investigated to evaluate the incidence of fungal contamination in Cameroon by conventional identification method and partly confirmed by DNA sequencing. The isolated fungal spp. were further studied to determine their toxigenic potentials. The investigation revealed the predominance of Aspergillus and Penicillium with 96% of samples contaminated with at least one species of these fungi, whereas the incidence of co-contamination of samples was 85%. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus (Flavi section) were the most predominant species contaminating mainly maize and peanuts. In addition, P. crustosum and P. polonicum were the most common contaminants belonging to the genus Penicillium. On the other hand, A. ochraceus (Circumdati section) registered a low incidence rate of 5%, including other members of the Aspergillus group. Other members of the genera Rhizopus and Alternaria spp. were also registered in the study. A majority of fungal strains of A. ochraceus, A. parasiticus, P. crustosum and P. polonicum isolated were toxigenic, producing the mycotoxins tested for, while none was detected in cultures of A. fumigatus. The high incidence rate of fungi contamination coupled with their potentials in producing mycotoxins gives a strong indication that the samples tested may likely be contaminated with various mycotoxins. There is need for further study to assess the incidence of mycotoxins contamination in similar food samples.     

Susceptibility of stored product insects to high concentrations of ozone at different exposure intervals

Ozone is a highly reactive gas with insecticidal activity. Past studies have indicated that ozone technology has potential as a management tool to control insect pests in bulk grain storage facilities. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of short periods of exposure to high ozone concentrations to kill all life stages of red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and Indianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), adult maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.)) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and adult rice weevil (S. oryzae (L)) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Insects were treated with six ozone concentrations between 50 and 1800 ppm. The specific objective was to determine minimal time needed to attain 100% mortality. The most ozone-tolerant stages of T. castaneum were pupae and eggs, which required a treatment of 180 min at 1800 ppm ozone to reach 100% mortality. Eggs of P. interpunctella also required 180 min at 1800 ppm ozone to reach 100% mortality. Ozone treatments of 1800 ppm for 120 min and 1800 ppm for 60 min were required to kill all adult S. zeamais and adult S. oryzae, respectively. The results indicate that high ozone concentrations reduce the treatment times significantly over previously described results. Our results also provide new baseline information about insect tolerance to ozone treatment.     

Formation of cereulide and enterotoxins by Bacillus cereus in fermented African locust beans

Afitin, iru and sonru are three spontaneously fermented African locust bean Benin condiments. The fermentation processes are exothermic, with temperatures mostly being above 40 °C. A total of 19 predominant Bacillus cereus isolates from afitin, iru and sonru, were investigated. The enterotoxin genes nhe (A, B, C) were present in all 19 isolates, the hbl (A, C, D) in one (afitin), and the cytK gene in three isolates (afitin). Levels of cytotoxicity to Vero cells and NheA production in BHI-broth was within the range of known diarrheal outbreak strains. Autoclaved cooked African locust beans inoculated with emetic (cereulide producing) B. cereus Ba18H2/RIF supported growth at 25, 30 and 40 °C with highly different maximum cereulide productions of 6 ± 5, 97 ± 3 and 0.04 ± 0.02 μg/g beans, respectively (48 h). For non-autoclaved cooked beans inoculated with 2, 4 and 6 log₁₀B. cereus Ba18H2/RIF spores/g beans, cereulide production was 5 ± 4, 64 ± 8 and 69 ± 34 μg/g beans, respectively at 24 h, while it was 70 ± 43, 92 ± 53 and 99 ± 31 μg/g at 48 h of fermentation at 30 °C. Even though high toxin levels were observed, to date there are no known reports on diarrhea or vomiting due to the consumption or afitin, iru and sonru in Benin, which also according to the present study is likely to be expected from the low levels of cereulide produced at 40 °C.     

Microbial profiles of frozen trimmings and silver sides prepared at Indian buffalo meat packing plants

To assess microbiological quality of buffalo meat trimmings (TT = 114) and silver sides (SS = 41), samples were collected from four different Indian meat packing plants. The aim of this study was: (i) to evaluate standard plate count (SPC), psychrotrophic count (PTC), Enterococcus feacalis count (EFC), Staphylococcus aureus count (SAC) and Escherichia coli count (ECC) and the presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes; and (ii) also to determine vero toxic E. coli (VTEC) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). TT samples had significantly higher (P < 0.001) SPC, PTC, EFC, and SAC than SS, while across the meat types there was no difference (P > 0.05) in ECC. E. coli was recovered from 32.4% TT and 19.5% SS samples. The prevalence rate of Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes in TT was 1.75% and 0.87%, respectively. But no SS sample was found to be positive for any of these two pathogens. VTEC was found in 2.58% of all the tested samples. This finding suggests that TT contain higher microbes but only small numbers of pathogens of latent zoonotic importance. The present study confirmed the importance of maintaining good process hygiene at meat plants for microbiological status of buffalo meat.     

Assessment of the microbiological safety of salad vegetables and sauces from kebab take-away restaurants in the United Kingdom

The purpose of this study was to establish the microbiological safety of salad vegetables and sauces served in kebab take-away restaurants. Comparison with published microbiological guidelines revealed that 4.7% of 1213 salad vegetable samples were of unsatisfactory microbiological quality due to Escherichia coli and/or Staphylococcus aureus levels at ≥10² cfu g⁻¹. Another 0.3% of salad samples were of unacceptable quality due to S. aureus at ≥10⁴ cfu g⁻¹ (2 samples) or the presence of Salmonella Kentucky (1 sample). Cucumber was the most contaminated salad vegetable with regards to unsatisfactory levels of E. coli (6.0%) or S. aureus (4.5%). Five percent of 1208 sauce samples were of unsatisfactory microbiological quality due to E. coli, S. aureus at ≥10² cfu g⁻¹ and/or Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus spp. at ≥10⁴ cfu g⁻¹. A further 0.6% of sauce samples were of unacceptable quality due to Bacillus spp. (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniformis) at ≥10⁵ cfu g⁻¹ or the presence of Salmonella Agbeni (1 sample). More samples of chilli sauce (8.7%) were of unsatisfactory or unacceptable microbiological quality than any other sauce types. The results emphasize the need for good hygiene practices in kebab take-away restaurants handling these types of ready-to-eat products.     

Investigations of the natural microflora of poppy seeds (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Papaver somniferum</Emphasis>) and hazelnut kernels (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Corylus avellana</Emphasis>) including microbiological decomposition

Fatty seeds of Papaver somniferum and Corylus avellana undergo a rapid microbial degradation after being ground. Those bacteria and fungi which are mainly responsible for the microbial decay were identified, and the most important growth and death processes were documented using crucial indicator-organisms. Additionally, an aflatoxin-screening was carried out in order to assess the possible risk-potential of food intoxication. The acid value (indicator for free fatty acids) of poppy seeds and hazelnut kernels was determined during their fermentation in order to document the decomposition of triglycerides.In this study it could be proved that initially a natural decay of oil seeds is caused by bacteria, yeasts and mould fungi. After the bacteria died in the course of time, yeasts and mould fungi dominated the germ spectrum. Bacteria taking part in the degradation were identified as varieties of Staphylococcus xylosus, Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms. Yeasts were identified as Pichia burtonii, and the mould fungi are associated with the genus Alternaria.On account of the absence of the genus Aspergillus in the spectrum of mould fungi, no aflatoxin was produced.