60Co-γ辐照红参提取物对1型糖尿病小鼠的影响

为探讨⁶⁰Co-γ辐照对红参降血糖作用的影响,以链脲佐菌素（STZ）诱导的1型糖尿病小鼠为模型,试验期间定期检测小鼠体重及空腹血糖值,试验30 d后眼球取血,测定糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc);血浆离心后的血清,进行血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）水平的测定后进行分析;对取血后的小鼠进行解剖,分离心、肝、脾、肾,测定脏器系数。对小鼠禁食血糖浓度的测定显示,辐照红参高剂量组降血糖效果最显著（P＜0.05）,数值上优于未辐照红参高剂量组。糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)和脏器系数测定结果均显示,辐照红参高剂量组与未辐照红参高剂量组测定值显著高于其他剂量组（P＜0.05）,最接近于阳性对照组,同时辐照红参高剂量组数值上优于未辐照高剂量组。对血清TC、TG的测定发现,辐照红参高剂量组在降低糖尿病小鼠的血脂浓度方面具有显著的调节作用,与糖尿病治疗药物盐酸二甲双胍相近。因此,⁶⁰Co-γ辐照红参提取物能够起到降血糖的作用。     

蛹虫草黄豆粉发酵饮料对小鼠免疫及降血脂功能的影响

研究了蛹虫草黄豆粉发酵饮料对小鼠免疫和降血脂功能的影响。结果表明:与空白组相比,高剂量蛹虫草黄豆粉发酵饮料可以显著提高小鼠胸腺、脾脏的质量,以及小鼠血浆中Ig M、IL-4和IFN-γ的含量和肝脏中Ig G、Ig M、IL-4和IFN-γ的含量;与高脂模型组相比,各剂量均可显著降低血清中TG、LDL-C的含量,高剂量能显著降低血清中TC含量,中、高剂量能显著提高HDL-C的含量。蛹虫草黄豆粉发酵饮料有较好的提高免疫力和降血脂的功效。     

枸杞甘草配制酒对小鼠的免疫调节和体内抗氧化作用

目的:研究枸杞甘草配制酒对免疫抑制KM雄性小鼠的免疫调节和体内抗氧化作用。方法:通过构建免疫抑制KM雄性小鼠模型,将小鼠随机分为 6 组,即空白对照组(CK)、环磷酰胺模型组(CY)、基酒对照组及枸杞甘草配制酒低、中、高剂量组,分别经口给予生理盐水或 5,10,20 mL/kg bw枸杞甘草配制酒,连续灌胃14 d。末次注射后测定各组动物体质量、免疫器官脏器指数、吞噬指数;测定各组小鼠免疫球蛋白G(IgG)与免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(IFN-α)含量;测定各组小鼠谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力、丙二醛 (MDA)浓度。结果:与模型组相比,枸杞甘草配制酒中剂量组能显著改变Ig G、Ig M及细胞因子IL-6、IFN-γ、IFN-α含量及GSH-Px、SOD活力、MDA浓度。结论:枸杞甘草配制酒能有效增强由环磷酰胺所致免疫低下小鼠的免疫调节和体内抗氧化作用。     

杂粮功能醋粉体内降血脂、辅助降血糖和抗氧化作用

通过喂食高脂饲料建立高脂血症小鼠模型,研究杂粮功能醋粉成分及其降血脂、降血糖和抗氧化作用。结果表明：杂粮功能醋粉能显著降低高血脂小鼠体内血清中总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度（P＜0.05）,极显著提高小鼠体内血清中高密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度（P＜0.01）,显著降低小鼠肝脏中丙二醛含量,提高超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力（P＜0.05）,并具有一定降血糖作用。说明各剂量组杂粮功能醋粉可有效调节血脂血糖水平,提高抗氧化作用,且杂粮功能醋粉高剂量组效果明显优于其他组。     

马齿苋多糖对高脂饮食联合链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病小鼠的作用及机制

目的：研究马齿苋多糖对高脂饮食联合链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病小鼠模型的作用及其机制。方法：采用高脂饮食联合链脲佐菌素诱导的方法建立Ⅱ型糖尿病模型,考察马齿苋多糖对糖尿病小鼠的血糖水平、葡萄糖耐受、胰岛素水平、胰岛素敏感指数、血脂指标以及超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）、过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）活性和丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）含量的影响。结果：马齿苋多糖可明显改善血糖水平,提高对葡萄糖的耐受性,增加胰岛素水平和胰岛素敏感指数,且可以降低模型小鼠血脂的含量,同时能够增加小鼠胰腺中SOD、CAT的活性及降低MDA的含量。结论：马齿苋多糖具有降血糖与降血脂作用,可能与其抗氧化作用有关。     

桑枝低聚糖对高脂饮食/链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病小鼠的降血糖活性

本研究以桑枝低聚糖为原料,通过体内实验评价其对糖尿病小鼠降血糖功效。通过高脂饲料结合注射链脲佐菌素建立糖尿病小鼠模型,采用低剂量（200.00 mg/（kg·bw））、中剂量（400.00 mg/（kg·bw））、高剂量（800.00 mg/（kg·bw））桑枝低聚糖对模型小鼠灌胃干预。定期测定小鼠体质量、空腹血糖值,40 d后测定小鼠口服糖耐量、胰岛素水平、氧化应激水平、肾脏相关酶、肠道菌群组成的变化,观察小鼠结肠的病理形态,评估桑枝低聚糖对糖尿病小鼠血糖等生化指标的影响,及其对肠道菌群的作用。结果表明,与模型组相较,桑枝低聚糖延缓了糖尿病小鼠的体重下降,对空腹血糖和糖耐量均有一定程度降低。经桑枝低聚糖治疗后,糖尿病小鼠的胰岛素水平显著降低（P<0.05）,SOD、GSH水平显著提高（P<0.05）,MDA含量显著降低（P<0.05）,CRE、BUN水平有效降低。通过对糖尿病小鼠的肠道菌群进行16S rDNA分析,发现桑枝低聚糖有效增加了肠道微生物的丰富度,在门的水平上,减少厚壁菌门丰度,增加拟杆菌门丰度;在科的水平上,提高乳杆菌科的比例;在属的水平上,提高乳酸杆菌属的比例,并且降低毛螺菌属的比例。证实桑枝低聚糖能够通过改善胰岛素抵抗、改善氧化应激水平,调节肠道菌群等途径降低糖尿病小鼠血糖、缓解糖尿病小鼠消瘦的状况,修复结肠与肾脏损伤,从而起到降血糖作用,在低剂量（200.00 mg/（kg·bw））下就能够发挥较好的降血糖功效,作用效果与剂量无明显线性关系。     

绿豆皮可溶性膳食纤维的抗氧化作用

通过体外、体内实验研究绿豆皮可溶性膳食纤维的抗氧化作用。结果表明：当质量浓度为4 mg/mL时, 绿豆皮可溶性膳食纤维的还原力为1.526,对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基和羟自由基的清除率分别为82.65% 和85.16%。动物实验结果显示,与正常对照组相比,D-半乳糖衰老模型组小鼠血清和肝组织中总抗氧化能力以 及过氧化氢酶、总超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力均有所降低,丙二醛含量升高,且大部分差异显著 （P＜0.05,P＜0.01）,说明小鼠D-半乳糖衰老模型构建成功。与模型组相比,绿豆皮可溶性膳食纤维各剂量组小 鼠血清和肝组织中丙二醛含量大幅降低,高剂量绿豆皮可溶性膳食纤维可显著提高小鼠血清和肝组织总抗氧化能力 以及过氧化氢酶、总超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力（P＜0.05）。因此,绿豆皮可溶性膳食纤维具有 良好的抗氧化作用。     

豌豆肽对环磷酰胺致免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响

研究豌豆肽对免疫抑制小鼠的免疫调节作用。腹腔注射环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide,CTX)建立小鼠免疫抑制模型,并设置空白对照组,观察不同剂量豌豆肽[低剂量组0.4 g/(kg·bw)、中剂量组0.8 g/(kg·bw)、高剂量组1.6 g/(kg·bw)]干预15 d后对小鼠体重、免疫脏器重量及形态、白细胞计数、脾脏T淋巴细胞亚群、免疫球蛋白含量、细胞因子水平、骨髓有核细胞计数和DNA含量的影响。模型组小鼠脾脏和胸腺镜下形态学结构紊乱,外周血白细胞计数、CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+T淋巴细胞百分比、免疫球蛋白Ig G和Ig M含量、骨髓有核细胞浓度和DNA含量均显著低于对照组(p0.01),细胞因子IFN-γ浓度明显低于对照组(p0.05)。与模型组相比,豌豆肽组小鼠在以上指标有不同程度的改善。一定剂量的豌豆肽对CTX致免疫抑制小鼠的免疫功能具有一定的改善作用。     

香椿叶提取物对II型糖尿病db/db小鼠的降血糖作用研究

目的 研究香椿叶提取物对II型糖尿病db/db模型小鼠的降血糖活性,为香椿老叶的综合利用提供科学依据。方法 以自发性II型糖尿病db/db小鼠为模型,以二甲双胍为阳性药物,评价香椿叶提取物的降血糖和抗氧化功能。db/db小鼠被随机分为：模型组、阳性药组(二甲双胍,50 mg/kg BW)、高剂量香椿叶组(1.0 g /kg BW)、低剂量香椿叶组(0.5 g/kg BW)和安慰剂,另设正常组。给药8周后,检测各组小鼠血浆血糖、HbA1c、TC、TG、MDA、SOD、TNF-α和IL-1β的水平,并通过组织病理学观察胰腺组织的病理学变化。结果 香椿叶提取物能够显著降低II型糖尿病db/db模型小鼠血糖及炎症因子水平,并能够改善糖尿病小鼠胰岛纤维化。WB分析表明,香椿叶提取物可通过增加胰岛素受体底物-1的磷酸化水平改善胰岛素抵抗发挥降血糖作用。结论 研究结果表明,香椿叶提取物可能通过调控ISR-1磷酸化水平降低胰岛素抵抗、保护胰岛细胞、延缓胰岛细胞纤维化,发挥降血糖作用。     

南瓜、山药、葛根和桑叶提取物复方对四氧嘧啶模型小鼠的降血糖作用

目的：研究南瓜、山药、葛根和桑叶提取物复方对四氧嘧啶糖尿病模型小鼠的降血糖作用。方法：以四 氧嘧啶诱导建立糖尿病小鼠模型,实验保留10 只小鼠作为正常对照组,并将建模成功的小鼠随机分为模型组、阳 性组（阿卡波糖,200 mg/kg mb）、植物提取物复方低、高剂量组（12、36 g/kg mb,以原料干质量计）。连续灌 胃给药4 周,研究植物提取物复方对糖尿病小鼠体质量及饮食饮水量、空腹血糖浓度、肝糖原含量、糖化血清蛋白 （glucosylated serum protein,GSP）浓度、糖化血红蛋白（glycosylated hemoglobin,GHb）相对含量和抗氧化指标 的影响。结果：植物提取物复方中的主要有效成分为南瓜多糖、山药多糖和葛根素,含量分别为（0.93±0.04）、 （1.01±0.06）、（0.28±0.01）g/100 g（以原料干质量计）。干预4 周后,与模型组相比,植物提取物复方组小鼠 体质量、肝糖原含量显著增加,饮食饮水量、空腹血糖浓度、GSP浓度和GHb相对含量明显降低,胰岛素敏感性增 强,且高剂量效果优于低剂量。植物提取物复方组较模型组总抗氧化能力和超氧化物歧化酶活力明显升高,丙二醛 含量显著降低,表现出改善小鼠氧化应激的作用。结论：南瓜、山药、葛根和桑叶提取物复方能够显著降低四氧嘧 啶性糖尿病模型小鼠血糖浓度,有效改善氧化应激状态。     

Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activity of 3 Umbilicaria species

Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activity of the acetone extracts of the lichens Umbilicaria crustulosa, U. cylindrica, and U. polyphylla. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by 5 separate methods: free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, reducing power, determination of total phenolic compounds, and determination of total flavonoid content. Of the lichens tested, U. polyphylla had largest free radical scavenging activity (72.79% inhibition at a concentration of 1 mg/mL), which was similar as standard antioxidants in the same concentration. Moreover, the tested extracts had effective reducing power and superoxide anion radical scavenging. Total content of phenol and flavonoid in extracts was determined as pyrocatechol equivalent, and as rutin equivalent, respectively. The strong relationships between total phenolic and flavonoid contents and the antioxidant effect of tested extracts were observed. The antimicrobial activity was estimated by determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration by the broth microdilution method. The most active was extract of U. polyphylla with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 1.56 to 12.5 mg/mL. Anticancer activity was tested against FemX (human melanoma) and LS174 (human colon carcinoma) cell lines using MTT method. All extracts were found to be strong anticancer activity toward both cell lines with IC₅₀ values ranging from 28.45 to 97.82 μg/mL. The present study shows that tested lichen extracts demonstrated a strong antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects. That suggests that lichens may be used as possible natural antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer agents.     

Evaluation of the Phenolic Content,Antiradical, Antioxidant,and Antimicrobial Activity of Different Floral Sources of Honey

Thirty-five honeys were evaluated for total phenolic content by Folin-Ciocalteu method, for potential antioxidant activity using phosphomolibdenum assay and by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method for antiradical activity. The antimicrobial activity was studied by the agar diffusion method, using 12 bacteria and 2 yeasts. The means of the total phenolic contents of chestnut, honeydew, multifloral, thyme, and astragalus were 47 ± 18, 24.2 ± 0.6, 14 ± 11, 11 ± 6, and 9 ± 7 mg/100 g honey as gallic acid equivalent, respectively. The lowest antioxidant activity was observed in honeydew 70 ± 5 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g honey while the highest content was observed in astragalus honey 86 ± 16 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g honey. Correlation between the phenolic content and antioxidant activity were found to be statistically significant. Chestnut honeys (n = 5) exhibited maximum free radical scavenging activity with an average 68 ± 9%. The honey samples showed the highest antimicrobial activity against some microorganisms, especially Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Proteus mirabilis. On the other side, Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus subtilis, and E. coli were the most resistant microorganisms. The results revealed that the Turkish honeys studied proved to be a good source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents that might serve to protect human health.     

Antioxidant,Antibacterial, and Antiproliferative Activities of Free and Bound Phenolics from Peel and Flesh of Fuji Apple

This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiproliferative activities of flesh free (FF), flesh bound (FB), peel free (PF), and peel bound (PB) phenolics from Fuji apple. The PB, which had highest total phenolic contents (126.15 ± 2.41 mg/100 g wet weight) and lowest total carbohydrate contents (34.68 ± 2.78 mg/100 g wet weight), showed the strongest 2,2’‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenthiazoline‐6‐sulphonate) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity (EC₅₀ = 0.36 ± 0.02 mg/mL), 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (EC₅₀ = 0.26 ± 0.01 mg/mL), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (Ferric reducing antioxidant power; EC₅₀ = 0.19 ± 0.02 mg/mL) compared with those of FF, FB, and PF. The PB also showed the strongest antibacterial activities on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes and it also showed the highest antiproliferative effects on Caco‐2 human colonic cancer cell (EC₅₀ = 1.44 ± 0.01 mg/mL) and Hela human cervical cell (EC₅₀ = 2.81 ± 0.01 mg/mL). Both free and bound phenolics from Fuji apple showed good antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiproliferative activities in our study, and bound phenolics had significantly higher activities compared with those of free phenolics.     

Antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities of three Parmelia species

BACKGROUND: Lichens are symbiotic organisms consisting of algae and fungi. They are used for human and animal nutrition and in the production of colours, perfumes and alcohol. Lichens have also been used in traditional medicine to treat diseases such as jaundice, pulmonary, stomach and cranial diseases. In this study the acetone extracts of three lichens, Parmelia caperata, Parmelia sulcata and Parmelia saxatilis, were tested for their antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer potential. RESULTS: Of the lichens tested, P. saxatilis had the highest free radical‐scavenging activity (55.3% inhibition). Moreover, all tested extracts showed effective reducing power and superoxide anion radical scavenging. Strong relationships between total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant effects of the tested extracts were observed. The extract of P. sulcata was most active in terms of antimicrobial ability, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 0.78 to 12.5 mg L^?1. All extracts were found to have strong anticancer activity, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 9.55 to 22.95 µg mL^?1. CONCLUSION: The present study showed that the tested lichen extracts exhibited strong antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer effects. This suggests that lichens may be used as possible natural antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer agents. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Phenolic profile,antioxidant, anticholinesterase,and anti-tyrosinase activities of the various extracts of Ferula elaeochytris and Sideritis stricta

In this study, the antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and anti-tyrosinase properties of (hexane, acetone, methanol, and water) extracts of Ferula elaeochytris and Sideritis stricta were determined with the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The phenolic profile of the methanol and water extracts was analysed using HPLC-DAD. Protocatechuic acid was found as the major phenolic compound in the methanol (116.3 ± 3.1 µg/g) and water extracts (69.4 ± 1.3 µg/g) of F. elaeochytris. Coumarins (253.9 ± 4.1 µg/g) and catechin hydrate (175.2 ± 2.9 µg/g) were the most abundant phenolic compounds in the methanol and water extracts of S. stricta. β-carotene–linoleic acid, DPPH^?, ABTS^?+, CUPRAC, and metal-chelating assays were used to evaluate antioxidant properties of the extracts. The methanol and water extracts of F. elaeochytris and the acetone and methanol extracts of S. stricta containing the highest amount of total phenolic and flavonoid contents showed the highest antioxidant activities in β-carotene–linoleic acid, DPPH^?, ABTS^?+, and CUPRAC assays. The enzyme inhibitory potential of extracts was investigated against key enzymes involved in neurodegenerative (acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)) and skin (tyrosinase) disorders. In the cholinesterase inhibitory assays, the hexane extracts of two species exhibited the best activity against AChE, while the hexane extract of F. elaeochytris and the methanol extract of S. stricta observed to be the most active against BChE. As for anti-tyrosinase activity results of extracts, the only acetone and methanol extracts showed mild inhibitory activity for both species.     

Antioxidant,Antimicrobial, Antifungal,and Antiradical Activities of Cyclotrichium Niveum (BOISS.) Manden and Scheng

In Turkish kitchen, Cyclotrichium niveum, which is consumed as a dietary supplement, have been extensively used in soup and food for their odor and flavor. The present study examines the possible antioxidant, antimicrobial and radical scavenging capacity of Cyclotrichium niveum (Boiss.) Manden and Scheng. In order to evaluate antioxidant and radical scavenging activity different in vitro methodologies such as 2,2´-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH·) free radical scavenging, total antioxidant activity by ferric thiocyanate, total reducing power by potassium ferricyanide reduction method, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and ferrous ions chelating activities were used. In addition, antimicrobial and antifungal activity of the both extracts tested against twenty five microorganisms. Total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids contents in water extract of Cyclotrichium niveum (Boiss.) Manden. & Scheng (WECN) and ethanol extract of Cyclotrichium niveum (Boiss.) Manden. & Scheng (EECN) were determined.