绿竹竹龄和竹秆径向部位对纤维形态特征的影响

分析了绿竹竹龄和竹秆径向部位对纤维的长度及其分布频率、宽度、长宽比、壁厚、腔径、壁腔比的影响规律。结果显示,竹壁中层纤维的长度和长宽比较大,内层纤维较小;纤维宽度和壁腔比则是竹壁外层纤维较大,内层纤维较小;纤维腔径为竹壁内层纤维较大,中层和外层纤维较小。不同竹龄的绿竹纤维长度在1687～1961 μm之间,属长纤维类型;纤维宽度在11.9～17.6 μm之间,长宽比为104～147;纤维双壁厚随竹龄增加而增大,而纤维腔径随竹龄的增加而减小。大部分绿竹纤维的长度分布集中在1000～2500 μm之间,长度分布频率约为76%～86%。     

慈竹纤维形态及组织比量的研究

对2～5年生慈竹材的纤维形态和组织比量进行测定与分析.结果表明,慈竹纤维长度2.4～2.8 mm,纤维宽度14.5～ 16.0μm,长宽比大于150,细胞壁厚10.4～11.5 μm,壁腔比2.3 ～2.6.慈竹材基本组织比量44％ ～ 50％,纤维组织比量39％～ 43％,输导组织比量8％ ～ 13％.在竹秆径向,纤维长度、宽度、长宽比及腔径均表现为中部较大,而细胞壁厚表现为外侧较大;在竹秆纵向,纤维长度、长宽比、细胞壁厚、壁腔比随竹秆高度增加呈先增大后降低趋势,纤维腔径、基本组织比量随竹秆高度增加逐渐减小.     

竹材腐朽过程中纤维形态变化研究

对6年生毛竹材在白腐菌和褐腐菌腐朽过程中纤维形态的变化进行了研究,得出腐朽时间对纤维长度、宽度、长宽比影响不明显,竹肉部分纤维细胞长度和宽度均大于竹青和竹黄部位,而竹黄部位略小于竹青部位;但对纤维壁厚、腔径、腔径比的影响明显,纤维壁厚和腔径比随腐朽时间增长而逐渐变小,纤维腔径随腐朽时间增长而逐渐增大,且竹肉部位变化趋势最明显。此外,褐腐菌对竹材的细胞壁破坏程度大于白腐菌,在腐朽最初1～2周内,褐腐菌便开始对竹材细胞壁降解,而白腐菌从6周以后腐朽才加剧。     

欧美杨107杨木材纤维形态分析

对5年生和16年生人工林欧美杨107杨(Populus×euramericana cv.'74/76')木材纤维长度、纤维宽度、纤维壁厚、纤维腔径、纤维长宽比和壁腔比等形态特征指标进行了测试.结果表明,5年生107杨在径向上,木材纤维长度、纤维壁厚、长宽比的变异均是自髓心向外逐年增大;纤维宽度白髓心向外逐年增大,至第4年达最大值,此后再减小;纤维腔径总体变异趋势与纤维宽度相一致;壁腔比变化幅度不大.与16年生107杨相比较可得出,纤维长度、纤维宽度和纤维壁厚均随树龄的增长而增大,而纤维腔径随树龄的增长而减小.     

广西4种丛生竹材解剖特征的对比研究

采用生物解剖学方法，对广西4种丛生竹（撑篙竹、粉单竹、吊丝竹、青皮竹）的主要解剖特征进行了系统研究，以期为优质制浆造纸竹材的合理筛选提供基础数据。研究结果表明，4种丛生竹的维管束形态均属于断腰型，平均纤维组织比量、纤维长度、长宽比和壁腔比分别介于40.2%～46.8%、1.75～3.54 mm、117～229、2.50～5.90之间。在竹壁径向上，维管束密度由竹黄向竹青逐渐增大，而双壁厚呈减小的趋势，竹壁径中部的纤维长度、宽度和腔径均为最大。综合来看，4种丛生竹适宜作为制浆造纸原料。其中，撑篙竹的纤维性能与毛竹相近，粉单竹、青皮竹和吊丝竹的纤维性能更优。     

4种杨木轴向成分特征及其KP-AQ法制浆性能研究

分别测定并比较了4种杨木在1.3 m、3.3 m、5.3 m和7.3 m树高处的化学组分、纤维形态以及制浆造纸性能的差异。结果表明,4种杨木的灰分、热水抽提物含量和1%NaOH抽提物含量在1.3 m和7.3 m树高处较高,呈现两端高中间低的趋势。从1.3 m到7.3 m处,Klason木素和酸溶木素含量逐渐增加。综纤维素含量在1.3 m和5.3 m树高处较高。聚戊糖含量从树高1.3 m到7.3 m处逐渐减小。欧美杨107总木素含量轴向均值最大,为26.98%;中林2001杨最小,为25.56%。中林46杨综纤维素含量轴向均值最大,为81.82%。4种杨木的纤维长度在1.3 m和5.3 m树高处较长。纤维长宽比在5.3 m树高处最大、7.3 m处最小。纤维壁腔比在5.3 m树高处最小、7.3 m处最大。欧美杨107的纤维长度和长宽比的轴向均值最大,壁腔比最小;69杨纤维长度最短;中林2001杨的壁腔比最大。对4种杨木进行KP-AQ法制浆,成浆卡伯值在1.3 m和5.3 m树高处较低,7.3 m处最高。纸浆得率和黏度在1.3 m和5.3 m树高处较大。成纸强度性能指标在1.3 m和5.3 m树高处较大。4种杨木制浆造纸性能的优劣排序依次为欧美杨107、中林46杨、69杨和中林2001杨。     

皇竹草的生物特性与化学组成的研究

本文首次从制浆造纸角度对皇竹草生物学特性、纤维形态及其化学组成进行系统、详细的研究。其化学组成为：灰分3．77％，热水抽提物7．61％，冷水溶出物4．43％，苯-醇抽出物4.01％，1％NaOH抽出物32．39％，克拉逊木素20．82％，综纤维素78．15％和聚戊糖19．50％。其纤维形态特征为：纤维长度1260μm，宽度11．12μm，长宽比l13；壁厚、腔径和壁腔比在表皮区分别为3．08μm、8．6lμm、0．36，中间区分别为2．80μm、10．22μm、0．27，内圈区分别为2．64μm、10．7lμm、0．25。其生物学特性、纤维形态及其化学组成研究结果表明，皇竹草是一种较具潜力、有待开发利用的良好的速生造纸原料。     

C3H-RNAi转基因杨木木质部纤维形态特征研究

为了探明基因调控对杨树木质部纤维形态的影响,采用切片制作结合光学和电子显微镜以及纤维离析的方法,观测了不同高度的C3H-RNAi转基因杨木及其对照组杨木的纤维形态特征及参数。结果表明,转基因杨木上、中、下3部位的纤维壁厚值分别较对照组的下降了13.16%、13.47%和10.71%,而腔径值无明显差异,上、中、下3部位的纤维长度和长宽比分别较对照组的上升了1.39%、8.52%、3.80%和9.48%、16.24%、8.97%,纤维宽度分别下降了7.40%、6.64%、4.72%。发现转基因杨木和对照组杨木纤维壁厚和长度等纤维形态参数值均随木质化程度的增加而增加,并且中、下部位纤维形态更适用于制浆造纸。     

几种散生、丛生和混生竹材的比较解剖研究

对6种分属于散生、丛生和混生竹材的解剖结构进行了对比研究,结果表明,6个竹种的维管束密度介于1.9～3.3个/μm2,维管束径弦向长度分别为375～617 μm、412～545 μm,径弦向长度比0.9～1.2。6个竹种的纤维组织比量、薄壁组织比量和输导组织比量分别介于10％～40％、51％～83％和6％～14％。6个竹种的纤维、薄壁组织细胞和导管的双壁厚、腔径和壁腔比在竹青、竹中和竹黄中的变化趋势未表现出明显的规律。除薄壁组织细胞的腔径在竹种之间不存在显著差异之外,纤维和导管的双壁厚、腔径和壁腔比以及薄壁组织细胞的双壁厚和壁腔比均存在显著差异。     

几种速生阔叶材纤维形态的研究

对不同树龄（3～7年）三倍体毛白杨圆叶、裂叶及中林杨的纤维形态进行测试,并将结果进行纵横向的比较.结果表明：纤维长度随树龄递增而增加,纤维宽度的变化规律是在20～24μm不规则地波动,长宽比的变化规律与纤维长度的变化规律基本一致,壁腔比均小于1.三倍体毛白杨和中林杨之间的纤维特性又有较大区别,主要体现在三倍体毛白杨纤维长度变化比较缓慢,在树龄为5～7年达到最大值,纤维长度达到（峰值）稳定的时间较短;而中林杨纤维长度直到7年时仍呈增大趋势,变化幅度较明显.     

Anatomical characteristics and physical–mechanical properties of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Neosinocalamus affinis</Emphasis> from Southwest China

The anatomical characteristics and physical–mechanical properties of Neosinocalamus affinis culms from three locations in China were investigated. The fiber percentage, length, wall thickness, basic density, and mechanical properties all increased with culm height, while the fiber lumen diameter and volume shrinkage showed an inverse trend. The site had significant influence on the fiber percentage and physical–mechanical properties, while the influence on vascular bundle density and fiber morphology was not significant. Therefore, the influences of site on bamboo properties may be taken into consideration for constructional utilization, and those for pulping may be ignored.     

顺义地区不同立地条件不同家系欧美杨的纤维形态分析

对顺义地区五年生的不同家系欧美杨在不同树高下的纤维形态,以及同种家系欧美杨在不同立地条件下的纤维形态进行研究。研究结果表明：（1）沙土条件下,树高1.3m处的纤维形态最好,中林2025的纤维长度为1.124mm,纤维长宽比达到52,较其他欧美杨更好;（2）壤土条件下,树高3.3m处的纤维形态最好,加拿大杨的纤维长度为1.252mm,纤维长宽比达到65,较其他欧美杨更好;（3）四个家系的欧美杨在顺义地区壤土条件下的纤维形态都比沙土条件下的更适合于造纸。     

Quantitative evaluation of the relationship between dorsal wall length,sole thickness,and rotation of the distal phalanx in the bovine claw using computed tomography

Computed tomography (CT) was performed on 800 untrimmed claws (400 inner claws and 400 outer claws) of 200 pairs of bovine hindlimbs to investigate the relationships between dorsal wall length and sole thickness, and between dorsal wall length and the relative rotation angle of distal phalanx-to-sole surface (S-D angle). Sole thickness was 3.8 and 4.0 mm at the apex of the inner claws and outer claws, respectively, with dorsal wall lengths <70 mm. These sole thickness values were less than the critical limit of 5 mm, which is associated with a softer surface following thinning of the soles. A sole thickness of 5 mm at the apex was estimated to correlate with dorsal wall lengths of 72.1 and 72.7 mm for the inner and outer claws, respectively. Sole thickness was 6.1 and 6.4 mm at the apex of the inner and outer claws, respectively, with dorsal wall lengths of 75 mm. These sole thickness values were less than the recommended sole thickness of 7 mm based on the protective function of the soles. A sole thickness >7 mm at the apex was estimated to correlate with a dorsal wall length of 79.8 and 78.4 mm for the inner and outer claws, respectively. The S-D angles were recorded as anteversions of 2.9° and 4.7° for the inner and outer claws, respectively, with a dorsal wall length of 75 mm. These values indicate that the distal phalanx is likely to have rotated naturally forward toward the sole surface. The distal phalanx rotated backward to the sole surface at 3.2° and 7.6° for inner claws with dorsal wall lengths of 90–99 and ≥100 mm, respectively; and at 3.5° for outer claws with a dorsal wall length ≥100 mm. Dorsal wall lengths of 85.7 and 97.2 mm were estimated to correlate with a parallel positional relationship of the distal phalanx to the sole surface in the inner and outer claws, respectively.     

Morphological and Chemical Composition of Pith and Fibers from Mexican Sugarcane Bagasse

Summary This paper tries to enlarge existing knowledge on the morphology and chemical composition of Mexican sugarcane bagasse carrying out a morphological and chemical analysis of the main fractions, fiber bundles and pith, consisting of vessels and parenchyma. The cell dimensions of the two fractions were determined as well as their chemical composition. Morphology as well as chemical composition of the two fractions are different. Average length of fibers was higher than 1 mm and the ratio fiber length: fiber diameter was the highest of all cell types investigated in this paper. Fibers had a high cell wall thickness which contributes to the stability of these tissue elements. On the other hand, the parenchyma cells were very short with a fairly high diameter and a thin cell wall. Such structure has a negative impact on the papermaking properties of bagasse. Chemical analysis of the two fractions revealed that ash content and hot water extractives of the pith fraction is much higher than for the fiber bundles.

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Histological Development of the Green Bean Pod as Related to Culinary Texture.

SUMMARY— The basic pattern of tisue origins is well established in the bean pod when the unopened flower bud is less than 3.0 mm long. An outer epidermis (protoderm) with many hair-like outgrowths forms the outermost tissue of the young pod. A subjacent layer one cell deep forms a hypodermis. Inwardly, a zone 8 to 10 cells deep of enlarging and vacuolating cells forms the young outer parenchyma of the growing pod. Within the innermost half of this zone, the meristematic stage of vascular tissues (procambium) is differentiated.
An inner epidermis (protoderm) and an ill-defined hypo-dermis line the pod cavity. The young inner epidermis is continuous with the outer epidermis of the young seed (ovule). Cell divisions in the inner epidermis and its hypo-dermal layer initiate an inner parenchyma and fiber sheath, respectively, approximately at the end of flowering. The inner parenchyma becomes extensive in early post-floral stages. At the same time, the initials of the fiber sheath become sharply differentiated by cell elongation at a 45° angle to pod length, and assume the characteristics of young fiber cells (sclereids).
Cell divisions cease first in the outer parenchyma, and most post-floral growth of this tissue is by cell enlargement. Cell divisions persist through early post-floral growth in the inner parenchyma, young fiber sheath, procambial tissues and outer epidermis. These differences in origin and rates of early development of pod tissues foreshadow marked differentiation and structural specializations that are significant to textural qualities at culinary maturities.     

国内外造纸法再造烟叶纤维形态分析

对国内外的造纸法再造烟叶产品的纤维形态进行研究。研究结果表明:(1)不论是国内还是国外的造纸法再造烟叶产品中,都有较多的杂细胞,不利于产品的强度;(2)打浆过程有利于纤维分丝帚化,增加纤维的柔软性,提高其结合强度,并且,细胞壁上附着大量果胶;(3)国内产品的纤维长度1.25mm,纤维宽度为21.0μm,纤维长宽比为59.8;国外产品的纤维长度为1.67mm,纤维宽度为34.7μm,纤维长宽比为47.8;(4)造纸法再造烟叶的耐破指数和抗张指数明显不如三倍体毛白杨和小黑杨;纤维长、宽、以及长宽比不能完全表征造纸法再造烟叶的物理特性。     

A bilayer prototype woven vascular prosthesis with improved radial compliance

To minimize radial compliance mismatch between native arteries and vascular prostheses over the entire blood pressure range, a biomimetic woven prosthesis sample with a bilayer wall has been developed. Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) filaments were used as the circumferential yarns in the inner layer to increase the radial compliance of the inner wall, and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) filaments formed the outer layer to provide a strong and more rigid external prosthesis wall. The two layers were joined together axially along the sample's length by a stitched weave. By means of a special weave design, the cross‐section of the tubular sample included a circumferentially crimped outer layer woven around the inner layer. This bilayer wall structure allowed only the inner layer of the sample to deform radially under small loads equivalent to low normal physiological (diastolic) blood pressures. As the load increased, the inner layer stretched until it came into contact with the outer layer. At higher (systolic) pressures, further loading caused both layers of the wall to deform together. As a result, the prosthesis showed high pressure‐induced compliance when the load was within the normal diastolic pressure range and lower compliance at higher systolic pressures.     

4种家蚕茧壳的结构与性能

为开发设计新型功能纺织品,借助扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪、万能材料试验机和温湿度试验仪等研究了4种不同的家蚕茧壳的多层形貌、化学结构、结晶结构、力学性能和热传导性能,并对蚕茧壳的多层结构进行理论分析。结果表明:4种家蚕茧壳都具有独一无二的多层多孔结构,从外层到内层,纤维的直径先增大后减小;蚕茧壳厚度和尺寸不同,但都具有良好的热缓冲能力,相对而言,虎头蚕茧壳的耐热性最好,而斑马蚕茧壳(绿色)的热传导性最好。     

吸湿排汗锦纶织物的开发

本文论述了锦纶织物吸湿排汗的机理,影响织物吸湿排汗的主要因素,高导湿锦纶织物的结构设计原则和提高织物吸湿排汗性能的主要方法。针对双层织物,作者建议尽量用细纤维,并加大内外层纤维的直径差,使织物里层的纱线和纤维都要比外层粗。