不同温度与包装对鹰嘴蜜桃贮藏效果的影响

本研究以连平鹰嘴蜜桃为材料,探究了PVC自发气调保鲜袋、PE自发气调保鲜袋和NP纸袋三种包装材料在常温和2±1℃低温贮藏条件下对采后鹰嘴蜜桃呼吸强度、乙烯释放量、硬度、失重率、好果率、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和维生素C变化的影响。结果表明:低温和PVC、PE、NP包装都能够较好的抑制果实的呼吸强度、降低乙烯释放量,提高好果率和保持较好的贮藏品质。其中PVC结合低温贮藏效果最好,在降低果实呼吸强度和乙烯释放量的同时,将呼吸跃变发生时间和乙烯高峰释放时间推迟了4 d;贮藏40 d后鹰嘴蜜桃果实的可溶性固形物含量仍能维持在9.51%,可滴定酸含量为0.23%,维生素C含量为5.90 mg/100 g,果实硬度为8.20 kg/cm2,果实失重率为3.10%,好果率达84.50%。     

1-MCP处理对“岳帅”苹果冷藏软化及相关生理指标的影响

研究1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)处理对"岳帅"苹果低温贮藏期间与软化相关的主要物质含量及酶活性的影响,探讨1-MCP处理对"岳帅"苹果果实软化的调控机理,为"岳帅"苹果贮藏保鲜提供理论依据。以"岳帅"苹果为研究对象,使用0.0、0.5、1.0、2.0μL/L的1-MCP处理后,于(0.0±0.5)℃、相对湿度90%~95%的冷库内贮藏,定期测定果实硬度、呼吸强度、乙烯释放量、细胞壁组成成分及相关酶活性。"岳帅"苹果采后呼吸强度和乙烯释放量均于第30天时达到峰值,多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(polygalacturonase,PG)也在第30天达活力高峰,果胶甲酯酶、纤维素酶(cellulose,Cx)、β-葡萄糖苷酶第45天达活力高峰,同时果实可溶性果胶含量迅速上升,原果胶、纤维素含量不断下降。0.5μL/L 1-MCP处理可推迟果实呼吸强度高峰、乙烯释放量高峰、PG和Cx活力高峰的出现,对抑制可溶性果胶含量升高和原果胶含量的降低作用显著(P0.05),但对冷藏结束时果实硬度的降低抑制效果不显著(P0.05);1.0μL/L和2.0μL/L 1-MCP处理对果实呼吸强度、乙烯释放量、细胞壁降解酶、可溶性果胶含量均有显著抑制作用(P0.05),并且能显著抑制果实硬度下降(P0.05)。"岳帅"苹果在冷藏期间原果胶、纤维素不断被分解,可溶性果胶不断生成,果实硬度迅速下降;除PG外,各细胞壁降解酶活力高峰均出现在呼吸强度和乙烯释放量高峰之后。1-MCP处理通过改变"岳帅"苹果呼吸强度和乙烯释放量,抑制果实细胞壁降解酶活性并推迟活性高峰,从而减缓果实细胞壁组成成分降解,抑制果实软化。1.0μL/L和2.0μL/L的1-MCP处理效果较为显著。     

氯化钙与1-甲基环丙烯对伽师瓜果实软化与果胶酶活性及其基因表达影响

筛选抑制伽师瓜果实后熟的最佳氯化钙与1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)处理浓度,分析其在贮藏过程中呼吸速率、乙烯释放量、果实硬度、果肉质构特性、果胶水解酶(多聚半乳糖醛酸酶PG、果胶甲酯酶PME和果胶酸裂解酶PL)活力及相关基因表达。结果表明,氯化钙,1-MCP均能降低果实的呼吸速率与乙烯释放量,并能推迟与抑制它们的跃变现象。果实硬度与原果胶含量呈正相关,与可溶性果胶含量呈负相关。对照组原果胶含量较处理组低,可溶性果胶含量较处理组高; PG、PME和PL酶活性及其基因表达量呈正向协同,对照组3种酶的活性与酶基因表达量均出现跃变峰,处理组则变化缓慢。氯化钙与1-MCP联合使用能更强更稳定地抑制果实的呼吸强度、乙烯释放量及原果胶水解,更好地延缓果实的软化。     

乙烯和1-MCP对伯谢克辛甜瓜果实软化及细胞壁降解的影响

“伯谢克辛”甜瓜属于典型的呼吸跃变型果实,在采后3~5 d迅速软化。使用1 μL/L 1-甲基环丙烯（1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP）和300 mg/kg乙烯利处理“伯谢克辛”甜瓜,研究“伯谢克辛”甜瓜调控软化机理,分析硬度、果胶物质含量、纤维素降解变化规律,纤维素酶（Cx）、β-葡萄糖苷酶（β-Glu）、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）、果胶甲酯酶（PME）活性变化规律。结果表明：1-MCP处理组延缓了甜瓜硬度的下降,原果胶、纤维素含量显著高于对照及乙烯利处理。原果胶比对照组高22%（p<0.05）、纤维素含量比对照组高26.13%（p<0.05）;1-MCP处理PG、PME、Cx、β-Glu活性显著低于对照及乙烯利处理组。PG、PME、Cx、β-Glu活性均低于对照组,酶活高峰时比对照组低8.92%、25.73%、32.45%、14.82%。乙烯利处理PG、Cx、β-Glu活性均高于对照组,酶活高峰时比对照组高2.84%、21.83%、14.95%。随着贮藏时间的增加,1-MCP处理通过调节“伯谢克辛”甜瓜果胶类物质、纤维素含量及细胞壁降解酶的活性,减缓细胞软化进程,提高“伯谢克辛”甜瓜的贮藏品质。     

一氧化氮对常温贮藏下芒果果实软化和细胞壁代谢的影响

为了探明一氧化氮(NO)抑制采后芒果软化的作用机理,将"台农"芒果果实在0.25 mmol/L硝普钠(SNP,NO供体)溶液浸泡处理20 min,常温(20±2) ℃贮藏20 d,定期测定果实硬度、细胞壁组分含量、细胞壁水解酶活性。结果表明,与未处理果实相比,SNP处理显著降低贮藏20 d内果实中多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性(p<0.05),显著抑制贮藏10 d内果实纤维素酶(CX)(p<0.05)活性,极显著抑制β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)和α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶(α-L-Af)活性(p<0.01),但使贮藏15~20 d期间果实CX和β-Gal活性及贮藏第20 d的α-L-Af活性均显著增加(p<0.05)。SNP处理显著抑制贮藏5 d内果胶甲酯酶(PME)活性(p<0.05),但在贮藏10~20 d期间保持较高的PME活性(p<0.05)。此外,SNP处理极显著延缓原果胶和纤维素的降解(p<0.01),减少可溶性果胶含量的增加(p<0.05),从而降低贮藏期间果实硬度的损失。硬度与原果胶、纤维素含量均呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),而与CX活性呈显著负相关(p<0.05),与可溶性果胶含量、PG、β-Gal和α-L-Af活性均呈极显著负相关(p<0.01)。可溶性果胶含量与纤维素含量呈极显著负相关(p<0.01),而与α-L-Af活性均呈显著正相关(p<0.05),与PG和β-Gal活性均呈极显著正相关(p<0.01)。因此,采后SNP处理可以通过调节果实细胞壁降解酶活性,减少细胞壁组分的降解,从而延缓芒果采后软化,延长贮藏期。     

外源草酸对采后‘蜂糖李’果实软化和细胞壁降解的影响

为探讨外源草酸处理对采后李果实软化进程的影响,以‘蜂糖李’果实为试材,采用5 mmol/L草酸(oxalic acid, OA)溶液浸泡处理10 min,以蒸馏水浸泡处理10 min为对照(CK),自然晾干后置于室温(25±1)℃条件下贮藏20 d。分析果实硬度、纤维素、原果胶和可溶性果胶含量的变化以及多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(polygalacturonase, PG)、果胶甲酯酶(pectin methylesterase, PME)、纤维素酶(cellulase, Cx)、β-半乳糖苷酶(β-galactosidase, β-Gal)、α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶(α-L-arabinofuranosidase, α-L-Af)和木葡聚糖内糖基转移酶(xyloglucan endotransglucosylase, XET)活性。结果表明,外源OA处理能使‘蜂糖李’果实保持较高的硬度,延缓原果胶和纤维素含量的下降以及可溶性果胶含量的增加,抑制果实PG、PME、Cx、β-Gal、α-L-Af和XET活性上升。果实硬度与原果胶、纤维素、可溶性果胶含量、Cx、β-Gal、XET和α-L-Af活性均...     

茄子果实采后软化过程中细胞壁组分及其降解酶活性的变化

研究了细胞壁组分及其降解酶活性的变化与茄子果实采后软化的关系。结果表明,采后茄子果肉硬度随贮藏时间的延长而不断下降。贮藏期间果肉水溶性果胶(WSP)含量在贮藏前12天不断增加,之后快速下降,而共价结合型果胶(CSP)、半纤维素和纤维素等细胞壁组分含量持续减少。果肉果胶甲酯酶(PME)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和纤维素酶(CX)活性均呈先升高后下降趋势,分别在贮藏至第6、9、12天达到最大值;β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)活性始终保持较高水平,且在整个贮藏期间活性变化不明显。相关性分析结果表明,CSP、半纤维素和纤维素的降解与采后茄子果实软化密切相关,PG和CX在茄子果实采后软化过程中起着重要的作用。     

短时高浓度二氧化碳处理对冰温贮藏期间葡萄果实软化生理的影响

以‘乍娜’葡萄为试材,考察冰温贮藏条件下不同高浓度外源CO2处理对贮藏过程中葡萄好果率、硬度及软化生理指标的影响,分析各指标间的相关性,以期为葡萄新型无硫保鲜技术的开发提供切实的方法和理论依据。结果表明,10%CO2能够使冰温贮藏过程中葡萄好果率和果实硬度保持在较高水平,有效抑制果实原果胶含量的下降及多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、纤维素酶(Cx)及β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)活性的升高;贮藏过程中,葡萄果实好果率与果实硬度呈极显著正相关,果实硬度与原果胶含量呈极显著正相关,与PG和β-Gal活性呈极显著负相关。由此可见,适宜浓度短时CO2处理可通过调控葡萄果实中软化相关生理机制,从而抑制果实软化,提高果实贮藏品质。     

1-MCP结合ClO_2固体缓释剂处理对番茄贮藏的保鲜效果

以绿熟番茄果实为试材,研究了室温[(20²5)℃]和低温[(10±1)℃]贮藏条件下,1-MCP、ClO2和1-MCP+ClO2处理对果实的保鲜效果。结果表明:2种贮藏条件下,3种处理均能延缓番茄果实转色,降低番茄腐烂,抑制呼吸强度,推迟呼吸跃变的到来,延缓番茄果实硬度的下降;在一定程度上抑制了多聚半乳精醛酸酶(PG)的活性,减缓原果胶向可溶性果胶的转变。从整体情况看,1-MCP+ClO2处理组的保鲜效果优于1-MCP和ClO2单独处理组;且低温加1-MCP+ClO2处理对番茄的贮藏保鲜效果最好,贮藏45 d时其腐烂率比对照组低54%、果实硬度仅下降了0.22 kg/cm2、可溶性固形物含量和原果胶含量分别比对照组高0.35%、0.2 g/100 g。     

1-MCP和乙烯利处理对番木瓜果实软化生理的影响

以"日升"番木瓜果实为材料,研究1-甲基环丙烯(1-methycyclopropene,1-MCP)与乙烯利处理对番木瓜果实软化相关酶活性的影响,结果表明:单独乙烯利处理、乙烯利处理后立即用1-MCP处理和乙烯利处理24h后再用1-MCP处理,都能明显提高番木瓜果实多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、纤维素酶(CX)和果胶甲脂酶(PME)活性,促进水溶性果胶含量的上升,使番木瓜果皮的细胞膜透性增加,加速果实软化进程;而单独1-MCP处理和1-MCP处理1d后再用乙烯利处理,明显抑制番木瓜果实PG酶、CX酶以及PME酶活性,抑制原果胶的降解以及番木瓜果实的软化进程。1-MCP抑制果实成熟软化的作用与外源乙烯的处理时间密切相关。     

Diverse metabolism of cell wall components of melting and non‐melting peach genotypes during ripening after harvest or cold storage

The mode of change in a range of physiological, physicochemical and biochemical parameters during fruit ripening between distinct peach genotypes (Prunus persica L. Batsch) after cold storage for up to 4 weeks was determined. The nectarine cultivar ‘Caldesi 2000’ was selected as a genotype with melting flesh (MF) characteristic (fruits characterized by extensive flesh softening during ripening) and the cultivar ‘Andross’ as a genotype with non‐melting flesh (NMF) characteristic (fruits characterized by limited flesh softening during ripening). Flesh firmness, ethylene production, physicochemical and biochemical properties of the cell wall were determined and significant differences between the fruits of the two genotypes were recorded. Fruits of the NMF genotype were characterized by higher tissue retention and ethylene production during their ripening, higher content of uronic acids, as well as higher capacity for calcium binding in the water‐insoluble pectin fraction compared with fruits of the MF genotype. Additionally, the ripening of MF‐type fruits was characterized by higher losses of neutral sugars, especially those of arabinose and galactose than the NMF‐type fruits and these losses were more intense after extended cold storage periods. In fruits of the NMF genotype the decreased activity of pectin methyl esterase (PME) combined with higher levels of calcium in the water‐insoluble pectin fraction possibly provided less substrate for polygalacturonase (exo‐, endo‐PG) activity and less solubility of cell wall pectin compared with fruits of the MF genotype. Overall, the data indicate the existence of a wide range of diverse metabolic pathways during fruit ripening of fresh fruits with MF and NMF characteristics. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

1-MCP和预贮对深州蜜桃采后生理和品质的影响

为保持深州蜜桃冷藏期间良好的品质, 延长贮藏时间, 采用1 . 0 μ L / L 1 - 甲基环丙烯
（1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP）熏蒸和预贮（8 ℃、5 d转入0 ℃）的方法对采后深州蜜桃进行处理,测定0 ℃冷
藏期间果实呼吸速率、乙烯释放速率和品质的变化。结果表明,1-MCP处理能够明显抑制桃果实冷藏期间的呼吸速
率和乙烯释放速率,推迟呼吸高峰期的出现;同时延缓了果实软化,抑制可溶性固形物含量上升,降低了果实的褐
变指数和腐烂指数;预贮促进了果实后熟,但预贮和1-MCP处理均明显降低了贮藏期果实褐变度和酚类物质含量,
二者结合处理对抑制果实褐变效果最佳。     

SOFTENING AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES OF SAPOTE MAMEY FRUIT (POUTERIA SAPOTA) AT DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENT AND RIPENING STAGES

We investigated some of the physicochemical and biochemical factors associated with flesh softening of sapote mamey fruit during development and ripening. The activities of pectinmethylesterase (PME), polygalacturonase (PG) and β‐galactosidase (β‐GAL) enzymes were measured in fruits harvested at different development stages, and postharvest in two production seasons. The textural changes were most noticeable at the preclimacteric stage in ripening fruit. The water‐soluble pectin (WSP) increased at a different rate than firmness decreased. No correlation between PG or PME activity and changes in firmness was observed in ripening fruits, though a low correlation was seen between β‐GAL activity and softening in climacteric stage. Greatest loss of firmness occurred in climacteric stage. Fruit pulp softening was not dependent on a single enzyme activity.     

高能电子束辐照对猕猴桃细胞壁降解相关酶活性和基因表达的影响

以‘海沃德’猕猴桃为试材,经剂量0（对照）、300、400和500 Gy高能电子束辐照后,于0~1 ℃、RH 90%~95%冷库中贮藏90 d,研究电子束辐照对果实硬度、细胞壁组分、软化相关酶活性及其基因表达量的影响。结果表明:高能电子束辐照显著维持了果实的硬度,有效抑制了细胞壁骨架物质原果胶和纤维素的分解,延迟了果实后熟软化。同时,辐照抑制了多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（polygalacturonase,PG）、果胶甲酯酶（pectin methylesterase,PME）、β-半乳糖苷酶（β-D-galaetosidase,β-Gal）和纤维素酶（cellulase,Cx）的活性,降低了PG、PME、β-Gal和Cx编码基因的表达。综合认为,以400 Gy高能电子束辐照对抑制细胞壁降解相关酶活性及基因表达,保持细胞结构的完整性,维持贮藏期间果实硬度效果最好。研究结果为高能电子束用于猕猴桃采后保鲜提供理论依据。     

采前氯吡脲处理对‘秦美’猕猴桃贮藏期间果实硬度及细胞壁降解的影响

以‘秦美’猕猴桃果实为试材,于盛花期后28 d分别采用0（对照,清水）、5、10、20 mg/L 4 个质量浓度的氯吡脲（1-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-3-phenylurea,CPPU）溶液进行蘸果处理,蘸果时间3～5 s,研究采前CPPU处理对‘秦美’猕猴桃贮藏期间果实硬度及细胞壁降解酶活力的影响。结果表明：CPPU处理加速了果实硬度、原果胶和纤维素质量分数的下降,提高了可溶性果胶质量分数及多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（polygalacturonase,PG）、果胶甲酯酶（pectin methylesterase,PME）、纤维素酶（cellulase,Cx）和β-半乳糖苷酶（β-D-galaetosidase,β-Gal）细胞壁降解活力。各处理组果实硬度与可溶性果胶质量分数和PG、Cx活力呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,与原果胶、纤维素质量分数呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）;20 mg/L CPPU处理组果实的β-Gal活力与硬度呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）。CPPU处理提高了果实细胞壁降解酶的活力,促进了细胞壁的降解,加速了贮藏期间果实的软化,降低了果实的耐贮藏性。为维持猕猴桃采后果实硬度,延长贮藏期,生产中不宜使用CPPU处理,或使用的质量浓度不宜超过5 mg/L。     

氯吡苯脲浸泡处理延缓采后芒果成熟和软化的生理机制

以采后‘贵妃’芒果为试材,使用10 mg/L氯吡苯脲（forchlorfenuron,CPPU）溶液对果实浸泡处理10 min,晾干后在室温（25 ℃）条件下贮藏8 d,研究CPPU浸泡处理对芒果果实贮藏期间成熟与软化相关生理指标的影响。结果显示：CPPU浸泡处理明显抑制了芒果果实的呼吸作用并推迟了果肉色泽、硬度、可溶性固形物质量分数和可滴定酸质量分数的变化;CPPU浸泡处理有效抑制了果实1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸合成酶和1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸氧化酶活性,导致乙烯释放量降低;此外,CPPU浸泡处理显著抑制了果实多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、果胶甲酯酶、β-半乳糖苷酶等果胶水解酶活性变化,并较大程度抑制了果胶多糖的增溶与解聚作用,故而延缓了果实的软化进程。结论：CPPU浸泡处理能有效延缓采后芒果果实的成熟与软化,从而延长果实货架寿命。     

外源乙烯对桃果实采后贮藏过程中线粒体内细胞色素氧化酶的影响

以硬溶质型桃果实‘加纳岩’为试材,研究外源乙烯处理对桃果实采后贮藏过程中呼吸速率、乙烯释放量、细胞色素氧化酶（cytochrome C oxidase,COX）活性以及线粒体编码的COX 3 种亚基（COXⅠ 、COXⅡ 、COXⅢ ）基因表达量的影响。结果表明：外源乙烯处理加速了硬溶质型桃果实‘加纳岩’在采后贮藏过程中硬度的下降,促进了呼吸作用和内源乙烯释放,使呼吸高峰和乙烯释放高峰提前出现。同时外源乙烯抑制了COX酶活性,抑制了贮藏后期COXⅠ 和COXⅡ 亚基基因的表达,抑制了整个贮藏过程中COXⅢ 亚基基因的表达。外源乙烯处理抑制了COX途径的呼吸,加速了果实的软化衰老。     

Physiological and biochemical response of harvested plum fruit to oxalic acid during ripening or shelf-life

The effect of oxalic acid application on plum fruit (Prunus salicina cv. ‘Damili’) ripening properties during storage or shelf-life was determined. The fruits were dipped for 3 min in solutions containing 5 mmol/L oxalic acid and then were packed into polyethylene bags and stored at 25 °C for 12 days, or at 2 °C for 20 days and subsequently at 25 °C for 12 days. Ethylene production, fruit firmness, contents of pectin and anthocyanin, specific activities of polygalacturonase (PG), pectin methylesterase (PME) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) were measured. The application of oxalic acid reduced ethylene production and delayed softening of plum fruit. The inhibition of softening was associated with decreased PG and PME activities; that is, the retardation of pectin solubilization/degradation. During storage or shelf-life, flesh reddening and anthocyanin synthesis were significantly inhibited in oxalic acid-treated plum fruit, accompanied with decreased PAL activity. Furthermore, it was found that variable:maximalchlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), an indicator of ripening, senescence or stress injury of fruit and vegetable, decreased much more slowly in oxalic-treated plum fruits than in control fruits. Thus, oxalic acid treatment can be an effective means to extend the shelf life of plum fruit.