油菜黑胫病菌Leptosphaeria biglobosa生物学特性研究

为了解我国油菜黑胫病病原菌（Leptosphaeria biglobosa）的生物学特性,在实验室里研究了温度、pH值、光照、碳源及氮源等条件对该病菌营养生长及分生孢子产生的影响。结果表明：病原菌在5℃～35℃均可进行营养生长并产孢,最适生长和产孢温度为25℃;在pH4～10的范围内该菌均能生长并产孢,在pH7的条件下生长最快,产孢最多。光暗交替有利于菌丝生长和产孢,而持续光照不利于菌丝生长,尤其不利于产孢。最适的碳源、氮源分别是可溶性淀粉、牛肉膏。分生孢子的致死温度为52℃。     

贵州望谟板栗冷藏期致腐真菌鉴定及其生物学特性研究

板栗腐烂由多种真菌协同侵染造成,尤其冷藏期栗果腐烂率可达15%～20%。该研究以贵州望谟主产区板栗为实验对象,对其冷藏期进行致腐真菌分离纯化、柯赫氏法则致腐性测定、形态学和分子生物学鉴定。结果表明,分离鉴定出的3株致腐真菌分别为层出镰刀菌(Fusarium proliferatum)、皮落青霉(Penicillium crustosum)和链格孢菌(Alternaria alternata)。生物学特性试验表明,层出镰刀菌菌丝生长和产孢最适pH值分别为7.0和8.0,最适菌丝生长和产孢碳源为乳糖,氮源为甘氨酸,温度为25℃,光照条件为24 h黑暗;皮落青霉菌丝生长最适碳源为乳糖、pH值为8.0,最利于产孢的碳源为大豆多糖、pH值为7.0,菌丝生长和产孢最适温度为25℃、氮源为尿素、光照条件为24 h黑暗;链格孢菌分别以蔗糖、麦芽糖为碳源时菌丝生长最快、产孢量最大,菌丝生长和产孢最适温度为25℃、氮源为蛋白胨、pH值为9.0、光照条件为24 h黑暗。贵州望谟板栗冷藏期主要致腐真菌的确定,可为板栗腐烂有效防控及致腐机制研究提供科学依据。     

兰州百合鳞茎贮藏腐烂病原菌的鉴定及生物学特性

为确定引起兰州百合鳞茎贮藏期间腐烂的病原菌,应用柯赫氏法则测定了从病样中分离的纯培养物的致病性,根据形态学特性和ITS序列分析对病原菌进行鉴定,并对病原菌的生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明,引起兰州百合鳞茎腐烂的病原菌分别是黄曲霉和米根霉。两种病原菌的最适生长条件相同,最适宜菌丝生长和产孢的培养基均是百合培养基和百合葡萄糖培养基,葡萄糖和蛋白胨为菌丝生长及产孢的最适碳源和氮源,最适生长温度为25℃,在p H5~9范围内都可生长,光照有利于菌丝的生长和产孢。     

甜樱桃果实采后病原菌的分离鉴定及其生物学特性研究

为研究危害采后甜樱桃果实的病原菌,以‘拉宾斯’甜樱桃果实为试材,对低温贮藏过程中的病原菌进行分离鉴定,并对其生物学特性进行初步研究。根据病原菌形态学特征和18S r DNA序列分析结果将2个病原菌鉴定为子囊菌亚门锤舌菌纲柔膜菌目核盘菌科核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)和子囊菌亚门粪壳菌纲肉座菌亚纲肉座菌目生赤壳科螺旋聚孢霉属(Clonostachys sp.)。核盘菌菌丝在以牛肉膏为氮源的SDA培养基、20℃、p H=5.0及黑暗条件下生长最好,产孢量最佳条件为以乳糖为碳源,牛肉膏为氮源的SDA培养基,30℃、p H=7.0,黑暗环境;螺旋聚孢霉菌丝在以硝酸钾为氮源的SDA培养基、30℃、p H=6.0及光照条件下生长最好,产孢量最佳条件为20℃、p H=6.0,光照培养。     

产细菌纤维素菌培养基的优化研究

主要研究产纤维素菌培养基的优化,选取葡萄糖、D-甘露糖、D-半乳糖、麦芽糖、可溶性淀粉、蔗糖、山梨糖、乳糖为不同碳源,蛋白胨、酵母膏、牛肉膏、硫酸铵、脲、磷酸氢二铵、氨水、硝酸钾为不同氮源,以及p H值为3、4、5、6。以上述不同培养基条件与空白组对照。通过分析培养基的纤维素膜重、p H值、总酸、残糖、OD值,发现当以葡萄糖为碳源,以牛肉膏为氮源,p H值为5时,纤维素菌生长情况比较好,而且纤维素产量也比较高。相反,以可溶性淀粉为碳源,以硝酸钾为氮源,p H值为3时,抑制产纤维素菌的生长和纤维素的产量。     

红阳猕猴桃中葡萄座腔菌的生物学特性及致病性研究

为全面了解引起红阳猕猴桃软腐病的致病菌葡萄座腔菌的生物学特性,采用光学显微镜、透射电镜观察致病菌菌丝结构,用干重法绘制致病菌的生长曲线,多种方式诱导致病菌产孢,探究其最适生长条件、致死温度和时间,及病原菌致病性。结果表明:葡萄座腔菌的菌丝呈分枝状、内含隔膜,具有完整的细胞结构;生长曲线分为3个时期,延滞期(0~36h)、对数期(36~96h)、稳定期(96~168h);经多种方式诱导该菌均不产分生孢子;最适生长条件为:生长温度30~℃,pH 6,以葡萄糖为碳源,牛肉膏为氮源,对光照条件不敏感;菌丝致死条件为42~℃处理10min或43~℃处理5min;10种供试水果均可通过伤口感染而发病。     

葡萄灰葡萄孢生长及产孢条件研究

灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea)可引起葡萄灰霉病,严重影响葡萄产量和品质。探索不同培养基、温度、光照、碳源、氮源等对葡萄灰葡萄孢菌丝生长和分生孢子产生的影响,以及菌丝与分生孢子的致死温度和时间,旨在探索灰葡萄孢生长及产孢的最佳条件。结果显示,灰葡萄孢菌丝生长的最适培养基为PDA培养基,最适温度25℃;产孢最适培养基为MSM培养基,最适温度23℃;在培养基pH3~11范围内灰葡萄孢均能生长并产生分生孢子,菌丝生长和产生分生孢子的最适pH均为6;灰葡萄孢以葡萄糖和乳糖为碳源时生长速率和产孢量达到最佳,而蛋白胨则为灰葡萄孢生长和产孢的最佳氮源;菌丝的致死条件是50℃处理25 min或55℃处理10 min;分生孢子的致死条件是45℃处理30 min或50℃处理10 min。研究为葡萄灰霉病的有效防治及分子生物学研究提供理论依据。     

一株从腐烂蓝藻中分离的细菌的鉴定及其发酵产蛋白酶研究

应用形态学、生理生化和16S rRNA基因序列分析方法,鉴定了从腐烂蓝藻中分离得到的一株细菌,利用液态发酵法探讨了碳、氮源等对其发酵产蛋白酶的影响并研究了其部分酶学性质.结果表明,该菌可归入沙雷氏菌属,定名为Serratia marcescens SYBC YH,其最适碳源为果糖、葡萄糖、羽毛粉或玉米粉,最适氮源为玉米浆粉、酵母膏和牛肉膏;该菌还可以蓝藻为唯一氮源发酵产耐有机溶剂蛋白酶.该酶的最适温度为40℃,最适pH为7.0.     

烟草弯孢菌叶斑病病原菌鉴定及生物学特性研究

为明确贵州烟草弯孢菌叶斑病病原菌种类及生物学特性,分别采用组织分离法和离体叶片接种法对其病原菌进行分离和致病性测定,使用形态特征结合分子生物学方法对病原菌进行分类鉴定,并对其生物学特性进行研究。结果表明,该病原菌在以ITS序列构建的发育树中与棒状弯孢（Curvularia clavata）聚为一支,且支持率为100%,结合形态特征将其鉴定为棒状弯孢。生物学特性研究表明,病原菌菌丝生长最适温度为28℃,最适pH为8,在燕麦琼脂（OA）培养基上生长最快,以可溶性淀粉为碳源、牛肉浸粉为氮源时对菌丝生长最有利;菌丝致死温度为53℃,10 min,光照对菌丝生长无显著影响。研究结果可为烟草弯孢菌叶斑病防治提供理论依据。     

六堡茶中“金花”菌的生物学特性

微生物对六堡茶的品质形成有重要影响,以"金花"菌普遍茂盛品质为佳。"金花"生长具有随机性,因此,难以控制六堡茶中金花的数量。本研究对从六堡茶分离出的一株金花菌株LB-1雪黄散囊菌(Eurotium niveoglaucum)的形态学与生理特性进行研究,力图掌握其发花规律。结果表明,该菌株的形态学表现为,大量黄色菌丝,有隔;闭囊壳缠绕在具饰菌丝网中,破碎释放子囊孢子;分生孢子头结构呈疏松放射形,其末端会出现泡囊状的顶囊,分生孢子梗较长,壁光滑,顶囊烧瓶形,产孢结构单层;分生孢子椭圆形,少数近球形。菌株LB-1生长周期呈"S"形,其生长适宜温度为25℃、pH值为6.1。菌株LB-1在不同碳源的培养基中以蔗糖和葡萄糖为碳源的培养基菌丝生长良好,其中蔗糖浓度为20%时生长最佳。NaCl浓度为5%时菌株LB-1生长良好。菌株LB-1在不同氮源的培养基中以牛肉膏、蛋白胨、酵母膏为碳源的培养基菌丝生长最佳。     

Isolation,Composition, Structure,Properties, Modifications,and Uses of Yam Starch

Starch is the major carbohydrate in yam tubers and can amount up to 80% of the dry matter. The starch quality determines the quality of food and industrial products made from yam tubers. This review summarizes the present knowledge of the isolation, composition, structure, property, modifications, and uses of starches from diverse yam species. Compared with other tuber and root starches, there is a lack of systematic information on the yam starches. This hinders the further development of yams as sustainable crops as well as the value‐added processing of the starches. Therefore, suggestions on how to better understand and utilize these starches are provided.     

Survey of trace elements (Al,As, Cd,Cr, Co,Hg, Mn,Ni, Pb,Se, and Si) in retail samples of flavoured and bottled waters

Concentrations of eleven trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Si) were measured in 39 (natural and flavoured) water samples. Determinations were performed using graphite furnace electrothermetry for almost all elements (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Si). For Se determination hydride generation was used, and cold vapour generation for Hg. These techniques were coupled to atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The trace element content of still or sparkling natural waters changed from brand to brand. Significant differences between natural still and natural sparkling waters (p < 0.001) were only apparent for Mn. The Mann–Whitney U-test was used to search for significant differences between flavoured and natural waters. The concentration of each element was compared with the presence of flavours, preservatives, acidifying agents, fruit juice and/or sweeteners, according to the labelled composition. It was shown that flavoured waters generally increase the trace element content. The addition of preservatives and acidifying regulators had a significant influence on Mn, Co, As and Si contents (p < 0.05). Fruit juice can also be correlated to the increase of Co and As. Sweeteners did not provide any significant difference in Mn, Co, Se and Si content.     

Mineral contents of some southern Italian wines. II. Determination of Li, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Co, As, Rb, Sr, Ag, Sb, Ba

Following our study of the mineral contents of some Southern Italian wines, this work reports on the detection of 12 elemental components. The elements were determined using ICP-AES, flame atomic emission or absorption spectroscopy. The values determined for Li, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Rb, Sr and Ba were within the usual ranges for wines (average values for these elements were: 0.010, 26.2; 94.4; 888; 94.0; 3.30, 0.82 and 0.11 mg/l respectively). All the wines contained low levels of As, the concentrations of which were always under 0.20 mg/l, the maximum level permitted by E.E.C. standards. The measuring of Co, Ag, and Sb led us to ascertain, in all the wines, concentrations lower than 0.01 mg/l for Co and Ag and below the instrumental detection level for Sb (0.06 mg/l). In a previous study wines from D.O.C. areas of Southern Italy were analysed by the technique of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), for 14 minerals. This paper deals with further investigation of the mineral composition of the same wines for different metal constituents, analysed by ICP-AES, flame atomic emission, or atomic-absorption spectroscopy (two techniques). The first technique was applied to the detection of Co, As, Sr, Ag, Sb, and Ba. The alkaline metals Li, Na, K, and Rb were determined by flame atomic emission, a technique which possesses better detection limits for these elements. For Mg and Ca the atomic absorption methods were applied.     

卷烟中锂、铬、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、铊和铅含量分析

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了41个牌号烤烟型卷烟和雪茄烟样品烟丝中的锂、铬、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、铊和铅含量,并按照类型和价位对卷烟中这10种有害元素含量进行了统计分析。结果发现:①卷烟中锂和铜的含量较高,铊的含量很低,铬、镍、镉、铅、砷、硒和钼7种元素的平均含量为0.55～4.42μg/g;②雪茄烟中铬、镍、砷、钼、镉、铊和铅的含量一般高于烤烟型卷烟,而硒元素的含量则相反,但差别较小;烤烟型卷烟中锂和铜的含量与雪茄烟没有显著差异;③高档卷烟中的锂、镍、镉、铊和铬含量较低,而砷、铅的含量较高;不同价位卷烟的铜、硒和钼含量差异不显著。     

Varied Composition of Tocochromanols in Different Types of Bran: Rye,Wheat, Oat,Spelt, Buckwheat,Corn, and Rice

The profiles of tocopherol (T) and tocotrienol (T3) homologues in 37 samples of seven different types of bran (rye, wheat, oat, spelt, buckwheat, rice, and corn), available on the Polish market, were studied. Tocochromanols were identified and quantified by reverse phase-high-performance liquid chromatograph/fluorescence detector and reverse phase-ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry. Only rice bran contained all eight tocochromanol types. Corn bran lacked β-T3; rye, wheat, oat, and spelt bran lacked γ-T3 and δ-T3; and buckwheat bran lacked β-T3, γ-T3, and δ-T3. In buckwheat and corn bran tocopherols predominated (98 and 78%, respectively); whereas rye, wheat, oat, spelt, and rice bran were rich in tocotrienols (78, 76, 66, 87, and 66%, respectively). The average total tocochromanol contents in the oat, corn, spelt, buckwheat, wheat, rye, and rice bran were 5.5, 16.2, 15.8, 14.7, 12.8, 10.7, and 9.1 mg/100 g of dry weight, respectively. Tocochromanol concentrations in samples of the same type bran from different sources varied considerably. Better labeling of bran products to reflect this variation would assist with control of vitamin E daily dietary requirements.     

Optimization of extraction conditions of total phenolics, antioxidant activities, and anthocyanin of oregano, thyme, terebinth, and pomegranate

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the total phenolic extracts and antioxidant activity and anthocyanins of varieties of the investigated plants. These plants include oregano, thyme, terebinth, and pomegranate. The optimum extraction conditions including temperature and solvent of the extraction process itself were investigated. Total phenolic and anthocyanin extracts were examined according to Folin-Ciocalteu assay and Rabino and Mancinelli method, respectively. The effect of different extracting solvents and temperatures on extracts of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins were studied. Plant samples were evaluated for their antioxidant chemical activity by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazl assay, to determine their potential as a source of natural antioxidant. Results showed that all tested plants exhibited appreciable amounts of phenolic compounds. The methanolic extract (60 °C) of sour pomegranate peel contained the highest phenolic extract (4952.4 mg/100 g of dry weight). Terebinth green seed had the lowest phenolic extract (599.4 mg/100 g of dry weight). Anthocyanins ranged between 3.5 (terebinth red seed) and 0.2 mg/100 g of dry material (thyme). Significant effect of different extracting solvents and temperatures on total phenolics and anthocyanin extracts were found. The methanol and 60 °C of extraction conditions found to be the best for extracting phenolic compounds. The distilled water and 60 °C extraction conditions found to be the best for extracting anthocyanin.     

Analysis of cheese for histamine, tyramine, tryptamine, histidine, tyrosine, and tryptophane

A method is described for determining the content of selected biologically active amines (histamine, tyramine, tryptamine) and amino acids (histidine, tyrosine, tryptophane) in cheeses by high performance liquid chromatography. The amines and amino acids were quantified by employing a counter ion-containing mobile phase and by comparing peak areas of high performance liquid chromatography charts for sample cheeses versus standard cheeses containing known amounts of added amines based on dual injections of samples and standards. Recovery of amines and amino acids varied from 87.5 to 111%. Histamine, which has been associated with food poisoning in concentrations of 185 mg/100 g in Swiss cheese and 180 to 500 mg/100 g in fish, was found in concentrations above 500 mg/100 g in Swiss cheese. The high performance liquid chromatography analytical method should be useful for screening to detect cheese samples containing toxic amounts of histamine and for research studies designed to determine the cause and effect relationships for histamine production in cheese.     

Physicochemical,morphological, thermal,pasting, and textural properties of starch acetates

Acetylated starches are a commercially important group of modified starch known for their reduced retrogradation tendency, high clarity, low viscosity, high swelling power, and lower gelatinization temperature and time. Due to these remarkable properties, acetylation is a commonly used chemical modification for preparing stabilized starches. This review summarizes the methods used for preparation of starch acetates and corresponding effects of acetylation on morphological, thermal, pasting, digestibility, textural, and other functional characteristics of starches isolated from various botanical sources. Starch acetates are also useful as packaging material, as wall material for encapsulating active ingredients, and to improve the storage stability of different products.     

鲁浙粤豫苏冀六省造纸工业近年发展特点之比较

对我国6省造纸工业具有不同地方特色的四种发展模式及前景进行了分析和预测。