淀粉-油酸复合物构建及其理化性质研究

淀粉-脂肪酸复合物的制备通常采用直链淀粉作为基质，但淀粉中直链淀粉含量较少、且价格高昂，限制了淀粉-脂肪酸复合物在食品工业中的广泛应用。以蜡质玉米淀粉为考察对象，通过利用生物酶法(淀粉蔗糖酶和普鲁兰酶)定向修饰其分子结构，随后与油酸复合构建淀粉-油酸复合物，探究支链淀粉分子结构对淀粉-油酸复合物的构建及其理化性质的影响。结果表明，蜡质玉米淀粉经过淀粉蔗糖酶改性修饰后，其分支链得到显著延长，而普鲁兰酶的改性修饰则特异性地水解淀粉的分支点。晶体衍射和热特性分析显示，淀粉支链延长修饰或分支点水解均促进了V型淀粉-油酸复合物的形成，V型结晶度最高可达33.1%,且复合物的峰值糊化温度达到91.1℃。体外消化表明，淀粉-油酸复合物中的抗性淀粉含量可达49.6%,证明V型结晶结构具有抗酶解特性。     

油酸和麦芽糖醇混合物对玉米淀粉老化特性的影响

为探究油酸和麦芽糖醇混合物抑制玉米淀粉老化的效果,通过快速黏度分析、差示扫描量热分析、质构分析、动态流变分析、低场核磁共振分析、红外光谱分析和X射线衍射分析等方法比较不同复配比例的油酸和麦芽糖醇混合物对玉米淀粉糊化特性、老化特性、流变学特性、质构及结晶结构等的影响。结果显示：添加油酸和麦芽糖醇混合物后,玉米淀粉的糊化温度升高,回生值和老化速率降低,且当油酸和麦芽糖醇质量比为0.5∶1.5时,糊化温度最高（77.80 ℃）,回生值最低（1 218 cP）,老化速率比原淀粉降低了60%;油酸和麦芽糖醇混合物的添加能增大玉米淀粉的损耗角正切值和横向弛豫时间（T2）,形成较弱的凝胶结构,降低玉米淀粉凝胶的硬度、短程有序度和相对结晶度;当油酸和麦芽糖醇为0.5∶1.5质量比复配时,混合物对延缓玉米淀粉老化存在协同作用。这可能与麦芽糖醇能抑制淀粉体系中水分子运动、油酸能与淀粉形成淀粉-脂质复合物从而有效抑制淀粉重结晶有关。研究结果可为改善玉米淀粉加工特性、提高淀粉基食品品质提供一定的理论依据。     

制备方法对小麦淀粉-油酸包合物的热性质及消化性质的影响

分别采用HCl/KOH法和快速黏度分析(rapid visco analyzer,RVA)法制备小麦淀粉-油酸包合物,并采用差示扫描量热仪、热重分析仪和X-射线衍射仪系统探讨两种制备方法对小麦淀粉-油酸包合物热性质及消化性质的影响规律。结果表明,制备方法影响小麦淀粉-油酸包合物的热性质和消化性质。两种方法制备的小麦淀粉-油酸包合物晶型均为V型;与HCl/KOH法相比,RVA法制备的小麦淀粉-油酸包合物的复合指数、玻璃化转变温度、热分解稳定性、颗粒表面短程结构有序度、慢速消化和抗性淀粉含量升高;相对结晶度、糊化起始温度、焓值、快速消化淀粉含量、水解度、相对消化率和预期血糖指数降低;两种方法制备的小麦淀粉-油酸包合物均属于中血糖指数食物。     

不同蒸煮方式下不同链长脂肪酸对板栗淀粉特性的影响

目的 研究不同蒸煮方式下不同链长脂肪酸与板栗淀粉（chestnut starch, CS）复合对板栗淀粉特性的影响。方法 通过测定淀粉及淀粉-脂质复合物的粒径大小,短程有序度、结晶度、糊化特性和流变特性,探究脂肪酸碳链长度和蒸煮方式对CS性质的影响。结果 脂肪酸的加入降低了CS颗粒尺寸、结晶度和短程有序性,增强了CS持水能力。同一蒸煮方式下,以板栗淀粉-月桂酸复合物变化最为明显,其次依次为板栗淀粉-肉豆蔻酸复合物、板栗淀粉-棕榈酸复合物。与常压蒸煮相比,高压蒸煮后淀粉持水能力增强,结晶结构更有序;短期老化淀粉的储能模量G''降低,损耗角正切值tan δ升高,表明抗短期老化性能提升。结论 不同碳链脂肪酸与CS 复合,短链脂肪酸及高压蒸煮复合效果更优,复合体系复合率更高,持水性能和抗短期回升效果更好。     

红豆淀粉-脂质复合物结构及体外消化性质

将红豆淀粉与棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸和亚油酸4 种脂肪酸复合,采用微波处理淀粉后,使用水浴加热方法制备红豆淀粉-脂质复合物,利用扫描电子显微镜、差示扫描量热仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱及X射线衍射探讨复合物的结构变化,并测定复合物的体外消化特性。结果表明,在扫描电子显微镜下观察,与对照红豆淀粉相比,红豆淀粉-脂质复合物的体积增大,表面凹凸不平。差示扫描量热分析结果表明红豆淀粉只有单一峰,而复合物有3 个峰,证明复合物是由I型和II型复合物共同构成;糊化起始温度、峰值温度、结束温度均升高,说明加入脂肪酸抑制了淀粉的糊化;热焓随着脂肪酸碳链长度及不饱和度的增加而增大,热焓的增加可能与抗性淀粉的形成有关。傅里叶变换红外光谱分析结果表明复合物形成,氢键的增加可能使抗性淀粉含量增多。复合物产生了V型结晶结构的衍射角,晶体特性发生改变,证明了复合物的存在,添加棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸形成复合物的特征峰强度明显高于添加亚油酸形成复合物的特征峰强度,随着V型特征峰强度的增加,抗性淀粉含量增多。复合物的快速消化淀粉质量分数降低、缓慢消化淀粉及抗性淀粉质量分数升高,抗消化性随着脂肪酸碳链长度的增加及不饱和度的增加而降低。4 种脂肪酸对红豆淀粉结构及体外消化影响不同,其中,以棕榈酸的影响效果最为显著。本实验可为淀粉-脂质复合物的结构性质及其在抗性淀粉的应用提供参考依据。     

玉米淀粉-脂质复合物对曲奇饼干体外消化和血糖生成指数的影响

目的 探究玉米淀粉-脂质复合物的结构和消化特性以及对曲奇饼干的体外消化特性与血糖生成指数的影响。方法 利用水热法制备了制备不同脂质(包括饱和脂肪酸与不饱和脂肪酸)与玉米直链淀粉的复合物, 通过傅里叶红外光谱仪(fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR)与X-射线衍射(X-ray diffractometer, XRD)探究了淀粉分子短程和长程有序性。结果 研究表明, 淀粉-脂质复合物的形成使快消化淀粉含量显著降低, 慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉含量显著增加。水热法制备中通过疏水相互作用得到的淀粉-脂质复合物利用氢键链接使其结构更加稳定, 体外消化速率呈降低趋势。其中玉米淀粉-卵磷脂复合物、玉米淀粉-硬脂酸复合物与玉米淀粉-肉豆蔻酸复合物为 V+B 型晶体结构, 玉米淀粉-大豆油复合物与玉米淀粉-玉米油复合物的晶型结构未发生改变。在五种淀粉-脂质复合物中, 玉米淀粉-卵磷脂复合物的水解率最低, 水解指数预估血糖指数分别为44.65%、64.22%, 所对应的曲奇饼干的水解指数与预估血糖指数也最低, 分别为51.68%、68.08%。结论 表明玉米淀粉-卵磷脂复合物适合作为新型淀粉-脂质复合物用于开发具有低血糖指数的饼干食品。     

酸解马铃薯淀粉-油酸复合物的制备

以酸解马铃薯淀粉和油酸为原料制备酸解马铃薯淀粉-油酸复合物,运用X-射线衍射(X-RD)技术探讨了淀粉酸解时间、原料配比和淀粉浓度对复合物结晶的影响.结果表明:酸解马铃薯淀粉-油酸复合物为V-型结构,随着酸解时间的延长和原料配比的增大,衍射峰的强度越来越大,复合物的结晶结构越来越完整,但相互之间结晶度变化不明显,当原料浓度为2%时,所形成的复合物的结晶度最高,约为82.23%.     

海藻酸钠-高直链玉米淀粉-共轭亚油酸三元体系的消化性质

探讨海藻酸钠-高直链玉米淀粉-共轭亚油酸三元体系(AG-HACS-CLA)的消化性质。采用水解度曲线法测定AG-HACS-CLA的体外消化特性,并利用X-射线衍射仪、傅里叶红外光谱分析仪对其结晶结构进行分析,探讨其消化特性和结晶结构的内在联系。结果表明,糊化前后的AG-HACS-CLA分别为低血糖指数食品和中血糖指数食品,其预测血糖指数(p GI)分别为47.06和58.27。AG-HACS-CLA的体外消化特性受其结晶类型和结晶度影响,其抗消化淀粉含量与微晶相有关。AG-HACS-CLA中,淀粉与共轭亚油酸络合后,形成有序度较高的V型结晶,使AG-HACS-CLA中微晶相比不添加共轭亚油酸的样品提高了3.5%。与具有B型结晶结构的天然高直链玉米淀粉相比,AG-HACS-CLA结构稳定,具有良好的抗消化性。海藻酸钠阻碍样品中分子间氢键的形成,导致AG-HACS-CLA的微晶相比不添加海藻酸钠的样品减少了7.1%,抗消化淀粉含量降低了20%左右。     

纳米金强化微波耦合脂肪酶催化油酸淀粉酯合成的研究

以预处理玉米淀粉和油酸为底物,纳米金固定后的南极假丝酵母脂肪酶（CAL@AuNPs）为催化剂,实现油酸淀粉酯的绿色高效制备。以油酸转化率为指标进行CAL@AuNPs制备条件的优化,取代度为指标探究游离酶、商品化固定化酶及纳米金固定化脂肪酶在微波辅助条件下的催化效率。结果表明,在40 ℃的条件下添加4 mL纳米金（14 nm）为载体对CAL固定6 h后,获得的CAL@AuNPs催化能力最强。在微波功率400 W,温度35 ℃的条件下CAL@AuNPs催化10 mL油酸和2 g淀粉反应40 min后,可以制得取代度最高为0.0259的油酸淀粉酯。与游离酶和商品化固定化酶相比,在微波辅助下,CAL@AuNPs催化能力强,能够有效缩短反应时间、提高产物取代度。     

微波韧化辅助制备马铃薯抗性淀粉性质的研究

优化马铃薯淀粉制备工艺,采用微波、韧化辅助处理以增加抗性淀粉含量。并对淀粉增抗机制与增抗后淀粉的理化特性进行研究。结果表明,与原淀粉相比,增抗处理后的马铃薯淀粉颗粒表面受到严重侵蚀,相互粘连,呈簇状存在;结晶度比原淀粉显著提高,淀粉分子趋于有序化重新形成的晶体结构;To、Tp、Tc、△H增加,用热处理破坏结晶结构需要更多的能量;淀粉糊的黏度降低,糊化温度提高;抗消化性与抗性淀粉热稳定性增强;吸水性、乳化性与乳化稳定性低于原淀粉,持水能力略微增加。     

Short communication: Eicosatrienoic acid and docosatrienoic acid do not promote vaccenic acid accumulation in mixed ruminal cultures

Previous research found that docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) was a component of fish oil that promotes trans-C18:1 accumulation in ruminal cultures when incubated with linoleic acid. The objective of this study was to determine if eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3n-3) and docosatrienoic acid (C22:3n-3), n-3 fatty acids in fish oil, promote accumulation of trans-C18:1, vaccenic acid (VA) in particular, using cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. Treatments consisted of control, control plus 5 mg of C20:3n-3 (ETA), control plus 5 mg of C22:3n-3 (DTA), control plus 15 mg of linoleic acid (LA), control plus 5 mg of C20:3n-3 and 15 mg of linoleic acid (ETALA), and control plus 5 mg of C22:3n-3 and 15 mg of linoleic acid (DTALA). Treatments were incubated in triplicate in 125-mL flasks, and 5 mL of culture contents was taken at 0 and 24 h for fatty acid analysis by gas-liquid chromatography. After 24 h of incubation, the concentrations of trans-C18:1 (0.87, 0.88, and 0.99 mg/culture), and VA (0.52, 0.56, and 0.62 mg/culture) were similar for the control, ETA, and DTA cultures, respectively. The concentrations of trans-C18:1 (5.51, 5.41, and 5.36 mg/culture), and VA (4.78, 4.62, and 4.59 mg/culture) were also similar between LA, ETALA, and DTALA cultures, respectively. These data suggest that C20:3n-3 and C22:3n-3 are not the active components in fish oil that promote VA accumulation when incubated with linoleic acid.     

Effects of abomasal infusions of fatty acids and 1-carbon donors on apparent fatty acid digestibility and incorporation into milk fat in cows

Our primary objective was to determine the effects of the abomasal infusion of 16-carbon (16C) and 22-carbon (22C) fatty acids (FA) on apparent FA digestibility, plasma FA concentrations, and their incorporation into milk fat in cows. Our secondary objective was to study the effects of 1-carbon donors choline and l-serine on these variables. Five rumen-cannulated Holstein cows (214 ± 4.9 d in milk; 3.2 ± 1.1 parity) were enrolled in a 5 × 5 Latin square experiment with experimental periods lasting 6 d. Abomasal infusates consisted of (1) palmitic acid (PA; 98% 16:0 of total fat), (2) PA + choline chloride (PA+CC; 50 g/d of choline chloride), (3) PA + l-serine (PA+S; 170 g/d of l-serine), (4) behenic acid (BA; 92% 22:0 of total fat), and (5) docosahexaenoic acid algal oil (DHA; 47.5% DHA of total fat). Emulsions were formulated to provide 301 g/d of total FA and were balanced to provide a minimum of 40 and 19 g/d of 16:0 and glycerol, respectively, to match the content found in the infused algal oil. Apparent digestibility of FA was highest in DHA, intermediate in PA, and lowest in BA. Digestibility of 16C FA was lowest in BA and highest in PA. The digestibility of 22C FA was highest in DHA relative to BA (99 vs. 58%), whereas 1-carbon donors had no effect on 22C FA digestibility. Plasma 16C FA concentrations were greatest with PA treatment, and 22C FA concentrations were ~3-fold greater in DHA-treated cows relative to all other treatments. Milk fat 16:0 content was highest in PA relative to BA and DHA (e.g., 37 vs. 27% in PA and DHA), whereas the milk yield of 16:0 was higher in PA relative to DHA (i.e., 454 vs. 235 g/d). Similarly, milk 22:0 content and yield were ~10-fold higher in BA relative to all other treatments, whereas DHA treatment resulted in higher content and yield of 22:6 in milk fat relative to all other treatments (41- and 38-fold higher, respectively). Consequently, the content of FA >16C (i.e., preformed) was higher in milk fat from cows infused with BA and DHA relative to PA. De novo FA content in milk did not differ between PA, PA+CC, and PA+S (~16% of milk fat) but was higher in BA and DHA treatments (19 and 21%, respectively). We conclude that FA carbon chain length and degree of saturation affected FA digestibility and availability for absorption as well as their incorporation into milk fat. The abomasal infusion of choline chloride and l-serine did not modify these variables relative to infusing palmitic acid alone.     

Determination of ethanol,volatile fatty acids,lactic and succinic acids in fermentation liquids by gas chromatography

A rapid and simple quantitative method was developed to determine, by gas chromatography, the concentrations in fermentation liquids of ethanol, the C₂-C₆ volatile fatty acids, and lactic and succinic acids. Aqueous samples were acidified with 250μlml^?1 metaphosphoric acid (5:1 ratio), centrifuged, and injected directly on to a column containing a porous aromatic polymer (Chromosorb 101) maintained at 200°C in a gas chromatograph fitted with a flame ionisation detector. It was unnecessary to purify samples further before injection, although distillation and ion-exchange methods were examined. Derivatisation of lactic and succinic acids before injection was not necessary, but the lowest level of detection of these two relatively non-volatile acids was about four times greater than that for the volatile fatty acids. The method described was suitable for the analysis of rumen fluid, methane digester fluid, silage extracts and other anaerobic fermentation fluids. The relative retention times are given for 23 organic acids and six other fermentation end-products.     

奶粉脂肪酸与乳制品风味关系研究

用气质（GC—MS）联用色谱分析了11个商业奶粉样品的脂肪酸组成以及含量,每个样品均检测到了28种脂肪酸,在表现奶粉风味的4个呈味脂肪酸,也即辛酸、己酸、壬酸和葵酸中只检测到了辛酸和葵酸。辛酸和葵酸含量在进口奶粉中普遍高于国产奶粉。国产奶粉中辛酸和葵酸的含量以2号最好,3号其次。亚油酸含量在国产奶粉中普遍高于进口奶粉。     

气相色谱法同时快速测定食品中丙酸、山梨酸、苯甲酸及脱氢乙酸

通过液液萃取净化样品研究,建立了食品中丙酸、山梨酸、苯甲酸、脱氢乙酸及其盐含量气相色谱同时快速测定方法,适用于固体非酯(脂)类食品的检测。结果表明:丙酸的回收率在85.1%~91.3%之间,其余3种防腐剂的回收率均在95.2%~99.4%之间;实验室内变异系数(CV,n=6)最大值≤4.7%,4种防腐剂检出限均在0.002 g/kg以下。4种目标物在有杂质干扰时,可用不同的极性毛细管柱做进一步的确认。本方法具有适用范围广、检测效率高、重现性好、准确度高、检出限低的特点,推广应用对我国食品安全的监督检验具有重要的意义。     

酸味酿造产品中三酸比例评析

酸味酿造产品中乳酸、醋酸、丁酸共存,但比例不同形成的酸味特征也不同。控制不同的环境条件,创造出不同的微生物区系,形成不同的三酸比例,才能形成不同的产品风格。该文对常见的酸味酿造产品中微生物区系的变化及三酸含量进行了分析。     

杂多酸催化合成辛酸蔗糖酯

以蔗糖、辛酸为原料,杂多酸为催化剂合成辛酸蔗糖酯。用L16(45)正交设计优化实验,高效液相色谱法分析反应液组成。考察了催化剂种类和用量、反应温度、原料配比、反应时间等因素对辛酸蔗糖酯产率的影响,发现以二甲基亚砜为溶剂、蔗糖与辛酸摩尔比1∶9、磷钨酸用量为蔗糖质量的2.0%、110℃反应时间6h,蔗糖转化率达60%,产物产要是二酯。动力学研究发现,蔗糖反应级数为一级,反应表观速率常数为0.0059min-1(90℃)、0.0117min-1(110℃),反应表观活化能Ea=39.57kJ/mol。     

气相色谱法同时测定保健食品中的5种 不饱和脂肪酸

目的建立气相色谱法同时测定保健食品中亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十二碳五烯酸(docosapentaenoic acid,DPA)的含量。方法样品先采用氢氧化钾甲醇溶液进行皂化处理,再用三氟化硼甲醇溶液甲酯化,经HP-FFAP色谱柱(30m×0.53 mm,1.0μm)分离测定。结果 EPA甲酯、DHA甲酯、DPA甲酯、亚油酸甲酯、α-亚麻酸甲酯分别在0.03927~1.178、0.04200~1.260、0.03449~1.035、0.08368~1.255、0.08482~4.241 mg/mL的浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r均大于0.999;检出限分别为0.0039、0.0042、0.0034、0.0042、0.0042 mg/mL;加标回收率在91.1%~109.3%之间,相对标准偏差均小于5%。结论该方法操作简单快捷,适用于保健食品中亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、EPA、DPA和DHA的测定。     

花生四烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸和二十碳五烯酸 在炎症中的作用概述

心脑血管疾病、肿瘤、糖尿病、神经系统疾病、自身免疫等疾病严重危害着人类的生命和健康,并消耗着大量医疗资源。事实上,很多疾病发生和发展的背后都伴随着炎症反应,炎症是众多疾病的病理基础,甚至是导致这些疾病的诱因。炎症本身是机体的防御性反应,但过度的炎症反应和长期慢性炎症会损害机体的稳态。炎症的调节和控制由炎症介质介导,花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,AA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)等长链多不饱和脂肪酸(10ng-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids,LC-PUFAs)的衍生物是一类重要的调控炎症的介质。炎性细胞间的交流和细胞内信号传递与LC-PUFAs有关。AA经环氧酶和脂氧合酶合成的类二十烷酸主要起促炎作用,但有的也有抗炎作用。DHA和EPA在体内起抗炎作用,由它们合成的消退素(resolvins,Rvs)和保护素(protectin,PD)是重要的抗炎活性物质。DHA和EPA还可以干扰炎性细胞内信号传导途径来抑制炎症反应。本文从炎症与疾病的关系、LC-PUFAs的衍生物及其促炎和抗炎机制等方面综述了AA、DHA和EPA在炎症中的作用。     

Growth of Aeromonas hydrophila K144 as Affected by Organic Acids

The influence of different acids on the aerobic growth kinetics of Aeromonas hydrophila was studied in BHI broth with 0.5 and 2.0% NaCl incubated at 5 and 19°C. Growth curve data were analyzed by the Gompertz equation and a nonlinear regression program; generation and lag times were calculated from the Gompertz parameters. Type of acid, pH, NaCl level and temperature influenced lag and generation times. The organic acids (acetic, lactic, citric and tartaric) inhibited growth at higher pH values than inorganic acids (HCl and H₂SO₄). The high NaCl level interacted with type of acid and pH to restrict growth of the organism at the lower temperature of incubation. Acetic and lactic acids were effective in controlling the growth of A. hydrophila and could readily be combined with low holding temperature to render foods free of the organism.