2009年欧盟食品及饲料类快速预警系统对华通报及近年变化情况分析

食品及饲料类快速预警系统(RASFF)是欧盟监管当局为确保食品安全而采用的实时、快速而又有效的信息交流平台,已成为保护欧洲消费者不可或缺的工具。本文对2009年中国(大陆地区)产品RASFF通报情况及近年来通报内容的一些重要变化情况进行了统计和分析,包括通报数量、通报产品和通报原因等方面的变化,并对RASFF运行趋势与经验借鉴进行了探讨。     

欧盟RASFF系统食品风险预警的数据分析研究

欧盟成员国在预防食品和饲料的安全问题时,愈来愈重视和依靠欧盟的食品与饲料快速预警系统(RASFF),该系统已经成为欧洲地区保障食品安全重要的信息交流平台。自2001年伊始,欧盟RASFF系统每年发布一次年度报告,2009年已经涉及到全球121个国家。本文以RASFF系统的年度报告为基础,根据2008年以来的数据,分析RASFF系统的信息报告种类、关注的热点问题和重大事件、针对中国的报告等,以及数据所表征的风险变化、趋势和欧洲食品安全新的预警进展。     

FoodChain-lab: Tracing Software Supporting Foodborne Disease Outbreak Investigations

In case of foodborne disease outbreaks, rapid identification of the causative food product is essential, since the medical and economic damages grow with the duration of the outbreak. Therefore and based on the experiences from recent foodborne disease outbreaks a free, open source software called FoodChain-Lab has been developed. It evolved from a supply chain data visualization and analysis tool into a comprehensive toolbox for data management, data enrichment, visualization, data analysis and interactive reasoning.FoodChain-Lab is applicable in food- or feed-borne disease outbreak investigations as well as in exposure assessment tasks related to feed or food supply chains.     

2019年欧盟食品饲料快速预警系统通报中国输欧食品情况与风险分析

欧盟食品和饲料快速预警系统(Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed, RASFF),作为欧盟食品安全管理体系最重要的部分,为欧盟委员会以及各成员国能够及时排查出食品安全风险并及时应对提供了强有力的支撑,有效保证了欧盟各成员国食品安全。本文对2019年欧盟RASFF通报我输欧食品情况进行收集、梳理和分析,以期减少或避免类似情况发生,以期为我国出口食品企业和监管部门提供参考。     

欧盟食品和饲料快速预警机制(RASFF)简介及2004年度预警通报分析

简要介绍了欧盟食品和饲料快速预警机制（RASFF）的成立背景及运行机制和主要内容，对2004年RASFF的所有通报及与我国大陆出口食品有关的信息进行了分析，并指出我国出口欧盟食品需关注的问题。     

输欧食品接触材料风险分析

通过汇总和分析2000～2010年欧盟食品与饲料快速预警系统(RASFF)对原产自中国(含中国香港)的食品接触材料的通报数据,得出尼龙和蜜胺塑料餐厨具、不锈钢餐厨具为中国输欧食品接触材料中的高风险产品,芳香胺迁移量、甲醛迁移量和铬镍重金属迁移量为高风险检测项目,意大利、德国、英国等为敏感性高风险输入国,并分析通报原因。为企业有的放矢提高产品质量、规避贸易风险提供帮助,并建议监管部门及时向出口企业宣贯、讲解欧盟法规和技术标准要求,通报欧盟RASFF通报情况、高风险产品和项目,使企业提高产品质量控制意识,积极主动学习了解国外法规和通报情况。     

2013年欧盟食品和饲料快速预警系统通报各国输欧食品安全情况分析和对我国进口食品安全监管的启示

近年来,欧盟加强了对食品安全的监管。经过不断努力,逐步形成了"从农田到餐桌"的全过程管理与控制的食品安全体系,特别是其建立和使用的快速预警系统(欧盟食品和饲料快速预警系统,rapid alert system of food and feed,RASFF),涉及范围广泛,反应迅速。通过RASFF平台,欧洲食品安全当局及时发布食品和饲料中发现的风险信息,以便迅速地有效协调发现的健康风险,有效保证了食品和饲料的消费健康。本文根据2013年欧盟RASFF向公众通报各国输欧食品安全情况,总结各国被通报涉及产品种类和风险因素,研究欧盟在食品领域的重点关注。通过借鉴欧盟经验,探讨保障我国进口食品安全的监管措施。     

Overview of Food Safety Hazards in the European Dairy Supply Chain

Monitoring of dairy products should preferably focus on the most relevant food safety hazards in the dairy supply chain. For this purpose, the possible presence of microbiological, chemical, and physical hazards as well as trends in the dairy supply chain that may affect their presence were assessed. A literature review was combined with available data from EFSA, RASFF, and the Dutch monitoring program on chemical hazards as well as expert information. This study revealed that microbiological hazards are encountered more frequently in dairy products than chemical and physical hazards. Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, and human pathogenic Escherichia coli were identified as the most important microbiological hazards in dairy products. Soft and semisoft cheeses are most frequently associated with L. monocytogenes and S. aureus enterotoxins, whereas raw milk is most frequently associated with human pathogenic E. coli and Campylobacter spp., Cronobacter spp., and Salmonella spp. are the microbiological hazards of most concern in powdered infant formula. Based on literature, monitoring, and RASFF data, the most relevant chemical hazards in dairy products are aflatoxin M₁, dioxins, and dioxin‐like compounds and residues of veterinary drugs. Chemical hazards primarily occur at the dairy farm and may accumulate during further processing. The most relevant physical hazards are metal, glass, and plastic particles introduced during processing. Analysis of trends in the near future revealed that increased milk production is seen as most relevant in relation to food safety. Other trends affecting food safety are climate change and changes at the farm level, which aim to improve animal welfare and environmental sustainability.     

欧盟食品和饲料快速通报系统通报我国食品接触材料的安全问题分析

在对欧盟食品和饲料快速通报系统(RASFF)通报分析中发现,食品接触材料的通报日益增多,其已成为食品安全的重要一环。本文通过总结2011~2015年欧盟RASFF通报我国出口食品接触材料的情况,分析其中涉及的风险因素和材料种类等,研究欧盟在食品接触材料方面的关注热点及变化趋势,从而为出口企业提高产品质量和我国行政管理部门制定政策、标准提供参考,以增强我国对欧盟技术贸易壁垒的应对能力,推动和扩大输欧贸易。     

A new high-throughput screening method to determine multiple dyes in herbs and spices

The unauthorised addition of colours to herbs and spices is a recurrent issue affecting food business operators. Such a practice aims at improving food visual attractiveness, masking poor product quality, and/or compensating for natural colour variation with the ultimate goal to increase profits. To detect this fraud, a new LC–MS/MS method was developed for screening 58 dyes in both herbs and spices. This extended list of targets was established based on requirements from international spices organisations, past issues identified by web scouting and by notifications from the European Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF). The method is intended to quickly detect fraudulent addition of dyes with Screening Target Concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 2.5 mg/kg. Validation was performed according to the European Community Reference Laboratories Residues Guidelines 20/1/2010. False positive and false negative rates were below 5% for all analytes and applicability of the method was further demonstrated by analysing 117 samples collected worldwide. None of the surveyed dyes was found in herbs (n = 28, 16 varieties) whereas 6% of spice samples (n = 89, 21 varieties) was found contaminated with one or two dyes at levels ranging from 0.12 to 255 mg/kg. Four out of the nine detected compounds have never been reported in the RASFF, thus demonstrating the usefulness of this analytical approach.     

Multistate outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes associated with Mexican-style cheese made from pasteurized milk among pregnant, Hispanic women

Listeriosis is a severe infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes. Since 2004, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has requested that listeriosis patients be interviewed using a standardized Listeria Initiative (LI) questionnaire. In January 2009, states and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention began investigating a multistate outbreak of listeriosis among pregnant, Hispanic women. We defined a case as an illness occurring between October 2008 and March 2009 with an L. monocytogenes isolate indistinguishable from the outbreak strain by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. We conducted a multistate case-control study using controls that were selected from L. monocytogenes illnesses in non-outbreak-related pregnant, Hispanic women that were reported to the LI during 2004 to 2008. Eight cases in five states were identified. Seven of these were pregnant, Hispanic females aged 21 to 43 years, and one was a 3-year-old Hispanic girl, who was excluded from the study. Seven (100%) cases but only 26 (60%) of 43 controls had consumed Mexican-style cheese in the month before illness (odds ratio, 5.89; 95% confidence interval, 1.07 to ∞; P = 0.04). Cultures of asadero cheese made from pasteurized milk collected at a manufacturing facility during routine sampling by the Michigan Department of Agriculture on 23 February 2009 yielded the outbreak strain, leading to a recall of cheeses produced in the plant. Recalled product was traced to stores where at least three of the women had purchased cheese. This investigation highlights the usefulness of routine product sampling for identifying contaminated foods, of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis to detect multistate outbreaks, and of the LI for providing timely exposure information for case-control analyses. Recalls of contaminated cheeses likely prevented additional illnesses.     

欧盟RASFF系统对重金属的风险预警及对我国的启示

对欧盟食品与饲料快速预警系统近十年重金属污染食品的通报数据及变化趋势进行了分析,对2008年～2010年欧盟关于汞、镉、铅、砷四种常见的重金属污染的食品类别和欧盟风险预警的措施进行了研究.由于重金属污染一直是我国食品污染的主要原因之一,因此,借鉴欧盟对重金属的风险预警理念和预警策略,有利于我国开展对食品中重金属的风险预...     

2018年欧盟食品饲料快速预警系统通报情况分析

欧盟食品和饲料快速预警系统(rapid alert system for food and feed, RASFF), 作为欧盟食品安全监管的核心平台, 使得欧盟委员会及各成员国能够迅速发现食品安全风险并及时采取措施, 避免风险的进一步扩大, 从而有效地保证食品安全。本文根据2018年欧盟RASFF发布食品通报情况, 总结各国被通报产品种类、被通报国家/地区及通报风险种类情况, 并对重点产品进行风险分析, 分析问题产生的原因, 以期减少或避免类似情况发生, 确保输欧食品贸易的顺利进行, 并初步探讨适合我国出口食品安全监管的应对措施。     

A risk modeling framework to evaluate the impacts of climate change and adaptation on food and water safety

Climate change may be a factor leading to increased risks of food- and waterborne illnesses from consumption of existing and emerging biological hazards. It is beneficial to develop integrated approaches to evaluate, and provide scientific assessments of, potential climate change adaptation measures to inform risk management related to climate and weather events. To this end, a risk modeling framework was created to facilitate estimations of the impact of weather and climate change on public health risks from biological hazards in food and water and to compare potential adaptation and risk mitigation strategies. The framework integrates knowledge synthesis methods, data storage and maintenance, and stochastic modeling. Risk assessment models were developed for food and water safety case studies for demonstrative purposes. Scenario analyses indicated that implementing intervention measures to adapt to changing climate impacts might mitigate future public health risks from pathogens to varying degrees. The framework brings a generic approach to allow for comparison of relative public health risks and potential adaptation strategies across hazards, exposure pathways, and regions to assist with preventive efforts and decision-making.     

SIG康美包推出中国首款带FSC认证标识的饮料纸盒包装

<正> 近期,SIG康美包推出中国首款带FSC认证标识的饮料纸盒包装。森林管理委员会(FSC)认证是国际上最具影响力并被普遍公认的认证体系,其认证标识表明产品中使用的木质纤维来自于经过FSC认证的以最高标准进行良好管理的森林和可控制的林源,木材原材料可追溯至原产地森林。随着5月1日在上海举行的2010年世界博览会的盛大开幕,内蒙古伊利实业集团股份有限公司将为其三款"果之优酸乳"明星产品换上贴有FSC认证标识     

Photoinitiators: a food safety review

Ultraviolet light printing inks are considered safer than the classical inks; however, despite being on the outer surface of the packaging material, their components can migrate into foodstuffs and can give rise to contamination. Photoinitiators are a part of the formulation of printing inks, being an important class of migrant, for which there have been more than 100 incidents of contamination of packaged food with photoinitiators reported through Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) alerts in the European Union. In this review the process of photo-polymerisation is explained in depth to provide an insight into the complexity of the process, and the diversity of potential contaminants together with their degradation products. The critical factors affecting the migration process itself are reviewed, together with analytical methods and the current legislation in the European Union and other parts of the world.     

Effect of sexual maturation on thermal stability, viscoelastic properties, and texture of female rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, fillets

The nutrient and energy demand of sexual maturation in many fish cultivars causes structural change to key contractile proteins and thereby, affects fillet firmness. Thermal denaturation and viscoelastic properties of white muscle from diploid (2N; fertile) and triploid (3N; sterile) female rainbow trout were investigated at 6 age endpoints from July 2008 through spawning in March 2009. Differential scanning calorimetry showed, in March, that the actin denaturation temperature (T(max,actin)) of 2N females was higher than that observed in 3N females (78.17 versus 77.27 °C). From 35 to 45 °C, viscoelastic measurement revealed that muscle from 2N females and younger fish (July, 16 mo) had greater elasticity (lower tan δ) than muscle from 3N females and older fish (November to March; 20 to 24 mo), respectively. The highest elastic response and the firmest fillets were observed in July. Raw fillets were softer (Allo-Kramer shear; P < 0.05) from September to January (288.77 g/g on average) than those collected in July (475.15 g/g) and March (366.79 g/g). Soft fillets became firmer after cooking except for January samples. Greater cook yield and softer fillets were observed in January compared to December. Lipid accumulation in 3N females may lubricate muscle fibers and protect them from losing functionality during the spawning season for animals on a high plane of nutrition. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The relationship between fish maturation, measured as egg development, and chemical characteristics of fillets from fertile and sterile fish was evaluated. Thermal denaturation and viscoelastic characterization revealed changes in stability and gelling properties of muscle proteins that were related to changes in fillet texture.     

基于欧盟食品和饲料快速通报系统通报视角分析我国出口食品重金属问题

重金属一直是我国食品污染的主要原因之一。本文通过总结2011~2015年欧盟食品和饲料快速通报系统(rapid alert system for food and feed,RASFF)通报我国出口食品重金属问题,并分别对通报类型、食品种类、各类重金属分布情况及通报国家等进行统计分析,研究欧盟在重金属方面的技术壁垒措施,从而为出口企业提高产品质量和我国行政管理部门制定政策、标准提供参考,以便采取有效措施积极应对,推动和扩大输欧贸易。     

Etablierung eines Frühwarnsystems zur Erkennung lebensmittelbedingter Risiken in Bayern – risikoorientierte Lebensmittelüberwachung weiter gefasst

Recent and past food scandals highlight the urgent need for food safety authorities to anticipate future risks in order to enable improved and proactive response mechanisms. With this goal in mind, the Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL) has established an early warning system aimed at early identification of potential health risks and fraudulent practices in the food sector. The early warning approach allows intervention at different stages of risk development. On the one hand, the scanning of a broad area of the food production chain (horizon scanning) may enable prospective risk identification. To this end, relevant factors of influence (drivers) need to be identified, observed and analyzed. On the other hand, the retrospective analysis of case studies may unravel novel cause-effect associations that could be transferred to other products and production technologies, possibly leading to the identification of new drivers (root cause analysis). Additionally, various datasets emanating from food safety authorities, for example data from the European Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) and from Bavarian-wide laboratory analyses and food business inspections, will be closely observed and analyzed. The multidisciplinary character of the LGL has proven to be essential for the realization of the early warning approach, the analysis of inflowing data and implementation of consequences such as food business inspections and sampling for analysis. This article details the objectives and methodical approaches of the project. The acquisition of systematically compiled information as well as its analysis and assessment are comprehensively described. The early warning system presented here has already contributed significantly to the risk-oriented food inspection practiced to date, by integrating novel risk-relevant aspects.     

浅谈国内外食品添加剂法规标准新趋势

<正> 目前,各国对食品添加剂的种类、质量指标、用途和限量等都有明确的法典规定。在我国,中华人民共和国食品卫生法(1995)是惟一一部对食品添加剂及其生产使用过程中有关卫生和安全问题做出规定的国家法律。卫生部于2002年发布的食品添加剂卫生管理办法对食品添加剂企业的审批和监管等作了具体的规定。GB 2760-1996这个国家强制性标准,对我国允许使用的食品添加剂规定了用途和限量,在1977年首次发布,以后每年都在不断的更新与完善。