国外原生态椰子油的加工方法及功能性质

原生态椰子油是国外市场上最新出现的一种功能性产品,由于其特殊的加工方法,具有比椰子油更加优越的功能性质,目前在国外的应用比较广泛。本文详细介绍了国外原生态椰子油的加工方法及功能性质。     

初榨椰子油品质特征及健康功效的研究进展

初榨椰子油（VCO）是近年来备受关注的功能性油脂。随着VCO市场的增长,对VCO功效的报道也越来越多,然而近年来对椰子油的功效有一定的争议。为了正确认识椰子油,促进VCO在大健康领域的推广应用,介绍了VCO的加工工艺、感官特征、质量指标、脂肪酸组成及微量活性成分,并对VCO的抗氧化、抗菌、抗病毒、抗炎等健康功效及其在心血管疾病、糖尿病、阿尔茨海默病、肥胖、肿瘤等疾病防治方面的研究进展进行了综述。VCO是一种具有一定健康功效的功能性油脂。     

菲律宾开发功能性添加剂

最近，菲律宾一家公司科研人员利用椰子油研制开发出具有特殊脂肪合成品、风味香精酯化合物和抗菌剂三种功能性新产品。     

复合凝聚法制备天然椰子油微胶囊

以明胶、阿拉伯胶为壁材,采用复合凝聚法制备天然椰子油微胶囊。用TG酶作为固化剂,以包埋率为主要评价指标,采用单因素试验和正交试验对天然椰子油微胶囊制备工艺进行优化。重点探讨p H、壁材质量浓度、芯壁比、反应温度对天然椰子油微胶囊制备的影响,并分析天然椰子油微胶囊产品的基本性质。结果表明:天然椰子油微胶囊制备的最佳条件为p H 3.5、壁材质量浓度20 g/L、芯壁比2∶1、反应温度40℃,该条件下制备的天然椰子油微胶囊产品的水分含量(2.88±0.31)%、表面油含量(4.20±0.05)%、包埋率(93.75±0.28)%、平均粒径413μm。     

椰子油作为润滑剂原油的性质测定及评价

试验采用热解重量分析法(TGA)分析椰子油、葵花子油、芝麻油及商业2T油在氮气、氧气环境中的热降解、氧化降解情况,并用差式扫描量热法(DSC)分析了它们在低温下的性质.应用分子动态模拟软件(Spartan 02, Wavefunction Inc.)分析不同的饱和脂肪酸链和不饱和脂肪酸链对油脂倾点(pour point)的影响.结果显示,在选取的四种油中,椰子油在氧气中氧化增重较低,氧化稳定性较差,低温下它的倾点最高.这可能是因为椰子油所含脂肪酸几乎都是饱和脂肪酸.试验同时证明,添加适宜适量的添加剂和化学改良剂可以有效地提高椰子油的氧化稳定性和降低椰子油的倾点.     

冷压初榨椰子油对四氯化碳致小鼠 急性肝损伤的保护作用

研究了冷压初榨椰子油对四氯化碳（CCl4）诱导昆明小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用。将72只昆明小鼠随机分成6组,包括正常组、四氯化碳肝损伤模型组、联苯双酯组（150 mg/kg）、椰子油低剂量组（5 mL/kg）、椰子油中剂量组（10 mL/kg）、椰子油高剂量组（20 mL/kg）,通过测定小鼠血清中丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、甘油三酯（TG）和总胆固醇（TC）指标,肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活力及丙二醛（MDA）含量,采用HE染色切片对小鼠肝脏组织进行病理学检查,考察冷压初榨椰子油对四氯化碳致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用。结果表明：与模型组相比,不同剂量组的冷压初榨椰子油（5、10 mL/kg和20 mL/kg）可以不同程度地降低小鼠血清中ALT、AST、LDH、TG、TC水平以及肝组织中MDA含量,提高肝组织中SOD活力与GSH-Px活力;同时,肝脏组织病理学观察与生化指标检测结果一致。其中,高剂量的冷压初榨椰子油(20 mL/kg)作用效果优于阳性对照联苯双酯。研究表明冷压初榨椰子油对肝脏具有较好的保护作用,作用机制可能与其含有较多的抗氧化物质以及功能性物质有关。     

初榨椰子油加工技术的研究进展

初榨椰子油是从成熟椰肉中提取的可食用油脂,在护肤护发、减肥、调节脂质代谢、维护心血管健康等方面具有显著功效,是近年来健康食品中的明星产品,市场消费规模也越来越大。加工技术与工艺是影响椰子油品质的关键因素,国内外学者除了在对传统干法和湿法加工技术进行优化升级外,在初榨椰子油的新型加工技术和工艺方面加大研究力度如超临界二氧化碳技术,也在油脂的营养功能价值挖掘等方面进行了深入探索。本文旨在归纳总结近年来初榨椰子油的加工工艺、油脂品质和功能特性等方面的国内外研究进展情况,以期为广大从业者和相关科研工作者提供参考和借鉴。     

功能性低聚糖的研究及在食品中的应用现状

在低聚糖的功能性质的基础上重点介绍了低聚果糖、低聚异麦芽糖、低聚半乳糖和大豆低聚糖等的功能性质以及它们在食品工业中的应用情况,分析了功能性低聚糖在食品行业中的现状及发展前景。     

焙烤时间对椰子油品质及氧化稳定性的影响

本研究以椰子片为原料,探究焙烤对椰子中油脂的理化性质、脂肪酸组成、结构及氧化动力学的影响。结果表明,在200 ℃下椰子片经过200～220 s的焙烤,所提取椰子油的品质未发生明显改变,脂肪酸组成和含量无显著变化,仅有少量氧化产物生成。氧化动力学研究结果表明,焙烤后椰子油的氧化诱导期（IP）增加,氧化反应表观活化能（Ea）、活化焓（ΔH）和活化熵（ΔS）都明显增大,说明焙烤处理增加了椰子油的氧化稳定性,这可能与焙烤过程中产生的美拉德产物有关。本研究能够为椰子油产品进一步开发与利用提供数据基础和理论依据。     

天然椰子油微胶囊制备工艺的优化

以天然椰子油为芯材,以乳清蛋白粉、变性淀粉、麦芽糊精为壁材,经乳化、均质、喷雾干燥制备天然椰子油微胶囊,并对其主要性质进行测定。通过单因素试验和正交试验,以包埋率为主要评价指标,确定了乳化剂添加量、芯壁比、固形物含量、壁材比(乳清蛋白粉、变性淀粉和麦芽糊精质量比)四个因素的最佳值,得出天然椰子油微胶囊制备的最佳工艺。该工艺制备的天然椰子油微胶囊外形多为球形或者椭球形,颗粒大小、形态分布较为均一,水分含量为1.11%±0.04%,表面含油率为1.43%±0.09%,包埋率为92.90%±0.19%,平均粒径为13.3μm。     

天然椰子油的组分及其对花生油氧化稳定性的影响

分析了海南高种椰子制备的天然椰子油(VCO)的脂肪酸组成、功能性成分及对花生油氧化稳定性的影响。采用GC-MS测定了VCO的脂肪酸组成、植物甾醇含量,采用HPLC测定了VCO中VE含量,并研究了不同温度下VCO对花生油过氧化值的影响。结果表明,VCO中脂肪酸以月桂酸质量分数最多,达47.36%;植物甾醇含量为420 mg/kg,VE含量为89.8 mg/kg,多酚含量为18 mg/100g油。在40℃和60℃,不同添加量的VCO对花生油过氧化值(POV)均有影响,VCO浓度越大,花生油的POV值越低。     

Coconut Milk and Coconut Oil: Their Manufacture Associated with Protein Functionality

Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.) is an economic plant cultivated in tropical countries, mainly in the Asian region. Coconut fruit generally consists of 51.7% kernel, 9.8% water, and 38.5% shell. Coconut milk is commonly manufactured from grated coconut meat (kernel). Basically, coconut milk is an oil‐in‐water emulsion, stabilized by some proteins existing in the aqueous phase. Maximization of protein functionality as an emulsifier can enhance the coconut milk stability. In addition, some stabilizers have been added to ensure the coconut milk stability. However, destabilization of emulsion in coconut milk brings about the collapse of the emulsion, from which virgin coconut oil (VCO) can be obtained. Yield, characteristics, and properties of VCO are governed by the processes used for destabilizing coconut milk. VCO is considered to be a functional oil and is rich in medium chain fatty acids with health advantages.     

Health impacts of different edible oils prepared from coconut (Cocos nucifera): A comprehensive review

BackgroundEdible oils, preferably plant origin are rich sources of fatty acids and other lipophilic antioxidants to the body. Among these, oils derived from the coconut kernel (Cocos nucifera) are widely used in India and the Asia Pacific, which includes copra oil (CO), virgin coconut oil (VCO) and refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) oil. Based on the mode of preparation, their composition and biological effects vary.Scope and approachThis review compares the physicochemical and biological properties of coconut oils prepared by different methods. The metabolism of coconut oil and its predominant content lauric acid is also explained. This review emphasizes the use of VCO in the prevention and amelioration of several degenerative diseases, including cardiovascular disease and cancers, over CO or RBD oils.Key findings and ConclusionThere are no evident differences in the fatty acid profiles of CO, VCO and RBD oils. However, they differ in their polyphenol contents, which are reported to be high in VCO, possibly due to less harsh treatment during its preparation. Various epidemiological and clinical reports indicating the health risk of coconut oils could be pertinent to the data on the individuals consumed CO/RBD oil, which lacks polyphenols. Whereas, VCO have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering and cytoprotective efficacies, which may be attributed to its higher polyphenolics. Further, emerging studies have indicated that hot-extracted VCO (H-VCO) have a pharmacological advantage over VCO prepared by fermentation. At this juncture, further explorations on the biopharmaceutical potential of VCO have to be undertaken through clinical studies.     

椰子种皮对湿法工艺制备的天然椰子油产品品质的影响

湿法制备椰子油工艺中,一般要先手工削去椰子种皮得到白椰肉,但白椰肉中有时会残留椰子种皮,而对其后续加工产品造成影响。本试验研究了天然椰子油湿法制备工艺中,不同添加量的椰子种皮对所得油脂酸价、过氧化值和碘值等油质量指标的影响。结果表明,椰浆中的椰子种皮能显著增大椰子油的酸价、过氧化值和碘价,添加95%种皮浆的椰油过氧化值和碘价达到最高,与添加105%种皮浆的椰油无显著差异(P0.05);测定了不同添加量的单宁酸对椰子油品质的影响和椰肉中的脂肪酶活性,结果表明这种影响与椰子种皮中存在的单宁和活跃的脂肪酶活性显著相关。     

Virgin coconut oil supplemented diet increases the antioxidant status in rats

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) directly extracted from fresh coconut meat at 50 °C temperature was tested for its effect on the activities of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation levels in male Sprague–Dawley rats, compared to copra oil (CO) and groundnut oil (GO) as control. Oils were fed to rats for 45 days along with a semi-synthetic diet and after the experimental period various biochemical parameters were done. Individual fatty acid analyses of VCO and CO were done using gas chromatography. Effect of polyphenol fraction isolated from the oils was also tested for the ability to prevent in vitro microsomal lipid peroxidation induced by FeSO₄. The results showed that GO, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, reduced the levels of antioxidant enzymes and increased lipid peroxidation, indicated by the very high MDA and conjugate diene content in the tissues. PF fraction from VCO was found to have more inhibitory effect on microsomal lipid peroxidation compared to that from the other two oils. VCO with more unsaponifiable components viz. vitamin E and polyphenols than CO exhibited increased levels of antioxidant enzymes and prevented the peroxidation of lipids in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. These results showed that VCO is superior in antioxidant action than CO and GO. This study has proved that VCO is beneficial as an antioxidant.     

Development and Characterization of an Edible Composite Film Based on Chitosan and Virgin Coconut Oil with Improved Moisture Sorption Properties

An edible composite film was prepared from an emulsion system based on chitosan and virgin coconut oil (VCO). The effect of incorporation of VCO was evaluated at various concentrations and the optimum concentration was chosen based on resultant changes in the properties of the film. Addition of VCO in film forming solution resulted in increase in film thickness and marginal reduction in film transparency. Compatibility of VCO with chitosan was better at lower concentration of VCO as indicated by the microstructure of composite film in scanning electron micrographs. Phase separation was evident at higher level of oil incorporation and the optimal oil/chitosan ratio was determined to be at 0.5 to 1 mL/g chitosan. Furthermore, chemical interaction took place between VCO and chitosan as revealed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy data. Even though control chitosan films exhibited superior gas barrier properties, composite film with optimum VCO concentration revealed better mechanical and moisture sorption properties.     

The use of Fourier transform mid infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy for detection and quantification of adulteration in virgin coconut oil

Currently, the authentication of virgin coconut oil (VCO) has become very important due to the possible adulteration of VCO with cheaper plant oils such as corn (CO) and sunflower (SFO) oils. Methods involving Fourier transform mid infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics techniques (partial least square (PLS) and discriminant analysis (DA)) were developed for quantification and classification of CO and SFO in VCO. MIR spectra of oil samples were recorded at frequency regions of 4000–650 cm⁻¹ on horizontal attenuated total reflectance (HATR) attachment of FTIR. DA can successfully classify VCO and that adulterated with CO and SFO using 10 principal components. Furthermore, PLS model correlates the actual and FTIR estimated values of oil adulterants (CO and SFO) with coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.999.     

Development and Characterization of Soy Protein Isolate Emulsion-Based Edible Films with Added Coconut Oil for Olive Oil Packaging: Barrier,Mechanical, and Thermal Properties

Emulsion-based edible films made of soy protein isolate (SPI), virgin coconut oil (VCO), and soy lecithin (SL) and plasticized with glycerol were prepared using the casting method. The effect of VCO and SL concentrations in SPI films and their in-between interaction were studied through the evaluation of physical (moisture and opacity), mechanical (elongation and tensile strength), water vapor permeability, and thermal properties. The response surface methodology was used to identify the most significant factors in the properties studied. The applicability of SPI emulsion-based films was evaluated as a package for olive oil to be used in small portions. The oxidative stability of the packaged olive oil was monitored by peroxide analyses during 28 days. The incorporation of VCO and SL decreased the moisture content and increased the elongation of the SPI emulsion-based films when compared to the SPI film without these components (control). The opacity of the films increased with the addition of VCO into the protein-based films, but not with the addition of SL or a combination of both constituents. By the other hand, the water vapor permeability was not improved by the incorporation of VCO, SL, or a combination of both. The peroxide value of the olive oil stored in SPI emulsion-based film sachets increased rapidly during the seven first days of storage. After this period, the peroxides increased relatively slow up to 28 days of storage. The peroxide values of the packaged olive oil did not reach the maximum limit recommended by the Codex Alimentarius. Based on these results, this work may be useful for the technological enhancement of emulsion-based films or for food packaging applications.     

Potential Use of FTIR-ATR Spectroscopic Method for Determination of Virgin Coconut Oil and Extra Virgin Olive Oil in Ternary Mixture Systems

The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy combined with multivariate calibrations of partial least square (PLS) and principle component regression (PCR) for analysis of virgin coconut oil (VCO) in the ternary mixture with palm oil (PO) and olive oil, and for analysis of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) mixed with soybean oil (SO) and corn oil (CO). The spectra of individual oils and their blends with certain concentrations were scanned using horizontal attenuated total reflectance accessory at mid-infrared region of 4,000–650 cm⁻¹. The optimal frequency regions selected for calibration models were based on its ability to give the highest values of coefficient of determination (R ²) and the lowest values of root mean standard error of calibration (RMSEC). PLS was slightly better for quantitative analysis of VCO and EVOO compared with PCR. VCO in ternary mixtures is successfully determined at frequency region of 1,200–1,000 using second derivative FTIR spectra with R ² and RMSEC values of 0.999 and 0.200, respectively. Meanwhile, EVOO is best determined at 1,200–1,000 using first derivative FTIR spectra with R ² and RMSEC values of 0.999 and 0.975, respectively. The results showed that FTIR spectroscopy offers accurate and reliable technique for quantitative analysis of VCO and EVOO in ternary systems. In addition, the developed method can be used for the monitoring of VCO and EVOO adulteration with cheaper oils like PO in VCO as well as SO and CO in EVOO.