水分对碱面条品质的影响

以武汉热干面(碱面条)为研究对象,研究不同水分添加量对碱面条品质的影响。采用流变仪和差示扫描量热仪研究面团的流变性质和热力学性质,同时对碱面条的剪切性质、拉伸性质以及吸水率进行测定。结果表明,随着水分添加量增大(20%～38%),碱面团的弹性下降,且吸热峰值逐渐向高温移动,焓值增加。同时,碱面条的硬度、拉伸强度、拉伸距离出现先增加后减小的现象。当水分添加量为30%时,其硬度、拉伸强度、弹性达到最大值,分别为730、73g和63 mm。此外,面条的吸水率随着面条中加水量的增大而增加。     

魔芋精粉添加量对碱面条品质的影响

向碱面条中添加魔芋精粉,从流变性质、拉伸性质、硬度和溶胀性等方面探究魔芋精粉添加量对碱面条品质的影响。结果表明,随着魔芋精粉添加量增大,碱面团的弹性增加,魔芋碱面条的溶胀性上升。碱面条的拉伸性质和硬度随着魔芋精粉添加量增大出现先增大后减小的趋势。当魔芋精粉添加量为1%时,碱面条的最大拉伸力、拉伸距离、硬度达到最大值,分别为93 g、65mm、630 g。适量魔芋精粉的加入可改善碱面条的品质与营养特性。     

小麦胚芽添加量对面条品质影响的研究

以小麦胚芽和面粉为原料,研究不同小麦胚芽添加量(0%、5%、10%、15%、20%)对面条品质(吸水率、断条率、蒸煮损失率、硬度等)的影响。结果表明:小麦胚芽的添加对面条断条率没有影响,但会使面条最佳蒸煮时间和吸水率下降,面条蒸煮损失率呈现V型变化趋势。此外,随着小麦胚芽添加量的增加,面条的硬度、胶黏性及咀嚼性均先增大后减小,但面条黏着性先减小后增大,而弹性及黏聚性则无显著性变化。在小麦胚芽添加量为5%~10%时,面条的感官评分最高。     

抗性淀粉对北方馒头加工品质的影响

研究了抗性淀粉(Resistant Starch,RS)对北方馒头加工品质的影响。结果表明:随着RS添加量的增加,三种筋力抗性淀粉馒头的硬度和咀嚼性显著增加,弹性、黏聚性和回复性显著减小。10%RS添加量的强筋粉馒头和5%RS添加量的中筋粉馒头的硬度和咀嚼性明显低于弱筋粉馒头,具有可接受的口感。抗性淀粉添加于小麦粉中,在一定程度上恶化了小麦粉的加工性能,具体表现为馒头僵硬、弹性差、感官评分较低。馒头的老化主要出现在初始24 h内,不同RS添加量馒头的老化趋势相同。     

谷朊粉对面筋和面团流变学及面条质构特性的影响

以市售神象特一粉为原料,提取制备谷朊粉后以不同比例添加到面粉中,研究谷朊粉添加对面粉湿面筋、面团、面片的流变学及面条质构特性的影响。研究表明:随着谷朊粉添加量的增加,面粉的干、湿面筋含量增加,面筋指数没有明显的改善;1.5%的谷朊粉可以改善面粉的粉质、拉伸特性,但过量的添加量会适得其反;添加谷朊粉会降低面片的亮度,增大面片的损耗因子。面条的质构特性分析结果表明,谷朊粉的添加使面条的硬度、回复性,胶黏性和咀嚼性增加,而对面条的黏附性、内聚性和弹性没有明显影响。总体来说,1.5%~3%谷朊粉的添加可以提高面粉的面筋特性,改善面粉的粉质和拉伸特性,对湿面筋及面带的色泽和黏弹性无较差影响,并能够改善面条硬度和口感。     

天然菊粉对面团流变学及面条品质的影响

为了获得膳食纤维含量高的面条,探讨了天然菊粉对面粉糊化、面团流变学和面条品质的影响。结果表明,天然菊粉能够显著(p<0.05)降低面粉糊化过程中的峰值黏度、峰谷黏度、最终黏度和破损值,显著提高糊化温度(p<0.05)。天然菊粉能够改善面条面粉的粉质和拉伸特性。添加天然菊粉能使面团吸水率和弱化度降低,而使面团的形成时间、稳定时间和粉质质量指数增加。随天然菊粉添加量的增加,面团的拉伸阻力和拉伸比例逐渐增大,而拉伸曲线面积和延伸度呈先增大后减小的趋势。当天然菊粉添加量为7.5%时,面条的干物质吸水率高达180.66%。在天然菊粉1.25%~15%添加量实验范围内,天然菊粉的添加对面条的弹性和咀嚼性没有显著影响(p>0.05)。综合考虑,天然菊粉的最适添加量为7.5%。     

淀粉种类及性质对鲜湿面条品质的影响

将不同种类的淀粉添加到面粉中,对混合粉制成的鲜湿面条进行色泽、蒸煮品质和熟面条质构的测定,分析淀粉的种类、特性及添加量对面条品质的影响。结果表明:马铃薯淀粉使混合粉的峰值黏度明显增高,玉米淀粉能够有效改善面条的色泽,其次是马铃薯淀粉。随着淀粉添加量的增加,面条的干物质吸水率减小,干物质损失率先减小后增加,添加5%~10%的马铃薯和木薯淀粉的面条蒸煮品质较好;小麦和马铃薯淀粉面条的硬度和咀嚼性较高,木薯淀粉面条的黏聚性好,马铃薯淀粉和木薯淀粉的拉伸距离较大。马铃薯淀粉直链淀粉含量低,糊化性能好,可以有效改善面条的品质,但添加量不应超过10%。     

麦麸添加量和粒度对中国干面条质构特性的影响

利用山农优麦号面粉为材料,研究不同麦麸添加量(质量分数为5%、10%、15%、20%)和不同粒度(0.16～0.43、0.43～1.0、1.5～2.0、2.0～2.5mm)对面条质构特性的影响。结果表明：麦麸添加量和粒度对面条质构特性产生显著影响(P＜0.05)。面条质构特性参数脆性、柔韧性、曲线积分随着麸皮添加量和粒度的增加而显著降低。当麸皮粒度小于0.43mm时,干面条的脆性随着添加量的增加呈下降趋势;对于5%的添加量,不同粒度处理脆性没有显著差异,但当添加量超过10%时,粒度处理间存在显著差异(P＜0.05)。当添加少于10%的细麸皮时,干面条柔韧性稍有下降,但对于粗麸皮,当添加量少于5%时干面条柔韧性就呈显著下降趋势。随着添加量和麸皮粒度的增加,熟面条的硬度、胶着性和咀嚼性显著下降,而黏性增加。熟面条弹性和黏聚性没有表现出规律性的变化。对于细麸皮,随着添加量增加面条的硬度没有显著降低,而添加粗麸皮则表现出显著的下降趋势。对于中等粒度和大粒度麸皮,添加量在5%～15%处理间对面条的黏聚性、弹性和恢复性没有显著差异。因此,添加10%之内的细麦麸和不超过5%的中等粒度的麦麸能够加工出富含膳食纤维的干面条。     

超微处理挤压改性荞麦粉添加对面团特性和全荞麦面条品质特性的影响

将经挤压改性的荞麦粉超微处理,将不同比例物理改性粉回添后制成面团和面条。利用混合实验仪、动态流变仪和扫描电子显微镜研究其添加量对面团热机械学、拉伸和流变特性及微结构的影响,结合全荞麦面条蒸煮、质构特性和感官评定结果,研究其对面条品质的影响。结果发现,随添加量的增加,面团的吸水率递增,形成时间先递减后递增,稳定时间和拉伸阻力先递增后递减,峰值扭矩和回生值均递减。其中添加量为5%和10%的面团结构紧实且连续均匀,孔洞较小,黏弹性较高。加工后的面条吸水率、蒸煮损失和断条率随添加量的增加先降低后上升,硬度、弹性和咀嚼度变化趋势相反,蒸煮时间逐渐降低。添加量为5%时,面条具有最好的蒸煮和质构特性和感官评定值。     

挤压膨化小扁豆粉对面团特性及面条品质的影响

将质量分数0%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%和100%的挤压膨化小扁豆粉添加到小麦粉中,研究了挤压膨化小扁豆粉对面团特性及面条品质的影响。结果表明,随着挤压膨化小扁豆粉添加量的增大,混合粉中蛋白质和灰分含量增大,水分和脂肪含量减小。混合粉面团形成时间和稳定时间显著减小,弱化度增大。当挤压膨化小扁豆粉添加量超过10%后,淀粉的糊化热稳定性和蒸煮稳定性均变差,淀粉酶解速率增大。挤压膨化小扁豆粉添加量10%～15%组面团黏弹性与对照面团最为接近,且在该范围添加量下,面条硬度和咀嚼性大小适宜,弹性良好。添加量0%～15%时挤压膨化扁豆粉的添加不影响面条的断条率和蒸煮损失率,综合考虑,推荐面条中挤压膨化小扁豆粉的添加量为10%。     

Processing of Parboiled Wheat Noodles Fortified with Pulsed Ultrasound Pomegranate (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Punica granatum</Emphasis> L. var. Malas) Peel Extract

The main objective of this study was to improve the antioxidant properties of parboiled wheat noodles (salted and yellow alkaline noodles) by adding different concentrations of pomegranate peel extract (PPE) into the noodle formulations (0, 0.75, and 1.50%) in order to produce the acceptable new product. The total phenolic contents and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity varied from 4.07 to 8.61 mg GAE/g and from 23.20 to 95.16%, respectively. The white salted noodle fortified with 1.50% PPE had the highest antioxidant activity among all prepared noodles. The fortified noodles showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences in terms of color and textural properties as compared to the control noodle. The fortified white salted noodles had a light brown color with a soft texture, whereas the fortified yellow alkaline noodles were substantially darker and harder than the white salted noodles. The fortified white noodles had a shorter optimum cooking time than the yellow noodles. The addition of PPE to the formulation of both noodles led to a reduction of pH. The current study revealed that the fortified noodles had more homogeneous and compact microstructure than the control noodle. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the overall acceptability of both fortified noodles.     

The influence of formulation and processing on stability of thiamin in three styles of Asian noodles

Asian styles of noodle products represent the end-use of at least one eighth of all wheat produced globally and are potentially a good dietary source of essential nutrients. In order to investigate the factors influencing thiamin content, three styles of noodles were made under controlled laboratory conditions. The losses during preparation of dried white salted noodles were low. Boiling of these noodles resulted in a 43% decline in total thiamin level. In contrast, the relative losses of thiamin were high for yellow alkaline noodles and these occurred at each step in the process including dough mixing and drying. For instant noodles decreases also occurred at each step and these were smaller than for yellow alkaline but greater than for white salted noodles. The variation in ingredients and processing accounts at least partially for differences in thiamin levels of different noodle styles.     

Folates in Asian noodles: II. A comparison of commercial samples and the impact of cooking

ABSTRACT:  The folate contents of 26 commercial noodle samples were investigated. The impact of ingredients, pH, and cooking on folate content was studied for the 3 predominant styles of noodles: white salted, yellow alkaline, and instant. Some variability was found in the proportion of folate present in the free form and the noodles generally had low total folate contents. The pH values of the samples covered a wide range, varying from 3.7 to 10.3; however, the results did not provide strong evidence for a relationship between pH and folate content for any of the noodle styles studied. Higher folate levels were typically found in yellow alkaline samples compared to white salted and instant noodles. The storage of noodles in dry or moist forms did not appear to influence total folate contents, and subsequent losses during cooking depended upon the time of exposure to elevated temperatures. The enzymatic treatment of samples was particularly important for cooked noodles, indicating that folates were bound or entrapped during this process.     

Folates in Asian noodles: III. Fortification, impact of processing, and enhancement of folate intakes

ABSTRACT:  Asian noodles, a widely consumed staple food, were evaluated as potential vehicles for fortification with folic acid. Samples of white salted, yellow alkaline, and instant noodles, prepared under controlled laboratory conditions, were fortified and folates were measured at each stage of processing using a microbiological assay. Although the 3 styles showed differing patterns of retention, overall losses were slightly more than 40% and were similar for all styles. White salted and yellow alkaline noodles showed no significant decrease in total folate content during production. In contrast, significant losses occurred for instant noodles during steaming and deep-frying of the noodle strands. In all cases, substantial losses occurred during subsequent cooking of the dried noodles. Fortification at a rate of 50% of the reference value per serving resulted in retention of folate at levels corresponding to 30% following cooking, whereas unfortified noodles contributed less than 4% per serving. It is concluded that fortifying Asian noodles provides an effective means for enhancing folate intake.     

The enrichment of Asian noodles with fiber‐rich fractions derived from roller milling of hull‐less barley

Fiber‐rich fractions (FRF) derived from roller milling of waxy (W) and high amylose (HA) starch hull‐less barley genotypes were evaluated for suitability as functional ingredients in fresh and dried white salted (WSN) and fresh yellow alkaline (YAN) noodles. FRF‐W and FRF‐HA both contained over 300 g kg⁻¹ dietary fiber, and over 200 g kg⁻¹ of β‐glucans. Replacement of 250 g kg⁻¹ Canada Prairie Spring White (cv AC Vista) wheat patent flour with the FRF posed no problems in noodle processing, although water absorption had to be substantially increased. All three noodle types enriched with the FRF were significantly darker and contained more brown specks than the wheat flour control noodles. The presence of the FRF reduced cooking time of fresh YAN and WSN by ∼50%. The addition of FRF improved cooked YAN texture, as evidenced by increased firmness and resistance to compression. FRF‐enriched fresh WSN were comparable to the wheat flour control noodles for those parameters, whereas enrichment of dry WSN by FRF imparted less firmness and less chewiness. FRF‐enriched fresh YAN and WSN offer consumer convenience due to shorter cooking time, improved nutritional quality and acceptable cooking quality. These features might make FRF‐enriched noodles sufficiently attractive to health‐conscious consumers to overcome the negative effects of color and appearance Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Riboflavin in Asian noodles: The impact of processing,storage and the efficacy of fortification of three product styles

Asian noodle products are a staple food in many countries, representing the end-use of approximately one eighth of all wheat produced globally. Relatively little has been published on the contribution of Asian noodles to dietary intakes of essential nutrients including the B group vitamins. Therefore, the aim of this study has been to investigate the factors influencing the retention of riboflavin in these products. The three most common styles of Asian noodles (white salted, yellow alkaline and instant) have been prepared under controlled laboratory conditions and riboflavin contents measured at each stage of processing. The stability varied markedly between the different styles with losses occurring at each step. Declines ranging from 27% to 38% of the initial riboflavin levels were found in fortified noodles prior to cooking. During boiling at the optimum temperature, further decreases occurred resulting in overall losses of 52–74% of the amounts incorporated into the various formulations. The presence of alkaline salts as ingredients appeared to be the primary factor influencing the extent of losses in the three styles. White salted and instant Asian noodles are effective vehicles for enhancing dietary intakes of riboflavin.     

The impact of flours and product storage on the thiamin content of Asian noodles

Thiamin is essential for human health and wheat foods are generally considered to be a good source of thiamin. However, dietary levels may be limited because of losses during processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the level of thiamin in a variety of wheat flour products along with the factors impacting on the thiamin content of Asian noodles particularly during storage. A standard fluorometric procedure was selected for the determination of thiamin in flours and noodle samples. White salted, yellow alkaline and instant noodles were prepared and the impact of storage conditions on thiamin levels analysed. Noodle pH appeared to be directly related to the amount of alkaline salt added and this in turn influenced the thiamin stability. The losses varied between the different styles with the greatest decreases occurring in the fresh yellow alkaline noodles. Prolonged drying at 40 °C for up to 9 days had no adverse influence on the ultimate thiamin status of these products. Storage of dried noodles for up to 4 months did not result in any further loss of thiamin. It is concluded that the potential of Asian noodles to contribute to dietary thiamin intakes appears to be limited in those where alkaline salts are included in the formulation.     

Effects of different fertilization treatments on the physicochemical and noodle-making properties of Korean winter wheat cultivars

Changes in the quality of white salted noodles prepared with different types of Korean winter wheat were examined. Crude protein and amylose contents of various wheat cultivars ranged from 7.17 to 9.97 and 24.78 to 29.37%, respectively. The water holding capacities of Jokyung with base N-fertilizer (NF) and Keumkang with 40% increased NF compared with NF at the supplementary manuring (SM) were 95.70 and 70.69%, respectively. The dry gluten content of the Keumkang with 20% increased NF compared with SM at the panicle initiation stage (PS) was 12.5%, and the final viscosities of several cultivars with NF, PS, and SM did not differ. PS treatment increased the thickness of the noodle sheet, and the hardnesses of cooked noodles prepared using Goso, Baekjoong, Younbaek, and Keumkang wheat with PS or SM treatment were increased. The thickness was strongly positively correlated with dry gluten content (DG) and water binding in wet gluten. In order to improve the quality of fresh noodles, wheat flour prepared using Hojung, Goso, and Baekjoong cultivars under PS cultivation condition or wheat flour with higher protein content, DG contents, and WBG should be used.     

The Role of Wheat and Egg Constituents in the Formation of a Covalent and Non‐covalent Protein Network in Fresh and Cooked Egg Noodles

Noodles of constant protein content and flour‐to‐egg protein ratio were made with whole egg, egg white, or egg yolk. The optimal cooking time, water absorption, and cooking loss of salted whole egg noodles was respectively lower and higher than of egg white and egg yolk noodles. However, cooked whole egg noodles showed the best Kieffer‐rig extensibility. Differences in noodle properties were linked to protein network formation. Disulfide bonds in whole egg noodles developed faster and to a larger extent during cooking than in egg yolk noodles but slower and to a lower extent than in egg white noodles. The balance between the rate of protein cross‐linking and starch swelling determines cooked noodle properties. Ionic and hydrophobic protein interactions increase the optimum cooking time and total work in Kieffer‐rig extensibility testing of fresh noodles. Hydrogen bonds and covalent cross‐links are probably the main determinants of the extensibility of cooked noodles.     

Extraction of Carrot (Daucus carota) Antifreeze Proteins and Evaluation of Their Effects on Frozen White Salted Noodles

Homogenate and vacuum infiltration-centrifugation were adopted and compared in carrot antifreeze proteins (CaAFPs) extraction, and effects of CaAFPs on thermophysical properties, texture properties, cooking properties, and microstructure of frozen white salted noodles were studied. Results showed that the vacuum infiltration-centrifugation was more targeted than homogenate in CaAFPs extraction, while its protein extraction rate was much lower than homogenate. Differential scanning calorimeter measurement showed that CaAFPs could not only lower the initial point of freezing (T _f) and the end point of freezing (T _m′) of water but also decrease the freezable water content. It also confirmed that CaAFPs were enriched in apoplast extract. The addition of CaAFPs could lower the enthalpy of melting of frozen noodles. V-CaAFPs could lower T _m′ of frozen noodles but the T _m′ of H-noodles was slightly increased. Freezable water content of frozen noodles was decreased by the addition of CaAFPs and T _g″ of them was increased. Texture profile analysis showed that texture properties of white salted noodles were significantly influenced (p?<?0.05) by the addition of CaAFPs. Cooking properties of frozen white salted noodles were also significantly enhanced (p?<?0.05) by increasing cooking absorption and reducing dry material loss. NMR measurement showed that the addition of CaAFPs could shift water from mobile state to less mobile state. Microstructure of noodles suggested that the addition of CaAFPs could protect the gluten network from the damage caused by freezing and temperature fluctuation, which resulted in an integrated gluten network in white salted noodles.