Experimental determination of the dynamics of vacuum impregnation of apples

ABSTRACT:  Vacuum impregnation (VI) is a food processing method by which air and native solution are removed from porous spaces within a food and replaced by an external solution. In this study, an experimental device based on a previous design was built, including some modifications, in order to investigate the dynamics of the VI process. The device measured the net force exerted by a food sample submitted to the VI process using a load cell. The influence of the vacuum level and sample geometry was well quantified by the experimental procedure and the modified equipment using apple samples (Fuji var.) as a food model. The results indicated that the experimental device proposed in this study, together with the suggested procedure, is a useful tool to investigate the dynamics of VI processes. It is robust and versatile, and has the advantage of not requiring the determination of the water evaporated during the VI process in a separate experiment, which represents an increase in the accuracy of the results.     

效应代数上态射的一些性质

研究了效应代数上态射、单调态射和弱单调态射的一些性质,证明了如果E1,E2为格效应代数,φ:E1→E2是1-1态射且φ是格同态,那么φ是单调态射.反之,若φ:E1 →E2是满的单调态射,则φ是格同态.如果E1,E2是格序列效应代数,φ:E1→E2是双射且为态射,那么φ是单调态射当且仅当φ(a∧b)=φ(a)∧φ(b),...     

Application of food supplement, of a duilder-rose for prevention of stressful disturbance of physiological and biochemical characteristics of erythrocytes

In the article results of researches of influence of food supplement allocated of a guelder-rose (Viburnum sargentii Koehne) on structural and physiological characteristics of erythrocytes are presented to blood of the doctors-surgeons who are exposed during of the working day to complex stressful influence (psychologic-emotional, chemical, intensity of labour process, etc). It is shown that preventive application a polyphenolic complex from a guelder-rose promoted restoration of average volume and diameter of erythrocytes, normalization of a parity of quantitative structure of neutral lipids and phospholipids, to preservation of permeability of membranes. The food supplement allocated of a guelder-rose can be used in a treatment and prophylactic feed.     

包装机械标准化发展设想

分析包装机械标准化发展现状及面临的形势,阐述包装机械标准化发展设想,并提出包装机械标准化发展的重点项目的建议。     

The dynamic nature of the nutrition of the population of 1 of the districts of Moscow over a 10-year period

On the basis of three-multiple research of character of a feed of the inhabitants of one of Moscow district by the standardized method of the 24-th hour interrogation reveals significant changes in structure of a feed of the population from 1986 to 1996. The shifts have appeared more dynamical in the second five-year from 1991 to 1996. Nevertheless, atherogenicity of ration of a researched population with superfluous consumption of the saturated fats and simple carbohydrates remains. Is established, in a feed of the women there were large shifts, than at the men. The structure of a feed of the inhabitants of Moscow differed from structure of a feed of the inhabitants of Russia.     

Features of feeding behavior of students of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia

The feeding behavior of students of Peoples Friendship University of Russia from 55 countries (557 persons) was studied by questionary method. Most students (83%) recognized the changes in nutrition after admission to the university. A quarter of students noted the ill health. The adaptation to the new nutrition type of at 12% per a year of study. About third (31%) rated their nutrition as good, 39%--as satisfactory, 20%--unsatisfactory at the moment of research. 80% of students broke a diet. About half of students (51%) regularly miss a breakfast, 34% and 15%--miss a dinner and supper. More than 60% of students eat hot meals not oftener than once a day. Insufficient consumption of fish, eggs and bean by students also was noted in the course of research. Irrationality of the educational schedule and the high prices for foodstuffs are leading causes of breaking of nutrition according to students.     

家具产品的文化底蕴设计

家具作为我国传统行业之一,其发展已经初具规模,并且成为我国重要的出口行业。同时家具产品作为文化的承载者也使其散发着独特的魅力。时代的变迁,物质生活的日益优越,家具作为一类人们非常熟悉的日常用品,单纯外在形式和使用功能上的设计已经远远不能满足现代人的需求,家具产品的设计更是一种文化底蕴的设计,只有认识到这一点,中国的现代家具设计才能开创自己的道路,才能够在世界的舞台重新找到属于自己的位置。     

翻领成型器曲面几何形状研究

翻领成型器曲面为可展曲面,用微分几何方法描述了翻领成型器曲面的数学模型,推出了肩曲面为左右对称顶点不同的锥面时的圆形料管翻领成型器的交接曲线以及边界曲线的数学模型,并用Pro/E建立其三维曲面参数化数字模型,为翻领成型器其他截面形状、其他曲面形状的研究提供新的研究方法,为翻领成型器设计制造提供一定的理论依据。     

Influence of an Extract of Heart on Stability of Color and Development of Rancidity During Storage of Sliced Bologna

To investigate whether the presence of substances extracted from the heart could improve the stability of the color and retard rancidity during storage, three batches of beef bologna containing 0, 5.43 and 10.86% of a heart extract were prepared. The product containing a greater amount of extract had a more intense, pink color than product with less or no extract. The rate of change of the color and lipid oxidation pattern were found to be the same for the three batches during a 60-day storage period. The positive influence of the extract on color was attributed to the extra amount of pigment provided in the extract rather than to a protective reducing mechanism.     

Temperature-dependence of rate of oxidation of rapeseed oil encapsulated in a glassy food matrix

Oxidation of stripped rapeseed oil, encapsulated in a carbohydrate/protein glassy matrix, initiated by a lipophilic free radical initiator (or not initiated) and monitored as peroxide value and conjugated dienes for 45 days, developed differently depending on storage temperature. At low temperature (5 °C), the encapsulated oil and bulk oil, as reference, showed little oxidation which, moreover, could be accounted for by the oxygen dissolved in the oil. At intermediate temperatures (25 and 45 °C), oxidation exceeded the level corresponding to dissolved oxygen and became dependent on oxygen transport through the matrix. At high temperature (60 °C), a rapid, linear increase in peroxide concentration was followed by an autocatalytic phase with a rapid increase in peroxides, subsequently reaching a steady-state concentration. The oxidation of the encapsulated oil was found to have a lower energy of activation (around 60 kJ/mol) than the bulk oil (around 80 kJ/mol), resulting in a protection of the encapsulated oil at higher temperatures. However, the temperature-dependence of the zeroth order rate constants for initial peroxide formation in the encapsulated oil showed a shift from a rate determining reaction at low temperature with a high energy of activation to a reaction at higher temperature with a smaller energy of activation, especially for the encapsulated oil without initiator added. At low temperature, lipid oxidation seems rate-determining while, at higher temperature, oxygen permeation through the matrix with a lower energy of activation becomes rate-determining. The glassy matrix yields only partly protection against lipid oxidation as it allows permeation of oxygen and other small molecules, as further confirmed by the effect of a hydrophilic radical initiator, incorporated in the matrix, on peroxide value of the encapsulated oil.     

餐厅投诉的种类与处理原则

对于餐厅的管理者而言,“投诉”更像一把双刃剑。一方面它会带来很多的烦恼，而另一方面它又会促使餐厅服务质量的提高。任何餐厅都不希望有客人投诉自己的工作，然而．即使是世界上最负盛名的餐厅也会遇到客人投诉。成功的餐厅善于把投诉的消极面转化为积极面。通过处理投诉来促进自己不断提高服务质量。因此，正确认识投诉，理性分析投诉，妥善处理投诉．是一个成功餐厅必练的基本功．     

The effect of casein on the viscosity of solutions of hydrocolloids

The apparent viscosities of aqueous solutions of guar gum, locust bean gum, sodium carboxymethylcellulose and k-carrageenan have been measured over a range of shear rates from 14 to 1142 s^?1. Comparable measurements were made on solutions to which different quantities of casein (10-40 g litre^?1) had been added. For all the solutions a power law equation describes the variation of relative viscosity with shear rate. Addition of casein has no effect on the solutions of guar and locust bean gum, but does affect the rheology of solutions of sodium carboxymethylcellulose and k-carrageenan. The behaviour of k-carrageenan indicates a dependence on the polyanion:casein ratio, reaching a maximum at a concentration ratio of 1:4. The only significant solute-solute interactions in the hydrocolloid-casein solutions are electrostatic in nature.     

氩气回路中杂质CO的在线分析方法

模拟正在建造的中国实验快中子反应堆的气体回路,建立了一个工程上可行的、有多条固定管线和阀门的50 m长快堆覆盖气体放射性氩气取样系统、计算机控制的阀门进样以及氩气中杂质CO的间断性在线分析方法.通过热导检测器出口气体可以排放入通风系统的办法,避免了使用氢火焰离子化检测器以后,放射性气体氩气扩散排放到气体分析实验室产生工作环境的放射性污染问题.其检测限、测量精度和准确度满足了中国实验快堆规定的氩气中杂质CO的分析要求,并达到了美国试验和材料协会(ASTM)在快堆覆盖气体杂质的标准中提出的分析氩气中杂质CO的标准要求.     

Analysis of 41 kb of the DNA sequence from the right arm of chromosome II of Schizosaccharomyces pombe

We report the complete sequence of cosmid c18A7 (41 046 bp insert), located on the right arm of chromosome II of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe genome. The sequence, which partially overlaps with cosmids SPBC4F6 and SPBC336, contains 16 open reading frames (ORFs) capable of coding for proteins of at least 100 amino acid residues in length (one partial) and one small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA). Four known genes were found: swi10 (encoding a mating-type switching protein also involved in nucleotide excision repair); dim1 (encoding a dimethyladenosine transferase); arf1 (encoding ADP-ribosylation factor 1); and pol3 (cdc6) the partial fragment, encoding the 125 kDa catalytic subunit of the DNA polymerase type B. Six ORFs similar to known proteins were found. They include a transporter of the major facilitator superfamily class, a vacuolar sorting protein, an asparagine synthase, a nuclear protein, a reticulum oxidoreductin and a heat shock protein. Each protein product of the other six ORFs has conserved domains and can be assigned a molecular, but not a biological, function. The sequence has been submitted to the EMBL database under Accession No. AL080287.     

Influence of Surface Geometry of Paper on Colour Rendering of Impression

Quality standards of polygraphic production are raising at the market.Hereupon a role of the surface of paper quality becomes more important and its ability of image reproduction.Particularly color reproduction quality is highly required.Samples of paper with different surface texture and structure were taken to investigation.Techniques of an estimation of properties of a surface of materials are presented.By results of work it is possible to track character of dependence between indicators of quality of a surface and a material color rendition.In this work presents investigation of microgeometry of paper and influence of this factor on color coverage area of printing system.     

Optimization of amino-acid profile of protein-peptide products used in preparation of functional beverages

The message is devoted to optimization of amino acid structure of protein/peptide composition for its use as a component (a key ingredient) of functional drinks of various purposes. A basis of a composition forms protein/peptide product (PPP) received by enzymatic hydrolysis of meat and bone residues of processing of a bird, representing rather unvaluable food raw material. Molecular-mass distribution of fractions in PPP is quantitatively determined by an exclusion chromatography method of average pressure with the subsequent integration of chromatograms with a weight method. It can be supported the essential decrease of initial antigenicity of processed food raw materials as almost 80% from all sum protein/peptides and peptide/amino acid fractions are submitted by amino acids and peptides which molecular weight < or = 6 kD. The analysis of amino acid structure of PPP shows that the increase of its biological value assumes the increase of its score on four irreplaceable amino acids: leucine, tryptophan, phenylalanine and tyrosine (totally). For getting of the protein/peptide compositions of high biological value, the "above enrichment" of PPP by total protein of the cow milk is carried out. The modeling of a process of getting a two-component mix is carried out by a graphic method. The least percentage of the added total protein of a cow milk to PPP, at which is reached the amino acid score of the mix equal to 1,0, makes 26% from weight of the mix. The subsequent publications will be devoted to an estimation of biological value of a key component of functional food in the form of instant drinks in experiments in vivo on laboratory animals.     

葱白系列的腌制技术

为了更好地利用葱白,介绍了酱葱白、蜂蜜白糖葱白、虾油葱白和醉葱白等4种葱白系列腌制产品的原料要求、产品配方、工艺流程及操作要点,同时给出的产品特点分别是,酱葱白:色泽酱红或金黄,有光泽,半透明,鲜甜嫩脆,有葱香;蜂蜜白糖葱白:色泽乳白或金黄色,透亮,质地鲜嫩,甜香可口;虾油葱白:色泽乳白或金黄色,透亮,鲜香嫩脆;醉葱白:色泽金黄透亮、醇香、葱香浓郁、鲜甜可口、风味独特。     

The Effect of Additives on the Regain of Wool

The changes in pressure, velocity, and energy of a liquid particle emanating from a submerged jet and flowing towards and through a porous medium are predicted. An expression is developed for the volumetric rate of flow of a liquid from a jet entering a porous medium, and the rate is shown to vary less than 20% when the distance from the jet nozzle to the porous medium is doubled. The pressure at any level in a compressible porous medium subjected to an initial uniform flow is determined. The distribution of flow within a layer of wool that is impinged upon by a submerged jet is found to be Gaussian, and photographic evidence shows the spread of the flow as it emerges from the downstream surface.     

大数据共享背景下食品分类的探讨

食品分类方法不统一是我国食品安全相关部门间实现抽检、监测大数据信息融合共享的瓶颈。本文对我国现行的3个主要食品分类系统迚行了分析,在此基础上探讨了新的食品分类系统构建,通过制定统一的食品分类国家标准,纳入更多的食品类别,建立科学的分类原则,形成合理的分类层级和及时增补机制,构建一套统一、科学、权威的食品分类系统,解决当前食品分类不兼容导致各食品安全部门抽检数据难融合的现实问题,可实现跨部门大数据集成共享、信息互联互通,形成食品安全多部门共治的新格局,从而提高我国食品安全监管整体敁率。     

Sequencing of a 4.3 kbp region of chromosome 2 of Candida albicans reveals the presence of homologues of SHE9 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and of bacterial phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C

The nucleotide sequence of a 4.3 kb fragment downstream of the LIG4 gene of Candida albicans has been determined. This fragment contains two entire ORFs (ORF1 and ORF2) and a truncated one (ORF3). ORF1 (1029 bp; EMBL databank, Accession No. AJ277539) encodes a putative protein of 343 amino acids with a high degree of similarity to phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipases C (PI-PLC) of bacterial origin and, to a lesser degree, to similar proteins from trypanosome, fly and human. Isolated ORF1 confers PI-PLC activity to Escherichia coli transformants. ORF2 (1572 bp; EMBL databank, Accession No. AJ277538) predicts a protein of 524 amino acids with high similarity along most of the entire length to Ydr393w from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This protein carries a domain with significant similarity to several cytoskeleton proteins of different origins. YDR393w (SHE9) is an orphan gene whose overexpression compromises cell growth. ORF3 appears to encode the homologue of the well-conserved proteasomal 26S regulatory subunit.