元宝枫种仁营养成分分析

为明确元宝枫种仁的营养成分,对元宝枫种仁含油率、粗蛋白质含量,元宝枫种仁粕中氨基酸组成及含量、矿质元素组成及元宝枫种仁油的总脂肪酸、Sn-2位脂肪酸组成及含量、生育酚含量进行测定。结果表明：元宝枫种仁的含油率为43.7%,粗蛋白质含量为35.13%;元宝枫种仁粕中含有17种氨基酸,其中7种人体必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的33.78%,是理想的蛋白质资源;元宝枫种仁粕中含有丰富的矿质元素,常量元素中K含量为6 372.8μg/g, Na含量仅为346.5μg/g,属于高钾低钠食品,微量元素中Mn含量较高,为68.1μg/g,且未检出重金属元素;元宝枫种仁油主要由12种脂肪酸组成,神经酸含量达到5.89%,以亚油酸和α-亚麻酸为主的多不饱和脂肪酸主要分布在Sn-2位;元宝枫种仁油中生育酚总量为1 230.70 mg/kg,以γ-生育酚含量最高,达到792.62 mg/kg。元宝枫种仁营养丰富,可作为神经酸、生育酚和氨基酸的重要来源,其油脂可作为富含神经酸的保健食用油。     

陕西靖边油莎豆主要成分分析

对陕西靖边引种油莎豆的一般成分(水分、灰分、淀粉、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、还原糖、非还原糖和不溶性膳食纤维)、脂肪酸、氨基酸和矿质元素组成及含量进行分析,并对其营养价值进行评价。结果表明:陕西靖边油莎豆富含淀粉、非还原糖和粗脂肪,约占78%;油莎豆油含有12种脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸含量为84.16%,其中油酸含量高达74.20%,可作为生产油酸的原料;油莎豆蛋白氨基酸种类齐全,含量丰富;其矿质元素含量大小依次为NaMgKCaPFeZnMnCu。因此,陕西靖边油莎豆可以作为提取淀粉、糖和油脂的优良作物,具有广泛的发展前景和经济效益,适宜在陕北毛乌素沙漠地区推广种植。     

掌叶木种仁油的脂肪酸组成及种仁的营养成分分析

采用国标方法对掌叶木种仁油的脂肪酸组成及种仁的营养成分进行了分析测定。结果显示:掌叶木种仁粗脂肪含量为49.20%,种仁油中含有13种脂肪酸,主要成分为二十二碳一烯酸(35.65%)、油酸(25.03%)、花生一烯酸(15.42%)和二十二碳四烯酸(9.35%),以不饱和脂肪酸为主,含量高达96.68%;种仁总糖含量为6.60%,粗蛋白质含量为15.10%,种仁蛋白氨基酸含量为12.31%;在种仁蛋白中检测出16种氨基酸,其中7种必需氨基酸的含量占氨基酸总量的33.23%,氨基酸组成较全面;种仁中钾(10.10×103mg/kg)、磷(5.20×103mg/kg)、镁(2.43×103mg/kg)、钙(1.83×103mg/kg)、铁(42.50 mg/kg)、锌(19.00 mg/kg)、铜(12.20 mg/kg)、锰(11.80 mg/kg)等矿质元素的含量比较丰富。分析结果表明,掌叶木种仁既可作为生产生物柴油的原料,也具有较高的营养和保健价值,是良好的蛋白质和食用油资源,具有广阔的开发前景。     

陕西靖边油莎豆主要成分分析北大核心CSCD

对陕西靖边引种油莎豆的一般成分(水分、灰分、淀粉、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、还原糖、非还原糖和不溶性膳食纤维)、脂肪酸、氨基酸和矿质元素组成及含量进行分析,并对其营养价值进行评价。结果表明:陕西靖边油莎豆富含淀粉、非还原糖和粗脂肪,约占78%;油莎豆油含有12种脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸含量为84.16%,其中油酸含量高达74.20%,可作为生产油酸的原料;油莎豆蛋白氨基酸种类齐全,含量丰富;其矿质元素含量大小依次为Na>Mg>K>Ca>P>Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu。因此,陕西靖边油莎豆可以作为提取淀粉、糖和油脂的优良作物,具有广泛的发展前景和经济效益,适宜在陕北毛乌素沙漠地区推广种植。     

文冠果种仁营养物质和脂肪酸组成与氨基酸的评价

以不同产地文冠果种仁为材料,对文冠果种仁营养物质、脂肪酸、活性成分、氨基酸等组成与含量成进行了测定与分析。并应用氨基酸比值系数法,以WHO/FAO氨基酸参考模式为评价标准,对其必需氨基酸的组成进行了评价。结果表明：文冠果种仁中粗脂肪的含量为56.2%,蛋白质的含量为25.9%,粗纤维含量为10.4%,灰分含量为2.4%。文冠果种仁含有丰富的P、Ca、K、Mg、Na、Cu等多种微量元素。文冠果种仁中含有13种脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸约为91.74%。文冠果种仁中含有维生素C、维生素E、多酚、黄酮、甾醇等活性物质。文冠果种仁中含有17种氨基酸,氨基酸总含量为24.27%,其中8种人体必需氨基酸的总含量为8.44%,亮氨酸含量最高,为1.84%。其必需氨基酸的构成比例基本符合食品法典委员会（WHO/FAO）的标准,其氨基酸的比值系数评分（SRC）为77.55。文冠果种仁营养物质、活性成分丰富,所含人体必需氨基酸的种类齐全,并且含有独特的功能性脂肪酸-神经酸,是有利于人体健康的优质食品原料。     

复羽叶栾树种仁的脂肪酸及氨基酸组成分析

采用国标方法对复羽叶栾树种仁的脂肪酸以及氨基酸组成进行分析测定。结果表明:复羽叶栾树种仁的粗脂肪含量为11. 4%,种仁油中含有15种脂肪酸,主要为花生一烯酸(45. 4%)、油酸(23. 7%)、亚油酸(9. 2%)、棕榈酸(6. 1%)、芥酸(5. 6%),不饱和脂肪酸含量达87. 20%,单不饱和脂肪酸含量为74. 95%;种仁粗蛋白质含量为26. 2%,种仁蛋白中氨基酸含量为19. 29%;在种仁蛋白中至少有16种氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量的33. 59%,药效氨基酸占70%。研究表明,复羽叶栾树种仁既可作为生产生物柴油、药物和化妆品的原料,也是良好的蛋白质和食用油资源,具有广阔的开发前景。     

野生核桃仁营养成分及其油脂脂肪酸 组成、热特性分析

为促进野生核桃的综合开发利用，以云南省临沧市野生核桃为原料，测定了核桃仁粗脂肪、粗蛋白质含量，核桃仁粕氨基酸组成、矿质元素含量，以及核桃油的生育酚含量、总脂肪酸及sn-2位脂肪酸组成，并分析了其热特性。结果表明：野生核桃仁中粗脂肪含量为44.04%，粗蛋白质含量为2163%；核桃仁粕中7种人体必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的31.47%，9种药用氨基酸占氨基酸总量的70.97%；核桃仁粕中含有丰富的矿质元素，属于高钾低钠食品，微量元素中Mn元素含量最高，为144.8 μg/g，重金属元素未检出；野生核桃油主要由7种脂肪酸组成，其中sn-2位多不饱和脂肪酸含量（7001%）高于总脂肪酸中多不饱和脂肪酸含量（61.48%）；核桃油中γ-生育酚含量最高，为510.10 mg/kg；核桃油低温结晶主要在-30 ℃和-13 ℃熔融，其快速热解温度为317~470 ℃，在416 ℃质量损失速率绝对值达到最大。野生核桃仁营养价值较高，具有广泛的开发利用价值。     

辣木籽种仁氨基酸组成、矿质元素及油脂脂肪酸成分分析

采用国标方法对辣木籽种仁的氨基酸组成、矿质元素及油脂脂肪酸成分进行分析。结果表明：辣木籽种仁粗脂肪含量为25.5%,粗蛋白质含量为37.11%;辣木籽种仁中17种氨基酸的总含量为3348%,7种人体必需氨基酸占氨基酸总含量的29.63%;辣木籽种仁中含有丰富的常量元素,属于高钾低钠食品;微量元素中Zn元素含量较高,为41.970 μg/g;重金属元素含量符合国家限量标准;辣木籽油主要含有油酸（70.85%）、棕榈酸（5.43%）、山嵛酸（8.38%）等10种脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸含量为79.86%。辣木籽具有较高的食用和药用价值,具有很好的市场开发前景。     

小龙虾的正确食用方式

正小龙虾是营养价值较高的水产品,蛋白质含量高。其粗蛋白含量和粗脂肪含量分别占鲜重的18.02%和2.05%,蛋白质中含17种氨基酸,总量为17.13%,其中含有8种必需氨基酸,占氨基酸总量的48.86%,必需氨基酸的比例超过联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)的标准。另外,小龙虾脂肪含量较低,含15种脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸占43.40%,二十碳五     

新疆4种典型木本油料油脂脂肪酸和甘三酯组成分析

以新疆4种典型的木本油料沙漠果、碧根果、甜杏仁和巴旦木为原料,测定了4种木本油料种仁的粗脂肪含量、水分及挥发物含量,以及4种油脂的脂肪酸和甘三酯组成。结果表明:4种油料种仁的水分及挥发物含量较低,粗脂肪含量较高,为40. 67%～69. 29%;巴旦木油、碧根果油和甜杏仁油不饱和脂肪酸含量均在90%以上,沙漠果油的不饱和脂肪酸含量为73. 85%; 4种油脂的脂肪酸均以油酸为主(48. 04%～80. 16%);巴旦木油、碧根果油和甜杏仁油以三不饱和脂肪酸甘油酯为主,含量为69. 88%～75. 50%,沙漠果油以二不饱和脂肪酸甘油酯为主,含量为48. 50%; 4种油脂甘三酯均以OOO最多,碳原子当量中均以ECN48最高。     

Effects of abomasal infusions of fatty acids and 1-carbon donors on apparent fatty acid digestibility and incorporation into milk fat in cows

Our primary objective was to determine the effects of the abomasal infusion of 16-carbon (16C) and 22-carbon (22C) fatty acids (FA) on apparent FA digestibility, plasma FA concentrations, and their incorporation into milk fat in cows. Our secondary objective was to study the effects of 1-carbon donors choline and l-serine on these variables. Five rumen-cannulated Holstein cows (214 ± 4.9 d in milk; 3.2 ± 1.1 parity) were enrolled in a 5 × 5 Latin square experiment with experimental periods lasting 6 d. Abomasal infusates consisted of (1) palmitic acid (PA; 98% 16:0 of total fat), (2) PA + choline chloride (PA+CC; 50 g/d of choline chloride), (3) PA + l-serine (PA+S; 170 g/d of l-serine), (4) behenic acid (BA; 92% 22:0 of total fat), and (5) docosahexaenoic acid algal oil (DHA; 47.5% DHA of total fat). Emulsions were formulated to provide 301 g/d of total FA and were balanced to provide a minimum of 40 and 19 g/d of 16:0 and glycerol, respectively, to match the content found in the infused algal oil. Apparent digestibility of FA was highest in DHA, intermediate in PA, and lowest in BA. Digestibility of 16C FA was lowest in BA and highest in PA. The digestibility of 22C FA was highest in DHA relative to BA (99 vs. 58%), whereas 1-carbon donors had no effect on 22C FA digestibility. Plasma 16C FA concentrations were greatest with PA treatment, and 22C FA concentrations were ~3-fold greater in DHA-treated cows relative to all other treatments. Milk fat 16:0 content was highest in PA relative to BA and DHA (e.g., 37 vs. 27% in PA and DHA), whereas the milk yield of 16:0 was higher in PA relative to DHA (i.e., 454 vs. 235 g/d). Similarly, milk 22:0 content and yield were ~10-fold higher in BA relative to all other treatments, whereas DHA treatment resulted in higher content and yield of 22:6 in milk fat relative to all other treatments (41- and 38-fold higher, respectively). Consequently, the content of FA >16C (i.e., preformed) was higher in milk fat from cows infused with BA and DHA relative to PA. De novo FA content in milk did not differ between PA, PA+CC, and PA+S (~16% of milk fat) but was higher in BA and DHA treatments (19 and 21%, respectively). We conclude that FA carbon chain length and degree of saturation affected FA digestibility and availability for absorption as well as their incorporation into milk fat. The abomasal infusion of choline chloride and l-serine did not modify these variables relative to infusing palmitic acid alone.     

Short communication: Eicosatrienoic acid and docosatrienoic acid do not promote vaccenic acid accumulation in mixed ruminal cultures

Previous research found that docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) was a component of fish oil that promotes trans-C18:1 accumulation in ruminal cultures when incubated with linoleic acid. The objective of this study was to determine if eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3n-3) and docosatrienoic acid (C22:3n-3), n-3 fatty acids in fish oil, promote accumulation of trans-C18:1, vaccenic acid (VA) in particular, using cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. Treatments consisted of control, control plus 5 mg of C20:3n-3 (ETA), control plus 5 mg of C22:3n-3 (DTA), control plus 15 mg of linoleic acid (LA), control plus 5 mg of C20:3n-3 and 15 mg of linoleic acid (ETALA), and control plus 5 mg of C22:3n-3 and 15 mg of linoleic acid (DTALA). Treatments were incubated in triplicate in 125-mL flasks, and 5 mL of culture contents was taken at 0 and 24 h for fatty acid analysis by gas-liquid chromatography. After 24 h of incubation, the concentrations of trans-C18:1 (0.87, 0.88, and 0.99 mg/culture), and VA (0.52, 0.56, and 0.62 mg/culture) were similar for the control, ETA, and DTA cultures, respectively. The concentrations of trans-C18:1 (5.51, 5.41, and 5.36 mg/culture), and VA (4.78, 4.62, and 4.59 mg/culture) were also similar between LA, ETALA, and DTALA cultures, respectively. These data suggest that C20:3n-3 and C22:3n-3 are not the active components in fish oil that promote VA accumulation when incubated with linoleic acid.     

Determination of ethanol,volatile fatty acids,lactic and succinic acids in fermentation liquids by gas chromatography

A rapid and simple quantitative method was developed to determine, by gas chromatography, the concentrations in fermentation liquids of ethanol, the C₂-C₆ volatile fatty acids, and lactic and succinic acids. Aqueous samples were acidified with 250μlml^?1 metaphosphoric acid (5:1 ratio), centrifuged, and injected directly on to a column containing a porous aromatic polymer (Chromosorb 101) maintained at 200°C in a gas chromatograph fitted with a flame ionisation detector. It was unnecessary to purify samples further before injection, although distillation and ion-exchange methods were examined. Derivatisation of lactic and succinic acids before injection was not necessary, but the lowest level of detection of these two relatively non-volatile acids was about four times greater than that for the volatile fatty acids. The method described was suitable for the analysis of rumen fluid, methane digester fluid, silage extracts and other anaerobic fermentation fluids. The relative retention times are given for 23 organic acids and six other fermentation end-products.     

奶粉脂肪酸与乳制品风味关系研究

用气质（GC—MS）联用色谱分析了11个商业奶粉样品的脂肪酸组成以及含量,每个样品均检测到了28种脂肪酸,在表现奶粉风味的4个呈味脂肪酸,也即辛酸、己酸、壬酸和葵酸中只检测到了辛酸和葵酸。辛酸和葵酸含量在进口奶粉中普遍高于国产奶粉。国产奶粉中辛酸和葵酸的含量以2号最好,3号其次。亚油酸含量在国产奶粉中普遍高于进口奶粉。     

气相色谱法同时快速测定食品中丙酸、山梨酸、苯甲酸及脱氢乙酸

通过液液萃取净化样品研究,建立了食品中丙酸、山梨酸、苯甲酸、脱氢乙酸及其盐含量气相色谱同时快速测定方法,适用于固体非酯(脂)类食品的检测。结果表明:丙酸的回收率在85.1%~91.3%之间,其余3种防腐剂的回收率均在95.2%~99.4%之间;实验室内变异系数(CV,n=6)最大值≤4.7%,4种防腐剂检出限均在0.002 g/kg以下。4种目标物在有杂质干扰时,可用不同的极性毛细管柱做进一步的确认。本方法具有适用范围广、检测效率高、重现性好、准确度高、检出限低的特点,推广应用对我国食品安全的监督检验具有重要的意义。     

Anti-obesity effects of conjugated linoleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid

Obesity has become a prevailing epidemic throughout the globe. Effective therapies for obesity become attracting. Food components with beneficial effects on "weight loss" have caught increasing attentions. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) belong to different families of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). However, they have similar effects on alleviating obesity and/or preventing from obesity. They influence the balance between energy intake and expenditure; and reduce body weight and/or fat deposition in animal models, but show little effect in healthy human subjects. They inhibit key enzymes responsible for lipid synthesis, such as fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, enhance lipid oxidation and thermogenesis, and prevent free fatty acids from entering adipocytes for lipogenesis. PUFA also exert suppressive effects on several key factors involved in adipocyte differentiation and fat storage. Despite their similar effects and shared mechanisms, they display differences in the regulation of lipid metabolism. Moreover, DHA and EPA exhibit "anti-obesity" effect as well as improving insulin sensitivity, while CLA induces insulin resistance and fatty liver in most cases. A deeper and more detailed investigation into the complex network of anti-obesity regulatory pathways by different PUFA will improve our understanding of the mechanisms of body weight control and reduce the prevalence of obesity.     

酸味酿造产品中三酸比例评析

酸味酿造产品中乳酸、醋酸、丁酸共存,但比例不同形成的酸味特征也不同。控制不同的环境条件,创造出不同的微生物区系,形成不同的三酸比例,才能形成不同的产品风格。该文对常见的酸味酿造产品中微生物区系的变化及三酸含量进行了分析。     

杂多酸催化合成辛酸蔗糖酯

以蔗糖、辛酸为原料,杂多酸为催化剂合成辛酸蔗糖酯。用L16(45)正交设计优化实验,高效液相色谱法分析反应液组成。考察了催化剂种类和用量、反应温度、原料配比、反应时间等因素对辛酸蔗糖酯产率的影响,发现以二甲基亚砜为溶剂、蔗糖与辛酸摩尔比1∶9、磷钨酸用量为蔗糖质量的2.0%、110℃反应时间6h,蔗糖转化率达60%,产物产要是二酯。动力学研究发现,蔗糖反应级数为一级,反应表观速率常数为0.0059min-1(90℃)、0.0117min-1(110℃),反应表观活化能Ea=39.57kJ/mol。     

气相色谱法同时测定保健食品中的5种 不饱和脂肪酸

目的建立气相色谱法同时测定保健食品中亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十二碳五烯酸(docosapentaenoic acid,DPA)的含量。方法样品先采用氢氧化钾甲醇溶液进行皂化处理,再用三氟化硼甲醇溶液甲酯化,经HP-FFAP色谱柱(30m×0.53 mm,1.0μm)分离测定。结果 EPA甲酯、DHA甲酯、DPA甲酯、亚油酸甲酯、α-亚麻酸甲酯分别在0.03927~1.178、0.04200~1.260、0.03449~1.035、0.08368~1.255、0.08482~4.241 mg/mL的浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r均大于0.999;检出限分别为0.0039、0.0042、0.0034、0.0042、0.0042 mg/mL;加标回收率在91.1%~109.3%之间,相对标准偏差均小于5%。结论该方法操作简单快捷,适用于保健食品中亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、EPA、DPA和DHA的测定。     

花生四烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸和二十碳五烯酸 在炎症中的作用概述

心脑血管疾病、肿瘤、糖尿病、神经系统疾病、自身免疫等疾病严重危害着人类的生命和健康,并消耗着大量医疗资源。事实上,很多疾病发生和发展的背后都伴随着炎症反应,炎症是众多疾病的病理基础,甚至是导致这些疾病的诱因。炎症本身是机体的防御性反应,但过度的炎症反应和长期慢性炎症会损害机体的稳态。炎症的调节和控制由炎症介质介导,花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,AA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)等长链多不饱和脂肪酸(10ng-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids,LC-PUFAs)的衍生物是一类重要的调控炎症的介质。炎性细胞间的交流和细胞内信号传递与LC-PUFAs有关。AA经环氧酶和脂氧合酶合成的类二十烷酸主要起促炎作用,但有的也有抗炎作用。DHA和EPA在体内起抗炎作用,由它们合成的消退素(resolvins,Rvs)和保护素(protectin,PD)是重要的抗炎活性物质。DHA和EPA还可以干扰炎性细胞内信号传导途径来抑制炎症反应。本文从炎症与疾病的关系、LC-PUFAs的衍生物及其促炎和抗炎机制等方面综述了AA、DHA和EPA在炎症中的作用。